First Course In The Finite Element

Method 5th Edition Logan Solutions

Manual
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First Course In The Finite Element Method 5th Edition Logan Solutions Manual

INSTRUCTOR'S SOLUTIONS MANUAL

TO ACCOMPANY

A FIRST COURSE IN THE

FINITE
ELEMENT
METHOD
FIFTH EDITION

DARYL L. LOGAN

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 Contents
Chapter 1 1

Chapter 2 3

Chapter 3 23

Chapter 4 127

Chapter 5 183

Chapter 6 281

Chapter 7 319

Chapter 8 338

Chapter 9 351

Chapter 10 371

Chapter 11 390

Chapter 12 414

Chapter 13 432

Chapter 14 473

Chapter 15 492

Chapter 16 518

Appendix A 550

Appendix B 555

Appendix D 561
 Chapter 1

1.1. A finite element is a small body or unit interconnected to other units to model a larger
structure or system.
1.2. Discretization means dividing the body (system) into an equivalent system of finite
elements with associated nodes and elements.
1.3. The modern development of the finite element method began in 1941 with the work of
Hrennikoff in the field of structural engineering.
1.4. The direct stiffness method was introduced in 1941 by Hrennikoff. However, it was not
commonly known as the direct stiffness method until 1956.
1.5. A matrix is a rectangular array of quantities arranged in rows and columns that is often
used to aid in expressing and solving a system of algebraic equations.
1.6. As computer developed it made possible to solve thousands of equations in a matter of
minutes.
1.7. The following are the general steps of the finite element method.
Step 1
Divide the body into an equivalent system of finite elements with associated
nodes and choose the most appropriate element type.
Step 2
Choose a displacement function within each element.
Step 3
Relate the stresses to the strains through the stress/strain law—generally
called the constitutive law.
Step 4
Derive the element stiffness matrix and equations. Use the direct equilibrium
method, a work or energy method, or a method of weighted residuals to
relate the nodal forces to nodal displacements.
Step 5
Assemble the element equations to obtain the global or total equations and
introduce boundary conditions.
Step 6
Solve for the unknown degrees of freedom (or generalized displacements).
Step 7
Solve for the element strains and stresses.
Step 8
Interpret and analyze the results for use in the design/analysis process.
1.8. The displacement method assumes displacements of the nodes as the unknowns of the
problem. The problem is formulated such that a set of simultaneous equations is solved
for nodal displacements.
1.9. Four common types of elements are: simple line elements, simple two-dimensional
elements, simple three-dimensional elements, and simple axisymmetric elements.
1.10 Three common methods used to derive the element stiffness matrix and equations are
(1) direct equilibrium method
(2) work or energy methods
(3) methods of weighted residuals
1.11. The term ‘degrees of freedom’ refers to rotations and displacements that are associated
with each node.

1
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 1.12. Five typical areas where the finite element is applied are as follows.
(1) Structural/stress analysis
(2) Heat transfer analysis
(3) Fluid flow analysis
(4) Electric or magnetic potential distribution analysis
(5) Biomechanical engineering
1.13. Five advantages of the finite element method are the ability to
(1) Model irregularly shaped bodies quite easily
(2) Handle general load conditions without difficulty
(3) Model bodies composed of several different materials because element equations
are evaluated individually
(4) Handle unlimited numbers and kinds of boundary conditions
(5) Vary the size of the elements to make it possible to use small elements where
necessary

2
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 Chapter 2

2.1
(a)

Ë k1 0 – k1 0Û
Ì
0 0 0 0Ü
[k(1)] = Ì Ü
Ì – k1 0 k1 0Ü
Ì Ü
Í 0 0 0 0Ý

Ë0 0 0 0 Û
Ì
0 0 0 0 Ü
[k(2)] = Ì Ü
Ì0 0 k2 – k2 Ü
Ì Ü
Í0 0 – k2 k2 Ý

Ë0 0 0 0 Û
Ì
0 k3 0 – k3 Ü
[k 3(3)] = Ì Ü
Ì0 0 0 0 Ü
Ì Ü
Í0 – k3 0 k3 Ý
[K] = [k(1)] + [k(2)] + [k(3)]
Ë k1 0 – k1 0 Û
Ì
0 k3 0 – k3 Ü
[K] = Ì Ü
Ì – k1 0 k1  k2 – k2 Ü
Ì Ü
Í 0 – k3 – k2 k2  k3 Ý
(b) Nodes 1 and 2 are fixed so u1 = 0 and u2 = 0 and [K] becomes

Ëk1  k2 – k2 Û
[K] = Ì
Í – k2 k 2  k3 ÜÝ
{F} = [K] {d}
Î F3 x Þ Ëk1  k2 – k2 Û Î u3 Þ
Ï ß= Ì Ï ß
Ð 4x à
F Í – k2 k 2  k3 ÜÝ Ðu4 à

