FORMULAS FOR ENGINE CYCLE

Gas Power Cycle 3. The combustion process is replaced by a

heat-addition process from an external
Carnot Cycle (Highest Thermal Efficiency) source.
W net 4. The exhaust process is replaced by a
ηth =
Q¿ heat-rejection process that restores the
working fluid to its initial state.
Reciprocating Engines
1. Spark Ignition (SI) engines
2. Compression-ignition (CI) engines
Compression Ratio (RC)

4 Reversible Processes in Carnot Cycle V max V BDC

RC = =
V min V TDC
1. Isothermal Heat Addition
2. Isentropic Expansion W net =MEP × Piston Area × Stroke=MEP× Displacement Vo
3. Isothermal Heat Rejection
4. Isentropic Compression Where:
W net
MEP=
w net
V max −V m ∈¿ = ¿
v max −v min

OTTO CYCLE (Spark Ignition (SI) engines)

TL
ηth .Carnot =1−
TH
AIR-STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS
1. The working fluid is air, which
continuously circulates in a closed loop
and always behaves as an ideal gas.
2. All the processes that make up the cycle
are internally reversible.
Strokes
Two-stroke engines are generally less
efficient than their four-stroke counterparts but
are relatively simple and inexpensive, and they
have high power-to-weight and power-to-
volume ratios.
Processes of the Ideal Otto Cycle
1-2 Isentropic Compression
2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
Four-stroke cycle
1 cycle = 4 strokes = 2 revolutions
Two-stroke cycle
 1 cycle = 2 stroke = 1 revolution

DIESEL CYCLE (Compression-ignition (CI)

engines)
Processes of the Ideal Diesel Cycle
1-2 Isentropic Compression
2-3 Constant-volume heat addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant-volume heat rejection
In diesel engines, the spark plug is
replaced by a fuel injector, and only air is
compressed during the compression process.