APPLIED MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING
(G S B S)
 BASIC SCIENCES
Thermodynamics
A branch of physical science that treats of various phenomena of energy and
the related properties of matter which deals with the transformation of heat energy
from one form to another and vice versa.

Such Conversion:

1. Thermal energy to mechanical – automotive engine

2. Mechanical energy to thermal – applying brakes
3. Thermal energy to electrical – power plant
4. Electrical energy to thermal – electric kettle
5. Electrical energy to mechanical – motor
Secondary:
Force = mass x acceleration
= M x (velocity/time) = M x (L/T/T) = ML/T²
= kg(m)/sec² = Newton
Work = Force x distance = ML/T² x L = ML²/T²
= kg(m²)/sec² = Newton-meter = Joule
Power = Work/Time = (ML²/T²)/T = ML²/T³
= kg(m²)/sec³
= (kg-m/sec²)(m/sec) = N-m/sec = Joule/sec = Watt
• British Gravitational

Where: m = slug L = ft T = sec

• Force = m x a = ML/T² = slug(ft)/sec² = lbf

• Work = F x S = ML²/T² = lbf – ft

• Power = W/T = ML²/T³ = [lbf – ft /sec] x [1 Hp / 550 lbf-ft/sec] = Hp

• English Units (Eng’g)

Where: m = lbm L = ft T = sec

• F = m x a = ML/T² = lbm(ft)/sec² x [1 slug/32.2lb]= lbf/(32.2)

• W = F x S = ML²/T² = lbf – ft /(32.2)

• P = W/T = ML²/T³ = lbf – ft /sec(32.2) x [1 Hp / 550 lbf-ft/sec] = Hp

• System International (SI)

• Where: m = kg L = meter T = sec

• F = m x a = ML/T² = kg(m)/sec² = Newton

• W = F x S = ML²/T² = kg(m²)/sec² = Newton-meter = Joules

• P = W/T = ML²/T³ = kg(m²)/sec³ = Joules/sec = W

• Metric System

Where: m = kg L = meter T = sec

• Force = kgf

• Work = F x S = kgf - meter

• Power = Work/Time = 150 kgf – m /sec x [1 PS/75 kgf-m/sec] = 2 PS

• 1 PS = 736 Watts or 1 metric hp

Gravitational Constant Equivalent, g c:
= 1 kg – m / 1 N – sec² 1Newton = 1 kg – m / sec²

= 32.2 lbm – ft / 1 lbf – sec² 1Lbf = 32.2 lbm – ft / sec²

= 1 slug – ft / 1 lbf – sec² 1Lbf = 1 slug – ft / sec²

Add’l info: 32.2 lb = 1 slug 9.81 Newton = 1 kg

Gravitational Acceleration observed, go:
(standard values or maximum)

= 32.2 ft/sec²

= 9.81 m/sec²
Basic Properties:

1. Force (F) – measure of the push or pull and is often exerted on a body
Units: lb, N, D
2. Weight (W) – gravitational attraction of the earth on a mass, W = mg
Units: lb, N, D
3. Volume (V) – space occupied by matter
Units: ft3, m3 , cm3 , liter, gallon
4. Mass Density (ρ) – ratio of mass per unit volume
Units: lbm/ft3, slug/ft3, kg/m3, gm/cm3
5. Specific volume (v) – reciprocal of mass density
6. Weight Density (γ) – weight per unit volume
Units: lbf/ft3, slug/ft3, N/m3, D/cm3
7. Relative Density (Specific Gravity) – density of substance / density of water
8. Temperature = measure the degree of hotness or coldness of a body
Units: ◦C, K, ◦F, R
9. Pressure = force exerted per unit area
Units: psi, Pa, kg/cm2, psf, WG, etc