Î0Þ Ë k1  k2 – k2 Û Îu3 Þ
⇒ Ï ß= Ì Ï ß
Ð à
P Í – k2 k2  k3 ÜÝ Ðu4 à
{F} = [K] {d} ⇒ [K –1] {F} = [K –1] [K] {d}
⇒ [K –1] {F} = {d}
Using the adjoint method to find [K –1]
C11 = k2 + k3 C21 = (– 1)3 (– k2)
C12 = (– 1)1 + 2 (– k2) = k2 C22 = k1 + k2

3
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 Ë k  k3 k2 Û Ë k  k3 k2 Û
[C] = Ì 2 Ü and CT = Ì 2
Í k2 k1  k2 Ý Í k2 k1  k2 ÜÝ
det [K] = | [K] | = (k1 + k2) (k2 + k3) – ( – k2) (– k2)
⇒ | [K] | = (k1 + k2) (k2 + k3) – k22
[C T ]
[K –1] =
det K
Ëk 2  k3 k2 Û Ë k2  k3 k2 Û
Ì k k1  k2 ÝÜ Ì k1  k2 ÜÝ
[K –1] = Í 2 = Í k2
( k1  k2 ) ( k2  k3 ) – k2 2 k1 k2  k1 k3  k2 k3

Ëk2  k3 k2 Û Î 0 Þ
Ì Ï ß
Îu3 Þ Í k2 k1  k2 ÜÝ Ð P à
Ï ß=
Ðu4 à k1 k2  k1 k3  k2 k3
k2 P
⇒ u3 =
k1 k 2  k1 k3  k2 k3
(k1  k2 ) P
⇒ u4 =
k1 k 2  k1 k3  k2 k3
(c) In order to find the reaction forces we go back to the global matrix F = [K] {d}
Î F1x Þ Ë k1 0  k1 0 Û Îu1 Þ
ÑF Ñ Ì 0  k3 Ü Ñu Ñ
Ñ 2x Ñ
Ï ß= Ì
k3 0
Ü ÑÏ 2 Ñß
Ñ F3 x Ñ Ì k1 0 k1  k2  k2 Ü Ñu3 Ñ
Ñ Ì 0 Ü
k2  k3 Ý ÑÐu4 Ñà
Ð F4 x Ñ
à Í k3  k2
k2 P
F1x = – k1 u3 = – k1
k1 k2  k1 k3  k2 k3
k1 k2 P
⇒ F1x =
k1 k2  k1 k3  k2 k3
( k1  k2 ) P
F2x = – k3 u4 = – k3
k1 k 2  k1 k3  k 2 k3
k3 (k1  k2 ) P
⇒ F2x =
k1 k 2  k1 k3  k 2 k3
2.2

lb
k1 = k2 = k3 = 1000
in.
(1) (2) (2) (3)
Ë k k Û (1) Ë k k Û (2)
[k(1)] = Ì ; [k(2)] =
Í k k ÜÝ (2) ÌÍ k k ÜÝ (3)
By the method of superposition the global stiffness matrix is constructed.
4
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 (1) (2) (3)
Ë k k 0Û (1) Ë k k 0Û
Ì
[K] = k k  k  k Ü (2) ⇒ [K] = Ì k 2k  k Ü
Ì Ü Ì Ü
ÌÍ 0  k k ÜÝ (3) ÌÍ 0 k k ÜÝ
Node 1 is fixed ⇒ u1 = 0 and u3 = δ
{F} = [K] {d}
Î F1x ? Þ Ë k k 0Û Îu1 0 Þ
Ñ Ñ Ì Ü Ñu Ñ
Ï F2 x 0ß = Ì
k 2k k Ï 2 ?ß
Ü
ÑF Ñ k ÜÝ Ñ EÑ
Ð 3x ? à ÌÍ 0 k Ðu3 à
Î 0 Þ Ë 2k  k Û Îu2 Þ Î 0 2k u2  kE Þ
⇒ Ï ß = Ì Ï ßÀ Ï ß
Ð F3 x à Í k k ÜÝ Ð E à Ð F3 x  k u2  kE à
kE E 1 in.
⇒ u2 = = = ⇒ u2 = 0.5″
2k 2 2
F3x = – k (0.5″) + k (1″)
lb lb
F3x = (– 1000 ) (0.5″) + (1000 ) (1″)
in. in.
F3x = 500 lbs
Internal forces
Element (1)
Î
Ñ f1x Þ
(1)
Ñ Ë k k Û Îu1 0 Þ
Ï (2) ß = Ì Ï ß
Ñ f2 x à
Ð Ñ Í k k ÜÝ Ðu2 0.5” à

lb
⇒ f1x (1) = (– 1000 ) (0.5″) ⇒ f1x (1) = – 500 lb
in.
lb
f 2x (1) = (1000 ) (0.5″) ⇒ f 2x (1) = 500 lb
in.
Element (2)

Î
Ñ f2 x Þ
(2)
Ñ Ë k  k Û Îu2 0.5”Þ f 2 x (2) – 500 lb
Ï (2) ß = Ì Ï ß ⇒
Ñ f 3x à
Ð Ñ Í k k ÜÝÐu3 1” à f 3 x (2) 500 lb
2.3

