Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

Organization and Management

Quarter 1 Week 5 Module 5

Learning Competency:
Discuss the nature and levels of
planning and types of plans.
 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE?
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that
will disturb you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple
instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit.
Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in

every page of this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing
enhances learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the
answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

 Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing
the lessons in the module.

 Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to
be mastered throughout the lesson.

 Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what

learnings and skills did you understand from the previous lesson.

 Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.

 Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.

 Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of

the lessons.

 Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the
lesson.

 Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the
entire module

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 LESSON Definition and Nature of Planning
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EXPECTATIONS

As we study and immerse ourselves in “Organization and Management” in the process,

it is necessary to define and discuss the nature and level of planning, and types of plans. The
module is subjected to discuss Module 5 – Definition and Nature of Planning

After going through the module, you are expected to:

1. Discuss the nature and level of planning and types of plans.

Let us start your journey in learning

thru a Pre-test.
PRETEST Good luck!

True or False
Directions: Read carefully the statements below. Write TRUE if the statement is correct or
FALSE if the statement is incorrect. Write your answer on the space provided for before
each number.

__________ 1. Planning is the process by which managers establish goals and define the
methods by which these goals are to be attained.
__________ 2. The nature of planning are pervasiveness, efficiency of resulting plans, primacy
among the manager’s tasks, and contribution to objectives.
__________ 3. Pervasiveness of planning is unique and limited functions of all managers.
__________ 4. Newman defined planning as undesiring in advance what is to be done; that is
a plan is a projected course of action.
__________ 5. The efficiency of the plan means its contribution to the purpose and objectives,
offset by the costs and other factors required to formulate and operate it.

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

As we go further, let us try to recall our lesson about the phases of economic
development and its impact to business environment.

 Economic development generally refers to the sustained, concerted actions of

policymakers and communities that promote the standard of living and economics
health of a specific area.
 Walt Whitman Rostow, also known as W.W. Rostow, was an economist in the

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 Learning Module for Organization and Management
Lyndon B. Johnson administration from 1966-1969. He also published articles
and developed models on economic development.
 Taxes are used to maintain the infrastructure of a city, state or country-roads,
bridges, tunnels, public transportation, libraries and other public building and
services, including police officers and fire-fighters, all benefits from tax money
collected from individuals and businesses.

Matching-type

Directions: Match column A to column B. Write your answer in the space provided before
each number

A B

____ 1. Plans are prepared for single or unique a. Contingency Plans

situation or problems. b. Single Plans
____ 2. Plans are drawn at three major c. Standing Plans
hierarchical levels. d. Hierarchical Plans
____ 3. Planning is a unique and a universal e. Pervasiveness of Planning
function of all managers. f. Planning
____ 4. Plans are made to deal with situation that
might crop up if these assumptions turn out
to be wrong.
____ 5. Plans are drawn to cover issues that managers
faces repeatedly.

Enjoy reading…..

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

What is planning and its Nature, Importance, and Types

 Planning is the first of essential managerial functions. Planning is important as by

nature it enquirers about organizational goals and involves decision making about
desired ways and means to achieve goals.

 Planning is the process by which managers establish goals and define the
methods by which these goals are to be attained. Planning involves selecting missions
and objectives and the actions to achieve them; it requires decision making, which is
choosing from among alternative future courses of action.

 Planning is thus taken as the foundation for future activities. Newman has thus
defined it as, “Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done; that is a plan
is a projected course of action.” So, planning can be thought of as deciding on a
future course of action. It may also be treated as a process of thinking before doing it.

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 Learning Module for Organization and Management
Management has to plan for long-range and short-range future direction by looking
ahead into the future, by estimating and evaluating the future behavior of the relevant
environment and by determining the enterprise’s own desired role. Planning involves
determining various types and volumes of physical and other resources to be acquired from
outside, to allocate these resources in an efficient manner among competing claims and to
make arrangements for the systematic conversion of these resources into useful outputs. As
it is clear from the above discussion, plans have two basic components: goals and action
statements.

Goals represent an end state — the targets and results that managers hope to
achieve. Action statements represent the means by which an organization goes ahead to
attain its goals. Planning is a deliberate and conscious act by means of which managers
determine a course of action for pursuing a specific goal.

Nature of Planning

The nature of planning can be understood by examining its four major aspects. They are;
1. It is a contribution to objectives,
2. It is primacy among the manager’s tasks.
3. It is pervasiveness, and
4. The efficiency of resulting plans.

The contribution of Planning to the Attainment of Objectives

Since plans are made to attain goals or objectives, every plan and all its support should
contribute to the achievement of the organization’s purpose and objectives.
An organized enterprise exists to accomplish group objectives through willing and purposeful
co-operation.

Primacy of Planning

That planning is the prime managerial function is proved by the fact that all other
functions such as organizing, staffing, leading and controlling are designed to support the
accomplishment of the enterprise’s objectives.

Planning quite logically, therefore, comes first before executing all other managerial
functions as it involves establishing the objectives necessary for all group efforts. Also, all
the other managerial functions must be planned if they are to be effective.

Likewise, planning and controlling are inextricably bound up. Control without a plan
is meaningless because the plan provides the basis or standard of control.

