A Learn & Earn Event

Join us on Thursday, May 14 at 8:00 pm (CST)

A webinar or teleconference call on:

Chitosan
“A Natural Pest Biocontrol and Plant Enhancer”

Join ProfitProAG’s webinar/teleconference call to learn more about the benefits and value of the chitosan technology.
Tom Woods is a grower from Idaho and a representative of the Organisan Corporation. Tom will share with us how he
has used the chitosan technology in his own farming operation and advised others in its use.
The format of the chitosan webinar/teleconference call will be as follows:
What is chitin and where is it found?
• Insects
• Pathogens
• Nematodes
What about beneficial insects, microbes and nematodes?
What is chitosan, what does it do and how does it effect:
• The plant
• Transpiration
• Photosynthesis
• Minerals
• The soil
• Microbial stimulant
• Insects
• Nematodes
• Fungi
• Viruses
• Bacteria
What have you seen in each of these crops on disease control (soil & foliar diseases),
insect control (soil & foliar insects)
• Vegetables
• Small grains
• Scab
• Leaf diseases
• Corn
• Goss’s Wilt
• Foliar disease
• Root rots
• Stalk and ear rots
• Soybeans
• White Mold
• Sudden Death Syndrome
• Hemp
• Molds
• Alfalfa
continued on next page CEE-17_5-11-20
Tell me about the Organisan products,
formulation differences and ingredients: Application Timings of
• OII-YS and OI-YS O1-YS™ and OII-YS™
• Use (at 1 pt/A) based on
• Application & use rates
CROP OBJECTIVES
• Timing
• Cost/A Yield Enhancement: Applying it pre-emergence
• Container size is the best place to get the most yield response if
• Enhan-cer 1 and 2 you don’t have many disease issues.
• Use Soybeans: The best time to apply OII-YS on
• Application & use rates soybeans for white mold and SDS is early
• Timing vegetative before flowering.
• Cost/A
Corn: For corn to combat Goss’s Wilt, Northern
• Container size
Corn Leaf Blight, Gray Leaf Spot, etc, V4
• Nemasan
• Use Small Grains: For small grains, before flag leaf
• Application & use rates is the best for preventing most diseases.
• Timing
• Cost/A
• Container size
• Agri-Q
• Use
• Application & use rates
• Timing
• Cost/A
• Container size
• Avian 1 and 2
• Use
• Application & use rates
• Timing
• Container size
• Chitosan
• Use with poultry litter & compost

Attached is additional information for your review.

This webinar will be recorded and placed on the ProfitProAG.com website.
For follow up questions contact:
Dennis Klockenga, CCA Or Dr. Jim Ladlie
Crop Management Consultant President, ProfitProAG
Sauk Centre, MN Albert Lea, MN
320-333-1608 507-373-2550

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 Chitosan
“A Natural Biocontrol and a Plant Elicitor”
• Deacetylated chitin
What is it? Where does it come from?
• Shells of crustaceans,
What does it do? How does it work? cell walls of certain fungi
Why should I use it? • Plays a key role in transpiration