Ë k k Û
(a) [k(1)] = [k(2)] = [k(3)] = [k(4)] = Ì
Í k k ÜÝ
By the method of superposition we construct the global [K] and knowing {F} = [K] {d}
we have
Î F1x ? Þ Ë k  k 0 0 0Û Îu1 0 Þ
ÑF Ñ Ì ÜÑ Ñ
ÑÑ 2 x 0 ÑÑ Ì k 2k  k 0 0Ü ÑÑu2 ÑÑ
Ï F3 x P ß = Ì 0  k 2k k 0Ü Ïu3 ß
ÑF Ñ Ì 0 0  k 2k  k Ü Ñ Ñ
0
Ñ 4x Ñ Ì Ü Ñu4 Ñ
ÑÐ F5 x ? Ñà ÌÍ 0 0 0 k k ÜÝ ÑÐu5 0Ñà

5
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 Î0 Þ Ë 2 k k 0 Û Îu2 Þ 0 2 ku2  ku3
Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ
(b) Ï P ß = Ì  k 2k k ÜÜ Ïu3 ß À P  ku2  2ku3  ku4
Ì
Ñ0 Ñ Ì 0
Ð à Í k 2k ÜÝ ÑÐu4 Ñà 0 ku3  2ku4
u3 u
⇒ u2 = ; u4 = 3
2 2
Substituting in the equation in the middle
P = – k u2 + 2k u3 – k u4
u3 Ø È u3 Ø
⇒ P = – k ÈÉ Ù + 2k u3 – k É Ù
Ê 2 Ú Ê 2Ú

⇒ P = k u3
P
⇒ u3 =
k
P P
u2 = ; u4 =
2k 2k
(c) In order to find the reactions at the fixed nodes 1 and 5 we go back to the global
equation {F} = [K] {d}
P P
F1x = – k u2 = – k ⇒ F1x = 
2k 2
P P
F5x = – k u4 = – k ⇒ F5x = 
2k 2
Check
ΣFx = 0 ⇒ F1x + F5x + P = 0
P È PØ
⇒  + É Ù +P=0
2 Ê 2Ú
⇒0=0
2.4

Ë k k Û
(a) [k(1)] = [k(2)] = [k(3)] = [k(4)] = Ì
Í k k ÜÝ
By the method of superposition the global [K] is constructed.
Also {F} = [K] {d} and u1 = 0 and u 5 = δ

Î F1x ?Þ Ë k  k 0 0 0Û Îu1 0 Þ
ÑF 0 Ñ Ì  k 2k  k 0 0 Ü Ñu ? Ñ
Ñ
Ñ
2x Ñ
Ñ Ì Ü ÑÑ 2 ÑÑ
Ï 3x
F 0 ß = Ì 0  k 2k k 0Ü Ïu3 ? ß
ÑF Ì 0 0  k 2k  k Ü Ñ Ñ
0Ñ Ì Ü Ñu4 ? Ñ
Ñ 4x Ñ
Ñ F5 x
Ð ? àÑ ÌÍ 0 0 0 k k ÜÝ ÐÑu5 E àÑ

6
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 (b) 0 = 2k u2 – k u3 (1)
0 = – ku2 + 2k u3 – k u 4 (2)
0 = – k u3 + 2k u4 – k δ (3)
From (2)
u3 = 2 u2
From (3)
E  2 u2
u4 =
2
Substituting in Equation (2)
ÈE  2 E2 x Ø
⇒ – k (u2) + 2k (2 u2) – k
Ê 2 Ú

E E
⇒ – u2 + 4 u2 – u2 – = 0 ⇒ u2 =
2 4
E E
⇒ u3 = 2 ⇒ u3 =
4 2
E  2  E4  3E
⇒ u4 = ⇒ u4 =
2 4
(c) Going back to the global equation
{F} = [K] {d}
E kE
F1x = – k u2 = k ⇒ F1x = 
4 4
3EØ
F5x = – k u4 + k δ = – k ÈÉ Ù +kδ
Ê 4 Ú

kE
⇒ F5x =
4
2.5
kip kip
2 3
in. in.
2
1 2 3 4 5
1 3 x
kip kip
1 4 5
in. in.
kip
4
in.

d1 d2 d2 d4
Ë 1 1Û Ë 2  2Û
[k (1)] = Ì Ü ; [k (2)] = Ì
Í 1 1Ý Í 2 2 ÜÝ
d2 d4 d2 d4
Ë 3  3Û Ë 4  4Û
[k (3)] = Ì Ü ; [k (4)] = Ì
Í  3 3Ý Í  4 4ÜÝ
d4 d3
Ë 5  5Û
[k (5)] = Ì
Í  5 5ÜÝ
7
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 Assembling global [K] using direct stiffness method

Ë1 1 0 0 Û
Ì 1 1  2  3  4 0  2  3  4 Ü
[K] = Ì Ü
Ì0 0 5 5 Ü
Ì 0  2  3  4  5 2  3  4  5Ü
Í Ý
Simplifying

Ë 1 1 0 0 Û
Ì  1 10 0  9 Ü kip
[K] = Ì Ü
Ì 0 0 5  5 Ü in.
Ì 0  9  5 14 Ü
Í Ý
2.6 Now apply + 2 kip at node 2 in spring assemblage of P 2.5.
∴ F2x = 2 kip
[K]{d} = {F}
[K] from P 2.5

