Academic Success Center Repository

Instructor's Course Code Course Topic Date Tutor's

Name Name in Full Name & ID
Montasir Yousof EEN338 Electromagnetic Maxwell’s 5/1/2022 Mohammad
Abdallah Fields and Equations Tahmid Hassan
Qasymeh Waves

Faraday’s Law
Usually, a static magnetic field does not cause any electric field to be generated. However, a
magnetic field that changes with time will induce an electric field.

This phenomenon, described by Faraday’s Law, states that the induced voltage (EMF- Electromotive
Force) is equal to the rate at which the magnetic flux linkage 𝜆 decreases with time (negative of the
rate at which the linkage increases with time).

This flux linkage is the sum of the total flux that goes into the loops present in the circuit.
𝜕𝜆
𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑓 = −
𝜕𝑡
If a single loop of fixed area and orientation is considered,

𝜕𝜓 𝜕 ⃗
𝜕𝐵
𝑉𝑒𝑚𝑓 = − = ∫𝐸⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = − (∫𝐵 ⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠) = − (∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑠)
𝜕𝑡 𝐶 𝜕𝑡 𝑆 𝑆 𝜕𝑡

C is the curve that is made of the loop of the circuit and S is the surface that is bounded by the curve
C.

Using Stokes’s theorem,

⃗
𝜕𝐵
∫ 𝐸⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∫∇ × 𝐸⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = − ∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑠
𝐶 𝑆 𝑆 𝜕𝑡

Therefore,

⃗
𝜕𝐵
∇ × 𝐸⃗ = −
𝜕𝑡
This is done so that any induced electric field eventually causes a magnetic flux density that opposes
the change in the magnetic flux density that induces the electric field. This is to obey the law of
energy conservation.

The magnetic flux can change due to change with respect to time of the magnetic flux density,
change with respect to time of the loops’ orientation or change with respect to time of the loops’
area or change with respect to time of the loops’ position relative to the magnetic field.

This is the general form of Faraday’s Law. This can be broken down into two parts.

There is the transformer EMF. This is made to happen when the magnetic flux density passing into
the loop(s) of a circuit changes with time.

There is the motion EMF. This is induced when a loop moves relative to the magnetic field.

The loop contains free charges. When a charge is made to physically move, it is as if it is a current.
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So,

⃗
𝐹 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑙
𝐼= 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑞𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⃗
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵

𝐸⃗ = 𝑣 × 𝐵
⃗

Or,

∫ 𝐸⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝑣 × 𝐵
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙
𝐶 𝐶

If the conductor moves in a time-varying magnetic field, the total EMF is given as
𝜕
∫𝐸⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = − (∫𝐵⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠) + ∫ 𝑣 × 𝐵
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑙
𝐶 𝜕𝑡 𝑆 𝐶

C is the curve that is made of the loop of the circuit and S is the surface that is bounded by the curve
C.

When tackling such problems, it is helpful to imagine a vector that represents the area and
orientation of the surface that is swept out or covered by the loop.

Displacement Current
Ampere’s law states that for a magnetic field that does not change with time,
⃗ =𝐽
∇×𝐻
So, as the divergence of any curl is a zero,

⃗ = ∇∙𝐽 = 0
∇∙∇×𝐻 ⃗

⃗ varies with time, 𝐽 also must vary with time. Hence, as (using the divergence theorem)
However, if 𝐻
𝜕𝜌𝑣
∫𝐽 ∙ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫∇ ∙ 𝐽 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑣
𝑆 𝑆 𝑆 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜌𝑣
∇∙𝐽 = −
𝜕𝑡
If the current density changes with time, charges would have to be created from nothing or be
eliminated from existence in order to alter the current density accordingly. So
𝜕𝜌𝑣
∇∙𝐽 = − ≠0
𝜕𝑡
This disobeys the law of charge conservation.

Let a new term be called the displacement current density, 𝐽⃗⃗⃗𝑑

⃗ = 𝐽 + ⃗⃗⃗
∇×𝐻 𝐽𝑑
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⃗ = 𝛻 ∙ (𝐽 + ⃗⃗⃗
∇∙∇×𝐻 ⃗
𝐽𝑑 ) = 0
As the divergence of any curl is a zero,

∇ ∙ 𝐽 + ∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐽𝑑 = 0

∇ ∙ 𝐽 = −∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐽𝑑

𝜕𝜌𝑣
−∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐽𝑑 = −
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜌𝑣
∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐽𝑑 =
𝜕𝑡
⃗ is related to the volume charge density 𝜌𝑣
The electric flux density 𝐷
⃗ = 𝜌𝑣
∇∙𝐷

So,
⃗
𝜕∇ ∙ 𝐷
∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐽𝑑 =
𝜕𝑡
⃗
𝜕𝐷
⃗⃗⃗
𝐽𝑑 =
𝜕𝑡
So,

⃗
𝜕𝐷
⃗ =𝐽+
∇×𝐻
𝜕𝑡

Maxwell’s Laws
There are 4 laws that govern the combined phenomenon of electricity and magnetism –
electromagnetism.
⃗ = 𝜌𝑣
∇∙𝐷
⃗ =0
∇∙𝐵 ⃗

⃗
𝜕𝐵
∇ × 𝐸⃗ = −
𝜕𝑡
⃗
𝜕𝐷
⃗ =𝐽+
∇×𝐻
𝜕𝑡

References
[1]M. Sadiku, Elements of electromagnetics, 6th ed. New York, NY: Oxford Univ. Press, 2015.