Chitosan — What does it do? Bacterialcide

• Triggers a SAR (Systemic Acquired Response) • Triggers a SAR response.
• Fungicide • Works much the same way as it does against
pathogenic fungi, relying perhaps more on an
• Bacterialcide electrostatic M.O.A.
• Viralcide • Causes morphological extra – and intracellular
• Insecticide modifications, including cells with intracellular
modifications, ie: irregularly shaped and without
• Nematicide membranes or cell wall on one side.
• Plant Elicitor • Disrupts the formation of bio films produced by
• Microbial Stimulant pathogenic bacteria.
• Nutrient and Mineral Chelator • Chelates certain nutrients and prevents the
organism from accessing them.
• Increase Stomatal Conductance – Transpiration Control
• Certain molecular weights have shown high
• Increases Photosynthetic Rate levels of efficacy against E. coli, Staphylococcus
• Increases Cold Tolerance and Lactobacillus.
• Wetting/Sticking Agent, this is improved with • Beneficial examples – Flavobacterium, Bacillus,
the addition of yucca and or quillaja Cytophaga, Pseudomonas, Clostridium,
Streptomyces and Serratia.
• Food Preservative
Viralcide
Chitosan — How does it work? • Triggers a SAR response.
• Regulates the expression of resistance genes, in
Fungicide
particular, induces jasmonate synthesis.
• Binds to the plant’s fungal receptor, thereby initiating
• Stimulation enhances cell wall lignification and
the SAR.
phytoalexin synthesis.
• Permeates the cell structure and accumulates at the
• Works more to inoculate the plant against viral
exposed anionic plasma membrane. The damage done
infection, rather than against the infection itself.
causes cell weeping. This membrane disruption is also
An ounce of prevention is more effective than a
thought to facilitate the uptake of many commercial
pound of cure.
fungicides, thereby increasing efficacy.
• Due to the difference in cell structure between Nematicide/Insecticide
pathogens and beneficials, not only are the beneficials
• Triggers a SAR response.
left unharmed by chitosan, but chitosan becomes a food
source for them and stimulates production of chitinase • Stimulates production of chitinases by chitinolytic
enzymes from the beneficials. Thus creating a two organisms and the chitinases work to break
fold attack against pathogens, using both direct and down the chitin components of the attacker.
secondary modes of action. • Also works against the eggs of nematodes, as the
• Many of the beneficials are classed as chitinolytic. cyst contains a high level of chitin.
Ex. Aspergillus, Mucor, Mortierella, Trichoderma, • Works to increase Brix levels of the plant,
Beauvaria Bassiana, etc. thereby deterring predatory insects
continued on back
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Plant Elicitor
• The cellular and molecular changes elicitated by chitosan can be
summarized in: membrane depolarization, oxidative burst, influx and
exit of ions such as Ca2+, activation of MAP-kinases, chromatin and
DNA alteration, increase in PR gene mRNA, PR protein synthesis,
phytoalexins accumulation, lignification and callose deposition.
Nutrient and Mineral Chelator
• The strong cationic nature of chitosan forms bonds with molecules
that are anionic in nature. This can be beneficial in a foliar nutrient
spray, as well as working to prevent pathogen access to the nutrients.
• Can also assist in the absorption and translocation of nutrients.
Antitranspirant
• May influence pathways containing jasmonic acid. Jasmonates Minimum PPE Requirement
exhibit some activities similar to the plant hormone abscisic acid
(ABA), which plays a key role in the regulation of water use by
plants. Increased levels of ABA signal stomatal closure.
• Stimulation of lignin production helps to strengthen stomatal
guard cells.
• Works to counteract the side effects of ethylene application to
cereal grains.
• Forms a “vapor barrier” coating on leaf surfaces.
Freeze Tolerance
• Stimulating stomatal closure helps regulate water within the
cell structure.
• Aids in the movement of nutrients within the plant both xylem and
phloem mobile.
• Works against pathogens that promote ice crystal formation,
ie: Pseudomonas syringae
Wetting/Sticking
• Chitosan naturally forms into films.
• Electrostatic charge between the cationic condition of chitosan and
the anionic condition of leaf surface.
• Yucca and quillaja being saponins, they naturally run and spread.
Testing microbial response with
Food Preservative Microbiometer
• Forms a film around the product that prevents pathogen entry,
slows oxidation, and thus helps maintain the internal environment
of the product.
• The saponin components – Yucca and Quillaja, in our formulations,
aid with the dispersion of the chitosan film. You consume these
saponins on a regular basis already.

Chitosan Product Technology

• O1-YS, Enhan-cer 1, CitriSan and Avian 1 are OMRI certified.
• OII-YS, Enhan-cer 2 and Avian 2 are conventional products.
• Nemasan is an EPA registered nematicide, and when used as
such should always be accompanied with 1 pint per acre of
either OII-YS or Enhancer 2.
• Usage rates are always 1 pint per acre.