Ë 1 1 0 0 Û Îu1 0 Þ Î F1 Þ
Ì  1 10 0  9 Ü ÑÑu Ñ Ñ2 Ñ
Ì Ü Ï 2 Ñß = ÑÏ Ñß (A)
Ì 0 0 5  5 Ü Ñu3 0Ñ Ñ F3 Ñ
Ì 0  9  5 14 Ü Ñ
Í Ý Ðu4 Ñà ÑÐ0 Ñà
where u 1 = 0, u 3 = 0 as nodes 1 and 3 are fixed.
Using Equations (1) and (3) of (A)

Ë 10  9 Û Îu2 Þ Î 2Þ
ÌÍ  9 14ÜÝ Ïu ß = Ï 0 ß
Ð 4à Ð à
Solving
u2 = 0.475 in., u4 = 0.305 in.
2.7

conv.

f1x = C, f2x = – C
f = – kδ = – k(u2 – u1)
∴ f1x = – k(u2 – u1)
f2x = – (– k) (u2 – u1)

Î f1x Þ Î k –k Þ Îu1 Þ
Ï ß = Ï ß Ï ß
Ð 2x à
f Ð –k kà Ðu2 à

Î k –k Þ same as for
∴ [K] = Ï ß
Ð –k k à tensile element

8
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 2.8

lb lb
k = 500 in. k = 500 in.
500 lb

Ë 1 1 Û Ë 1 1 Û
k1 = 500 Ì Ü ; k2 = 500 Ì
Í 1 1Ý Í 1 1 ÜÝ
So
Ë 1 1 0Û
[K] = 500 Ì 1 2 1 Ü
Ì Ü
ÍÌ 0 1 1 ÝÜ
{F} = [K] {d}

Ë F1 ? Û Ë 1 1 0Û Îu1 0 Þ
Ì Ü Ì Ñ Ñ
⇒ F2 0 1Ü Ïu2 ?ß
Ì Ü = 500 Ì 1 2
Ü
ÍÌ F3 1000ÝÜ Ì 0
Í 1 1ÝÜ ÑÐu3 ? Ñà
⇒ 0 = 1000 u2 – 500 u3 (1)
500 = – 500 u2 + 500 u3 (2)
From (1)
500
u2 = u3 ⇒ u2 = 0.5 u3 (3)
1000
Substituting (3) into (2)
⇒ 500 = – 500 (0.5 u3) + 500 u3
⇒ 500 = 250 u3
⇒ u3 = 2 in.
⇒ u2 = (0.5) (2 in.) ⇒ u2 = 1 in.
Element 1–2

Î
Ñ f1x Þ
(1)
Ñ Ë 1 1 Û Î0 in.Þ f1 x (1)  500lb
Ï (1) ß = 500 Ì Ï ß À
Ñ f2 x à
Ð Ñ Í 1 1 ÜÝ Ð1 in.à f 2 x (1) 500lb
Element 2–3

ÑÎ f 2 x ÑÞ
(2)
Ë 1 1 Û Î1 in. Þ f 2 x (2)  500 lb
Ï (2) ß = 500 Ì Ï ßÀ
ÐÑ f 3 x àÑ Í 1 1 ÜÝ Ð2 in.à f 3 x (2) 500 lb

Ë0 Û
Ì
F1x = 500 [1 – 1 0] 1 in.Ü À F1x  500 lb
Ì Ü
ÌÍ 2 in.ÜÝ
2.9
lb lb lb
in. in. in.

9
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 (1) (2)
Ë 1000  1000 Û
[k(1)] = Ì
Í 1000 1000ÜÝ
(2) (3)
Ë 1000 1000Û
[k(2)] = Ì
Í 1000 1000ÜÝ
(3) (4)
Ë 1000  1000Û
[k(3)] = Ì
Í  1000 1000ÜÝ
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Ë 1000 1000 0 0 Û
Ì 1000 2000 1000 0 Ü
[K] = Ì Ü
Ì 0 1000 2000 1000Ü
Ì 0  1000 1000 ÜÝ
Í 0
Î F1x ? Þ Ë 1000  1000 0 0 Û Îu1 0Þ
ÑF Ñ Ì 1000 2000 1000 0 Ü Ñu Ñ
Ñ 2 x  1000Ñ Ì Ü Ñ 2 Ñ
Ï ß= Ï ß
Ñ F3x 0 Ñ Ì 0 1000 2000 1000Ü Ñu3 Ñ
ÑÐ F4 x 4000 Ñà Ì 0 1000 1000 ÜÝ ÑÐu4 Ñà
Í 0
⇒ u1 = 0 in.
u2 = 3 in.
u3 = 7 in.
u4 = 11 in.
Reactions
Îu1 0Þ
Ñu 3 ÑÑ
Ñ 2
F1x = [1000 – 1000 0 0] Ï ß ⇒ F1x = – 3000 lb
Ñu3 7Ñ
ÑÐu4 11Ñà
Element forces
Element (1)
Î
Ñ f1x Þ
(1)
Ñ Ë 1000 1000 Û Î0Þ f1x (1) 3000 lb
Ï (1) ß = Ì Ï ß ⇒
Ñ f2 x à
Ð Ñ Í 1000 1000 ÜÝÐ3 à f 2 x (1) 3000 lb
Element (2)
ÎÑ f 2 x (2) ÞÑ Ë 1000 1000 Û Î3 Þ f 2 x (2)  4000lb
Ï (2) ß = Ì Ï ß ⇒
ÐÑ f 3 x àÑ Í 1000 1000 ÜÝÐ7à f 3 x (2) 4000 lb
Element (3)
ÎÑ f 3 x (3) Þ
Ñ Ë 1000 1000 Û Î7 Þ f 3 x (3)  4000 lb
Ï (3) ß = Ì Ï ß ⇒
ÐÑ f 4 x à Ñ Í 1000 1000 ÜÝ Ð11à f 4 x (3) 4000 lb
2.10

