15-Oct-21

Air Standard Cycles for Gas Turbine

Engines

Gas Turbine Engines: Application

1. Propulsion

Air craft engine (Jet engine) Marine engine: Ship propulsion

2. Power Generation
Power plants (Electricity generation)

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…..Gas Turbine Engines: Application

1. Power generation
• The main target is to rotate the generator shaft to generate electricity

2. Propulsion engine
• The main target of the turbine is only to run the compressor and a small generator to
power the auxiliary equipment. The high-velocity exhaust gases (getting out of the
turbine) are responsible for producing the necessary thrust to propel the aircraft.

Gas Turbine Engines

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…..Gas Turbine Engines

…..Gas Turbine Engines

• Gas turbine power plant 1

• Gas turbine power plant 1
• Gas turbine power plant 1

• Gas turbine aircraft engine (Jet engine) 1

• Gas turbine aircraft engine (Jet engine) 1

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Gas Turbine Power Plants

Modeling Gas Turbine Power Plants: Air-Standard Assumptions

The thermodynamic analysis of the actual Gas Turbine Engine is not a simple task. However,
the analysis can be simplified significantly if the air-standard assumptions are utilized. The
resulting cycle, which closely resembles the actual cycle, is the ideal Brayton Cycle.

Air-standard assumption
1. The working fluid is air
2. All the processes that make up the
cycle are internally reversible.
3. Combustion process is replaced by a
constant-pressure heat-addition
process from an external source.
4. Exhaust process is replaced by a
constant pressure heat-rejection
process
Real cycle Air-standard cycle

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Air-Standard Brayton Cycle

• Was first proposed by George Brayton around 1870.

• It is made up of four internally reversible processes:

a) 1-2: Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
b) 2-3: Constant-pressure heat addition
c) 3-4: Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
d) 4-1: Constant-pressure heat rejection

…..Air-Standard Brayton Cycle

• Each component is an open system

• Compression and expansion processes take
place in rotating machinery
• Turbine and compressor are coupled together
• Part of the turbine work developed is used
to drive the compressor;
• The remainder is available to generate
electricity, to propel a vehicle, or for other
Compressor Turbine Heat Exchanger purposes

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Analysis of Gas Turbine Engine

Basics of Open System

Conservation of Mass for Open System (Control Volume)

− =∆ (kg)
In rate form

̇ − ̇ = (kg/s)

Conservation of mass principle: ordinary bathtub

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Conservation of Energy for Control Volume (Open System)

∆ − ∆
= ∆

− =∆ (J)

In rate form

̇ − ̇ = (J/s)

Note: Energy transfer can happen by:

1. Heat transfer
2. Work Transfer
3. Mass Transfer

Total Energy of Flowing Fluid

• Total Energy of flowing fluid (per kg)

= + + ( / )

• Energy transport by a flowing fluid of mass m (kg)

= = ( + + ) ( )

• Rate of energy transport (Power) by a flowing fluid of mass flow rate ̇ (kg/s)

̇ =̇ = ̇( + + ) ( / )

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……Total Energy of Flowing Fluid

The total energy consists of three parts for a nonflowing fluid and four parts for a flowing fluid

Steady Flow System

• A flow system (open system) with steady state operation. (steady means no change with
time)
• Turbine, compressor, nozzle etc. can be considered as steady flow systems. Therefore
these devices are also called as steady flow devices
• The process in these devices are regarded as steady flow process.

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…..Steady Flow System

Conditions for steady state condition:
1. Under steady-flow conditions, the mass of a control
volume does not change with time. (mCV=Constant)

̇ = ̇ ( / )

2. Under steady-flow conditions, the total energy of a

control volume does not change with time.

̇ = ̇ ( / )

3. Under steady-flow conditions, the fluid properties

at an inlet or exit do not change with time.

…..Steady Flow Systems

Energy balance for steady flow system (Steady Flow Energy Equation)