Source: Organisan Corporation

Chitosan Natural Biocontrol & Plant Elicitor

I
n agriculture, chitosan is typically used as a natural seed treatment and plant growth enhancer, and as an
ecologically friendly biopesticide substance that boosts the innate ability of plants to defend themselves against
pathogenic microbes, insects and parasitic cyst nematodes. The natural biocontrol active ingredients, chitin/
chitosan, are found in the shells of crustaceans, such as lobsters, crabs and shrimp, and many other organisms,
including insects, parasitic cyst nematodes and fungi. It is one of the most abundant biodegradable materials in the
world. The chitosan in our products is a medical grade extraction that is safe and usable even for humans.
So, what does chitosan do? The short answer is that it stimulates plants and other chitolitic organisms to boost their
natural defensive systems, allowing them to better resist disease, insects and parasitic cyst nematodes.
Chitosan actually works in different ways, depending on its target, but it universally deters and destroys pathogenic
microbes and undesirable insects and nematodes, while leaving beneficial microbes and nematodes undisturbed.

Chitosan — How it Works

Pathogenic Parasitic Cyst

Microorganisms Nematodes
• Directly toxic • Stimulates chitolitic
organisms
• Bacteria Pathogenic Insects
• They produce
• Fungi chitinase enzymes
• Viruses • Enzymes dissolve
cyst exoskeleton

In the Soil In the Plant On the Insects

• Stimulates chitolitic • Stimulates plant • Stimulates chitolitic
organisms defenses organisms
• They produce • They produce • They produce
chitinase enzymes chitinase enzymes chitinase enzymes
• Enzymes dissolve
• Enzymes dissolve • Enzymes dissolve
exoskeleton of
insect exoskeleton insect exoskeleton
attacking insects

Microorganisms
Chitosan is directly toxic to pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It destroys the chitin-
based structures in the cells, thus killing the organisms. It is not toxic to beneficial microorganisms.

continued on back
GN-103_4-10-20
 Insects
In general, chitosan destroys insects by stimulating other organisms to produce chitinase enzymes, which then dissolve
the chitin-based structures within the insects. The method of achieving the results varies depending on the environment.

In the Soil
Within the soil, chitosan stimulates chitolitic organisms which produce abundant amounts of chitinase enzymes. These
enzymes come in contact with pathogenic soil organisms such as pathogenic nematodes, wire worms, grubs, beetles, and
others. The presence of the chitinase enzymes dissolves all chitin-based structures within these organisms, such as the
mouth, legs, joints, and more. The end result is that the enzymes kill the organisms (chitosan, itself, does not).

In the Plant
When chitosan is applied to a plant surface, it readily absorbs through the leaf surfaces. The presence of the extra
chitosan stimulates the plant’s natural systems, creating, again, the chitinase enzymes. These enzymes target and
eliminate pathogenic microbes within and on the plant. The chitinase enzymes within the plant tissues are also toxic
to any insects that try to eat the plant, dissolving their chitin structures and killing them. Insects can also sense the
presence of elevated chitinase enzymes and will avoid the plants, searching for less protected plants where they can
feast in peace.

On the Insects
Chitosan is not directly toxic when applied to insects. However, even insects are covered in many microscopic
organisms. Many of these organisms are chitolitic, but without stimulus, the enzymes produced are not detrimental to
the host. Applying chitosan to the insect stimulates the chitolitic organisms that are present, causing them to produce an
abundance of chitinase enzymes. When sufficient enzymes accumulate, they attack the host insect and dissolve the chitin
structures, killing it. The insect will also carry the chitinase enzymes to its eggs and they will also be destroyed.
When dealing with insects, it is not an immediate process, because we have to wait for the chitolitic organisms to
produce sufficient enzymes. However, given a little time (sometimes up to several weeks to achieve full control) and
regular application, the chitosan will easily control pathogenic insects such as beetles, mites, spiders, bed bugs, and more.

Parasitic Nematodes
Chitosan is directly toxic to parasitic cyst nematodes. It destroys the chitin-based shell structures, thus killing the
organisms. It is not toxic to beneficial nematodes.