lb
in.
lb
in.

lb
in.

10
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 Ë 1000 1000 Û
[k(1)] = Ì
Í 1000 1000 ÜÝ

Ë 500  500 Û
[k(2)] = Ì
Í  500 500 ÜÝ

Ë 500  500 Û
[k(3)] = Ì
Í  500 500 ÜÝ
{F} = [K] {d}

Î F1x ? Þ Ë 1000  1000 0 0 Û Îu1 0 Þ

ÑF
Ñ 2x
Ñ
– 4000Ñ Ì  1000 2000  500  500Ü ÑÑu2 ? ÑÑ
Ï ß= Ì ÜÏ ß
Ñ F3 x ? Ñ Ì 0  500 500 0 Ü Ñu3 0 Ñ
Ñ Ñ Ì 0  500 Ü
500Ý ÑÐu4 0Ñà
Ð F4 x ? à Í 0

 4000
⇒ u2 = = – 2 in.
2000
Reactions

Î F1x Þ Ë 1000  1000 0 0 Û Î0 Þ

ÑF Ñ
Ñ 2x Ñ
Ì 1000 2000 500 500 Ü ÑÑ2 ÑÑ
Ï ß= Ì ÜÏ ß
Ñ F3 x Ñ Ì 0 500 500 0 Ü Ñ0 Ñ
Ñ Ì Ü
500Ý ÐÑ0 àÑ
Ð F4 x Ñ
à Í 0 500 0

Î F1x Þ Î 2000 Þ
ÑF Ñ Ñ 4000Ñ
Ñ 2x Ñ Ñ Ñ
⇒ Ï ß= Ï ß lb
F
Ñ 3x Ñ Ñ 1000 Ñ
Ñ
Ð F4 x Ñ
à Ñ
Ð 1000 Ñà
Element (1)

Î f1x (1) Ñ
Ñ Þ Ë 1000 1000 Û Î 0 Þ ÎÑ f1x (1) ÑÞ Î 2000 Þ
Ï (1) ß = Ì Ï ß ⇒ Ï (1) ß = Ï ß lb
Ñ f2 x à
Ð Ñ Í 1000 1000 ÜÝ Ð – 2à ÐÑ f 2 x àÑ Ð 2000à
Element (2)

ÑÎ f 2 x ÑÞ
(2)
Ë 500 500 Û Î  2 Þ ÑÎ f 2 x ÑÞ Î –1000 Þ
(2)

Ï (2) ß = Ì Ï ß⇒ Ï (2) ß = Ï ß lb
ÑÐ f 3 x Ñà Í 500 500 ÜÝÐ 0 à ÑÐ f 3 x Ñà Ð 1000à
Element (3)

Î f 2 x (3) ÑÞ
Ñ Ë 500 500 Û Î  2 Þ ÑÎ f 2 x ÑÞ Î  1000 Þ
(3)

Ï (3) ß = Ì Ï ß⇒ Ï (3) ß Ï ß lb
Ñ
Ð f 4 x Ñà Í 500 500 ÜÝÐ 0 à ÑÐ f 4 x Ñà Ð 1000 à
2.11

N N
m m

d = 20 mm

11
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 Ë 2000 2000 Û Ë 2000 2000 Û
[k(1)] = Ì Ü ; [k(2)] = Ì
Í 2000 2000 Ý Í 2000 2000 ÜÝ
{F} = [K] {d}
Î F1x ? Þ Ë 2000 2000 0 Û Ëu1 0 Û
Ñ Ñ Ìu ? Ü
Ï F2 x 0 ß = ÌÌ 2000 4000 2000ÜÜ Ì 2 Ü
ÑF Ñ ÌÍu3 0.02 m ÜÝ
Ð 3x ? à ÌÍ 0 2000 2000 ÜÝ
⇒ u2 = 0.01 m
Reactions
F1x = (– 2000) (0.01) ⇒ F1x = – 20 N
Element (1)
Î
Ñ fˆ1x Þ
Ñ Ë 2000 2000Û Î 0 Þ ÎÑ fˆ1x ÞÑ Î20Þ
ψ ß = ÌÍ2000 2000 ÜÝ ÏÐ0.01ßà ⇒ ψ ß = Ï ßN
Ñ f2x à
Ð Ñ ÐÑ f 2 x Ñà Ð 20à
Element (2)
Î fˆ2 x Ñ
Ñ Þ Ë 2000 –2000Û Î 0.01Þ ÑÎ fˆ2 x ÑÞ Î20 Þ
ψ ß = Ì –2000 Ï ß ⇒ ψ ß = Ï ßN
Ñ
Ð f3x Ñ à Í 2000 ÜÝ Ð0.02 à ÑÐ f3 x Ñà Ð 20 à
2.12