More about Chitosan Regulatory Status, Use and Benefits

Degraded molecules of chitin/chitosan exist in soil and water. Chitosan applications for plants and crops are
regulated by the EPA, and the USDA National Organic Program regulates its use on organic certified farms and crops.
EPA-approved, biodegradable chitosan products are allowed for use outdoors and indoors on plants and crops grown
commercially and by consumers.
The natural biocontrol ability of chitosan should not be confused with the effects of fertilizers or pesticides upon
plants or the environment. Chitosan active biopesticides represent a new tier of cost-effective biological control of
crops for agriculture and horticulture. The biocontrol mode of action of chitosan elicits natural innate defense responses
within the plant to resist insects, pathogens, and soil-borne diseases when applied to foliage or the soil. Chitosan
increases photosynthesis, promotes and enhances plant growth, stimulates nutrient uptake, increases germination and
sprouting, and boosts plant vigor. When used as seed treatment or seed coating on cotton, corn, seed potatoes, soybeans,
sugar beets, tomatoes, wheat and many other seeds, it elicits an innate immunity response in developing roots which
destroys parasitic cyst nematodes without harming beneficial nematodes and organisms.
Agricultural applications of chitosan can reduce environmental stress due to drought and soil deficiencies, strengthen
seed vitality, improve stand quality, increase yields, and reduce fruit decay of vegetables, fruits and citrus crops.
Horticultural application of chitosan increases blooms and extends the life of cut flowers and Christmas trees.

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Application Timings of
O1-YS™ and OII-YS™
(at 1 pt/A) based on
CROP OBJECTIVES
Yield Enhancement: Applying it pre-emergence is the
best place to get the most yield response if you don’t
have many disease issues.
Soybeans: The best time to apply OII-YS on soybeans for
white mold and SDS is early vegetative before flowering.
Corn: For corn to combat Goss’s Wilt, Northern Corn Leaf Blight,
Gray Leaf Spot, etc, V4
Small Grains: For small grains, before flag leaf is the best for preventing
most diseases.

O1-YS™ - THE Organic General Purpose Adjuvant

OII-YS™ - THE Natural General Purpose Adjuvant
O1-YS™ and OII-YS™ are uniquely formulated all natural adjuvants proven to greatly increase
O1-
the efficacy of nematicides, fungicides, fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, and nutritional sprays.
The synergistic blend of principal functioning agents featuring the combined properties of a superior
agricultural, soil wetting agent, and nutrient enhancer to solubilize and transport nutrients benefiting
the growth and development of all plants. O1-YS™ and OII-YS™ can be applied to all crops including,
fruits and vegetables, field and row crops, turf, fruit trees, nut trees, ornamental trees, vines, shrubs, and
flowers, and containerized plants. They are not designed for aquatic use.

BENEFITS:
• Improve the Health and Vigor of Your Plants!
• Decrease transpiration Loss up to 50%!
• Extend the Growing Season of Your Crops!
• Increase the Coverage of Your Spray Agent!
• Improve the Performance of Any IPM Constituent!
• Speeds the Uptake and Utilization of Your IPM Program!

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 Believe the Unbelievable! ™

O1-YS™ - THE Organic General Purpose Adjuvant O1-YS™

is
OII-YS™ - THE Natural General Purpose Adjuvant
O1-YS™ and OII-YS™ are uniquely formulated all natural adjuvants proven to greatly
increase the efficacy of nematicides, fungicides, fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides,
and nutritional sprays. The synergistic blend of principal functioning agents featuring
the combined properties of a superior agricultural, soil wetting agent, and nutrient
enhancer to solubilize and transport nutrients benefiting the growth and development
of all plants. O1-YS™ and OII-YS™ can be applied to all crops including, fruits and
vegetables, field and row crops, turf, fruit trees, nut trees, ornamental trees, vines,
shrubs, and flowers, and containerized plants. They are not designed for aquatic use.

Benefits:
• Improve the Health and Vigor of Your Plants!
• Decrease transpiration Loss up to 50%!
• Extend the Growing Season of Your Crops!
• Increase the Coverage of Your Spray Agent!
• Improve the Performance of Any IPM Constituent!
• Speeds the Uptake and Utilization of Your IPM Program!

For Critical or Spot Treatments, Use the SUPREME Concentrated Formula!

ENHAN-CER™ 1 - The SUPREME Organic Adjuvant ENHAN-CER™ 1

is
ENHAN-CER™ 2 - The SUPREME Natural Adjuvant
Enhan-cer™ 1 and Enhan-cer™ 2 soil adjuvants, combined with any current crop
treatment, have been proven to be a powerful tool for increasing your overall
production by decreasing transpiration up to 50%, extending your growing season,
and overall improving the health and vigor of your plants.

Benefits:
• Concentrated and INTENSE chitosan-based formula.
• EXTREMELY LOW USAGE RATE
• Apply at ANYTIME in the Growing Season
• ALL NATURAL ADJUVANT proven to drastically increase the efficacy of pest,
weed and nutritional sprays.
• For row crops, fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, nut crops and turf.
• Not designed for aquatic use.

Spray Mixture must be adjusted to a pH of 5.0 or below in the final tank mix before adding
O1-YS™, OII-YS™, ENHAN-CER™ 1, ENHAN-CER™ 2 or NEMASAN products.
NEMASAN - Nematode Suppression / Control
Nemasan is our Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registered nematicide that can
both be applied during all phases of the growing cycle and assist farmers in treating
nematode outbreaks without using any special spray protocol, respirator or personal
protective equipment (PPE).

According to recent data, nematodes cause approximately $10 billion worth of damage
for farmers worldwide. They cause damage by feeding on the roots of susceptible crops,
which hurts yields by stunting growth and inhibiting water and nutrient uptake.

Benefits of the revolutionary new Nemasan product to combat nematodes include:

• Year-Round Application - Provides growers the ability and flexibility to deal with
nematode issues during the entire growing cycle from pre-plant up to and post
harvest.
• Naturally Made - Made from sustainable sources of naturally occurring ingredients.
• Plays Nice with Others - Only nematode product that can be safely used with
other agricultural products at the same time.
• Cost Savings - Application cost for Nemasan is significantly less than current
nematode control compounds.

Lower Spray Solution pH to 5.0 or Below!

CitriSan™ - Citric Acid

Use CitriSan™ to lower spray solutions to pH 5.0 OR below for maximizing the
efficiency of Organisan products in all your Nematicide, Fungicide, Fertilizer, Herbicide,
Insecticide, and Nutritional Sprays.

• CitriSan™ is an ideal acidifier for reducing the pH of spray solutions.

• CitriSan™ can positively affect the application of pesticides designed for use with
wetting/spreading type adjuvants.
• CitriSan™ can be applied to all crops including fruit trees, vines, tree nuts, fruits
and vegetables, field and row crops, ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers,
containerized plants and turf. The application of CitriSan™ to spray mixtures
complexes minerals in both the water and the soil.
• CitriSan™ can be applied as an adjuvant with approved pesticides inside and
outside of poultry operations.
• CitriSan™ IS NOT FOR AQUATIC USE.

Spray Mixture must be adjusted to a pH of 5.0 or below in the final tank mix before adding
O1-YS™, OII-YS™, ENHAN-CER™ 1, ENHAN-CER™ 2 or NEMASAN products.
 Poultry Industry Adjuvants
Avian-1 is

GENERAL INFORMATION:
For use as an adjuvant with approved pesticides inside and
outside of poultry operations. AVIAN-1 and AVIAN-2 are specialized
formulations of natural surfactants and sticking agents developed to
improve and enhance adhesion of the pesticide for increased efficacy.
AVIAN-1 and AVIAN-2 can positively affect the application of pesticides designed for use
with wetting/spreading type adjuvants.

2.5 GAL / 9.464 L (% BY WEIGHT)

Principal Functioning Agents:
Poly-D-Glucosamine & Saponin containing plant extracts . . . . . . . . 12%
Constituents ineffective as spray adjuvants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88%
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100%

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 GENERAL INFORMATION:
Agri-QTM is a specialized formulation of natural surfactants and sticking agents. Agri-Q can
positively affect the application and efficacy of pesticides in poultry operations, nutritional sprays,
nematicides, fungicides, fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides designed for use with wetting/
spreading type adjuvants for crop use and seed treatment applications.

2.5 GAL / 9.464 L (% BY WEIGHT)

Principal Functioning Agents:
Saponin containing plant extracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.85%
Constituents ineffective as spray adjuvants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.15%
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100%

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