N N N
m m m

1 2 3

Î 1 1Þ
[k(1)] = [k(3)] = 10000 Ï ß
Ð1 1à
Î 2 2Þ
[k(2)] = 10000 Ï ß
Ð2 2à
{F} = [K] {d}

ÎF1x ? Þ Ë 1 1 0 0Û Îu1 0 Þ
ÑF Ñ
Ñ 2 x 4500 N Ñ
Ì 1 3 2 0Ü ÑÑu ? ÑÑ
Ï ß = 10000 Ì Ü Ï 2 ß
F
Ñ 3x 0 Ñ Ì 0 2 3  1Ü Ñu3 ? Ñ
Ì 0 0 1 1Ü Ñ
ÑÐF4 x ? Ñ
à Í Ý Ðu4 0Ñà
3
0 = – 2 u2 + 3 u3 ⇒ u2 = u 3 ⇒ u2 = 1.5 u3
2
450 N = 30000 (1.5 u3) – 20000 u3
N
⇒ 450 N = (25000 ) u3 ⇒ u 3 = 1.8 × 10–2 m
m
⇒ u2 = 1.5 (1.8 × 10–2) ⇒ u 2 = 2.7 × 10–2 m
Element (1)
Î
Ñ fˆ1x ÞÑ Ë 1 1Û Î 0 Þ fˆ1x (1)  270 N
Ï ß = 10000 ÌÍ 1 1ÜÝ Ï2.7 – 102 ß ⇒
Ñ fˆ2 x à
Ð Ñ Ð à fˆ2 x (1) 270 N

12
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 Element (2)
2
Î
Ñ fˆ2 x Þ
Ñ Ë 1 1Û ÎÑ2.7 – 10 ÞÑ fˆ2 x (2) 180 N
Ï ß = 20000 ÌÍ 1 1ÜÝ Ï ß ⇒
Ñ fˆ3 x à
Ð Ñ ÑÐ1.8 – 102 àÑ fˆ3 x (2) 180 N
Element (3)
Î
Ñ fˆ3 x Þ
Ñ Ë 1 1Û Î1.8 – 102 Þ fˆ3 x (3) 180 N
ψ ß = 10000 ÌÍ 1 1ÜÝ Ï ß ⇒
Ñ f4 x à
Ð Ñ Ð 0 à fˆ4 x (3) 180 N
Reactions

N Î0 Þ
{F1x} = (10000 ) [1 – 1] Ï 2 ß
⇒ F1x = – 270 N
m Ð2.7 – 10 à

N Î1.8 – 102 Þ
{F4x} = (10000 ) [–1 1] Ï ß
m Ð 0 à
⇒ F4x = – 180 N
2.13

kN kN kN kN
m m 5 kN m m

Ë 1 1Û
[k(1)] = [k(2)] = [k(3)] = [k(4)] = 20 Ì
Í1 1ÜÝ
{F} = [K] {d}

Î F1x ? Þ Î 1 1 0 0 0Þ Îu1 0Þ
ÑF 0 Ñ Ñ1 2 1 0 0Ñ Ñu ?Ñ
ÑÑ ÑÑ ÑÑ ÑÑ ÑÑ ÑÑ
2x 2

Ï F3 x 10 kN ß = 20 Ï 0 1 2 1 0ß Ïu3 ?ß
ÑF 0 Ñ Ñ 0 0 1 2 1Ñ Ñu ?Ñ
Ñ 4x Ñ Ñ Ñ Ñ 4 Ñ
ÑÐ F5 x ? Ñà ÑÐ 0 0 0 1 1Ñà ÑÐu5 0Ñà

0 2 u2 – u3 À
u2 0.5 u3 Þß ⇒ u = u
0 – u3 2 u4  À
u4 0.5 u3 à 2 4

⇒ 5 kN = – 20 u2 + 40 (2 u2) – 20 u2
⇒ 5 = 40 u2 ⇒ u2 = 0.125 m
⇒ u4 = 0.125 m
⇒ u3 = 2(0.125) ⇒ u3 = 0.25 m
Element (1)

Î
Ñ fˆ1x ÞÑ Ë 1 1Û Î 0 Þ fˆ1x (1)  2.5 kN
Ï ß = 20 ÌÍ 1 1ÜÝ ÏÐ0.125ßà ⇒
Ñ fˆ2 x à
Ð Ñ fˆ2 x (1) 2.5 kN

Element (2)

Î
Ñ fˆ2 x Þ
Ñ Ë 1 1Û Î0.125Þ fˆ2 x (2)  2.5 kN
Ï ß = 20 Ì 1 1Ü Ï 0.25 ß ⇒
Ñ fˆ3 x à
Ð Ñ Í Ý Ð à fˆ3 x (2) 2.5 kN

13
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 Element (3)
Î f3 x Þ Ë 1 1Û Î 0.25 Þ f 3 x (3) 2.5 kN
Ï ß = 20 Ì Ü Ï ß ⇒
Ð f4 x à Í 1 1Ý Ð0.125à f 4 x (3)  2.5 kN
Element (4)
Î fˆ4 x Ñ
Ñ Þ Ë 1 1Û Î0.125Þ fˆ4 x (4) 2.5 kN
Ï ˆ ß = 20 Ì Ü Ï ß ⇒ ˆ (4)
Ñ
Ð f5 x Ñà Í 1 1Ý Ð 0 à f5 x  2.5 kN
Î 0 Þ
F1x = 20 [1 –1] Ï ß ⇒ F1x = – 2.5 kN
Ð0.125à

Î0.125Þ
F5x = 20 [–1 1] Ï ß ⇒ F5x = – 2.5 kN
Ð 0 à
2.14
N N
m 1000 N 4000 N/m
m 2000 N

Ë 1 1Û
[k(1)] = [k(2)] = 400 Ì
Í1 1ÜÝ
{F} = [K] {d}

Î F1x ? Þ Ë 1 1 0Û Îu1 0 Þ
Ñ Ñ Ì 1 Ñ Ñ
Ï 2x
F 100 ß = 400 2 1Ü Ïu2 ?ß
Ì Ü
ÑF Ñ ÑÐ u ? Ñà
Ð 3 x  200à Ì 0
Í 1 1ÝÜ 3

100 = 800 u2 – 400 u 3

– 200 = – 400 u2 + 400 u3
– 100 = 400 u2 ⇒ u2 = – 0.25 m
100 = 800 (– 0.25) – 400 u3 ⇒ u3 = – 0.75 m
Element (1)
Î
Ñ fˆ1x Þ Ñ Ë 1 1Û Î 0 Þ fˆ1x (1) 100 N
Ï ß = 400 ÌÍ 1 1ÜÝ ÏÐ 0.25ßà ⇒
Ñ fˆ2 x à
Ð Ñ fˆ2 x (1)  100 N
Element (2)
Î
Ñ fˆ2 x Þ
Ñ Ë 1 –1Û Î  0.25Þ fˆ2 x (2) 200 N
Ï ˆ ß = 400 Ì Ï ß ⇒
Ñ f3 x à
Ð Ñ Í –1 1ÜÝ Ð  0.75 à fˆ3 x (2)  200 N
Reaction
Î 0 Þ
{F1x} = 400 [1 –1] Ï ß ⇒ F1x = 100 N
Ð 0.25à
2.15

500 kN
m

1000 kN
m
500 kN
m

14
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 Ë 500  500 Û Ë 500  500Û Ë 1000 1000 Û
[k(1)] = Ì Ü ; [k(2)] = Ì Ü ; [k(3)] = Ì
Í  500 500 Ý Í  500 500 Ý Í 1000 1000 ÜÝ
ÎF1x ? Þ Ë 500 0  500 0 Û Îu1 0 Þ
ÑF
Ñ 2x ?
Ñ
Ñ
Ì 0 500  500 0 Ü Ñu 0Ñ
Ñ 2 Ñ
Ï ß= Ì Ü Ï ß
ÑF3 x 2 kN Ñ Ì500 500 2000 1000Ü u
Ñ 3 ? Ñ
ÑF4 x ? Ñ Ì 0  1000 1000 ÜÝ
Ð à Í 0 ÐÑu4 0Ñà
⇒ u3 = 0.001 m
Reactions
F1x = (– 500) (0.001) ⇒ F1x = – 0.5 kN
F2x = (– 500) (0.001) ⇒ F2x = – 0.5 kN
F4x = (– 1000) (0.001) ⇒ F4x = – 1.0 kN
Element (1)
Î
Ñ fˆ1x ÞÑ Ë 500  500Û Î 0 Þ ÎÑ fˆ1x ÞÑ Î 0.5 kN Þ
Ï ß = Ì Ü Ï ß ⇒ Ï ß= Ï ß
Ñ fˆ3 x à
Ð Ñ Í  500 500Ý Ð0.001à ÐÑ f3 x Ñà Ð 0.5 kN à
ˆ
Element (2)
Î
Ñ fˆ2 x Þ
Ñ Ë 500  500 Û Î 0 Þ ÎÑ fˆ2 x ÞÑ Î 0.5 kN Þ
Ï ß= Ì Ü Ï ß ⇒ Ï ß=Ï ß
Ñ fˆ3 x à
Ð Ñ Í  500 500 Ý Ð0.001à ÐÑ fˆ3 x àÑ Ð 0.5 kN à
Element (3)
Î
Ñ fˆ3 x Þ
Ñ Ë 1000  1000Û Î0.001Þ ÎÑ fˆ3 x ÞÑ Î 1 kN Þ
Ï ß= Ì Ü Ï ß ⇒ Ï ß= Ï ß
Ñ fˆ4 x à
Ð Ñ Í  1000 1000Ý Ð 0 à ÐÑ fˆ4 x àÑ Ð  1 kN à
2.16

100 lb –100 lb

1 lb 2 lb 3 lb 4
100 100 100
in. in. in.

Î F1x Þ Ë 100 100 0 0 Û Î0Þ

Ñ 100 Ñ
Ñ Ñ
Ì 100 100  100  100 0 Ü Ñu Ñ
Ñ 2Ñ
Ï ß = Ì Ü Ï ß
Ñ  100 Ñ Ì 0 100 100  100  100Ü Ñ u3 Ñ
Ñ F4 x àÑ Ì Ü
Ð Í 0 0  100 100 Ý ÐÑ 0 àÑ
Î 100 Þ Î 200 100Þ Îu2 Þ
Ï ß= Ï ß Ï ß
Ð100à Ð100 200 à Ð u3 à

1
u2 = in.
3
1
u3 = – in.
3
2.17
300
400
500

300 1000 N
1
3 400

2 4

15
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 Ë 500 –500 0 0 Û
Î F1x ? Þ Ì Ü Îu1 0 Þ
Ñ0 Ñ È 400  300Ø Ñu Ñ
Ñ Ñ Ì 500 –300 – 300 –400 Ü Ñ 2 Ñ
É Ù
Ï ß = Ì Ê 500  300Ú Ü Ï ß
Ñ1000 N Ñ Ì
0 –300 – 300 (300  300  400) –400 Ü
Ü Ñu3 Ñ
Ñ F4 x ? à
Ñ ÐÑu4 0Ñà
Ì
Ð Ì
Í 0 –400 – 400 400  400 ÜÝ
0 = 1500 u2 – 600 u3
1000 = – 600 u 2 + 1000 u3

15 0 0
u3 = u2 = 2.5 u2
60 0
1000 = – 600 u2 + 1000 (2.5 u2)
1000 = 1900 u2
1000 1
u2 = = mm = 0.526 mm
1900 1.9

È 1 Ø
u 3 = 2.5 É Ù mm = 1.316 mm
Ê 1.9 Ú

È 1 Ø
F1x = – 500 É Ù = – 263.16 N
Ê 1.9 Ú

È 1 Ø È È 1 ØØ
F4x = – 400 É Ù – 400 É 2.5 É Ù
Ê 1.9 Ú Ê Ê 1.9 Ú Ù
Ú

È 1 2.5 Ø
= – 400 É  Ù = –736.84 N
Ê 1.9 1.9 Ú
ΣFx = – 263.16 + 1000 – 736.84 = 0
2.18
(a)
1000 lb

lb
2000 in. x

As in Example 2.4
πp = U + Ω
1
U= k x2, Ω = – Fx
2
Set up table
1
πp = (2000) x2 – 1000 x = 1000 x2 – 1000 x
2
Deformation x, in. πp, lb⋅in.
– 3.0 6000
– 2.0 3000

16
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 – 1.0 1000
0.0 0
0.5 – 125
1.0 0
2.0 1000
˜Q p
= 2000 x – 1000 = 0 ⇒ x = 0.5 in. yields minimum πp as table verifies.
˜x
pp, lb.in.

x, in.
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
Minimum

(b)

xx
lb
500 in.
1000 lb

1 2
πp = kx – Fx = 250 x2 – 1000 x
2

x, in. πp, lb⋅in.

– 3.0 11250
– 2.0 3000
– 1.0 1250
0 0
1.0 – 750
2.0 – 1000
3.0 – 750
˜Q p
= 500 x – 1000 = 0
˜x
⇒ x = 2.0 in. yields πp minimum
(c)

N
mm

x 400 kg ¥ 9.81 m2 =– 3924

3924 N
N
s

17
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First Course In The Finite Element Method 5th Edition Logan Solutions Manual

1
πp = (2000) x2 – 3924 x = 1000 x2 – 3924 x
2

˜Q p
= 2000 x – 3924 = 0
˜x
⇒ x = 1.962 mm yields πp minimum

1
πp min = (2000) (1.962)2 – 3924 (1.962)
2
⇒ πp min = – 3849.45 N⋅mm

1
(d) πp = (400) x2 – 981 x
2

˜Q p
= 400 x – 981 = 0
˜x
⇒ x = 2.4525 mm yields πp minimum

1
πp min = (400) (2.4525)2 – 981 (2.4525)
2
⇒ πp min = – 1202.95 N⋅mm

2.19
x F = 1000 lb
Now let positive x be upward

k = 500 lb
in.

1 2
πp = kx – Fx
2

1
πp = (500) x2 – 1000 x
2

πp = 250 x2 – 1000 x

˜Q p
= 500 x – 1000 = 0
˜x

⇒ x = 2.0 in. ↑
2.20

lb
1000 in.

F = 500 lb

F = kδ2 (x = δ)

dU = F dx

18
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