Pervasiveness of Planning

Planning is a unique and universal function of all managers. The character and
scope of planning may vary with each manager’s authority and with the nature of the policies
and plans outlined by superiors, but all managers must have some function of planning.

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 Learning Module for Organization and Management
Because of one’s authority or position in the managerial hierarchy, one may do
planning, but some kind or amount of planning a manager must do.

According to Weihrich and Koontz; “All managers, from presidents to first-level

supervisors – plan.”

The Efficiency of Plans

Plans should not only be effective, but also efficient. The effectiveness of a plan relates
to the extent to which it accomplishes the objectives. The efficiency of the plan, however,
means its contribution to the purpose and objectives, offset by the costs and other factors
required to formulate and operate it.

Plans are efficient if they achieve their objective at a reasonable cost when such a cost
is measure not only in terms of time, money or production but also in terms of satisfaction
of the individual or group. Both conceptual and practical reasons are put forward in support
of planning. Two conceptual reasons supporting systematic planning by managers are limited
resources and an uncertain environment.

Meeting the Challenge of Resource Scarcity

Resource scarcity is a very important consideration for any organization today. There
would be no need for planning if material, financial and human resources were unlimited
and cheap. Planners in both private business and public agencies are challenged to stretch
their limited resources through intelligent planning.

Otherwise, wasteful inefficiencies would give rise to higher prices, severe shortages,
and great public dissatisfaction.

Facing Environmental Uncertainty

The second most important conceptual reason is that organizations continually face
environmental uncertainty in the course of accomplishing the tasks. Organizations meet this
challenge largely through planning safeguards. Some organizations do this job better than
others partly because of their different patterns of response to environmental factors beyond
the organization’s immediate control. Besides, managers have several practical reasons for
formulating plans for themselves, their employees, and various organizational units, viz.,

1. to offset uncertainty and change;

2. to focus organizational activity on a set of consciously created objectives;
3. to provide a coordinated, systematic roadmap for future activities;
4. to increase, economic efficiency via efficient operation; and
5. to facilitate control by establishing a standard for subsequent activities.

Planning and Performance

Although organizations that use formal planning do not always outperform those that
do not plan, most studies show positive relationships between planning and performance.

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 Learning Module for Organization and Management
Effective planning and implementation play a greater part in high performance than
does the amount of planning done. Studies have shown that when formal planning has not
led to higher performance, the external environment is often the reason.

The Role of Goals and Plans in Planning

Planning is often called the primary management function because it establishes the
basis for all other functions. Planning involves two important elements: goals and plans.
Goals (often called objectives) are desired outcomes for individuals, groups, or entire
organizations.

4 TYPES OF PLAN

There are main 4 types of plan;

1. Hierarchical Plans:
These plans are drawn at three major hierarchical levels, namely, the institutional,
the managerial and the technical core. The plans for these three levels are;
 Strategic plan.
 Administrative or Intermediate plan.
 Operational plans can also be categorized according to frequency or
repetitiveness of use.

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Planning-hierarchy-adapted-from-ANZECC-2000-16-in-bold-
relevant-strata-for-Cameroon_fig2_232974301

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 Learning Module for Organization and Management
2. Standing Plans:
Standing plans are drawn to cover issues that managers face repeatedly. Such a
standing plan may be called a standard operating procedure (SOP). Generally, five
types of standing plans are used;
a) Mission or purpose
b) Strategy
c) Policies
d) Rules
e) Procedures

3. Single-use Plans:
Single-use plans are prepared for single or unique situations or problems and are
normally discarded or replaced after one use. Generally, four types of single-use
plans are used. These are;
a) Objectives or Goals
b) Programs
c) Projects
d) Budgets

Source: https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-flood-risk-management/

4. Contingency Plans:
Contingency plans are made to deal with situations that might crop up if
these assumptions turn out to be wrong. Thus contingency planning is
the development of alternative courses of action to be taken if events
disrupt a planned course of action.

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 Learning Module for Organization and Management

Source: https://www.intechopen.com/books/recent-advances-in-flood-risk-management/evidence-
based-contingency-planning-to-enhance-local-resilience-to-flood-disasters

ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Independent Activity

Directions: Read the question below and write your answer in a yellow paper.

In 5-8 sentences, I would like you to write your answer to this question: Why does a business
need contingency goals?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

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 Learning Module for Organization and Management

Activity 2: Independent Activity

Directions: Fill in the table with your schedule or plan daily activities to manage a small
sari-sari store or a shop. Write your answer in a yellow paper.

HOW TO SCHEDULE YOUR DAY WHEN YOU OWN A SMALL BUSINESS

Time Plan/Schedule
6:00 AM
6:45 AM
8:30 AM
12:30 PM
1:30 PM
2:30 PM
3:30 PM
4:00 PM
4:00 PM
6:00 PM
8:30 PM
9:30 PM

REMEMBER 9

 Planning is the process by which managers establish goals and define the methods by which these goals are
to be attained.
 Newman has defined it as, “Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done; that is a plan is a
projected course of action.”
 The nature of planning has four (4) major aspects. These are contribution to objectives, primacy among the
manager’s tasks, pervasiveness and the efficiency of resulting plans.
 The four (4) types of plan are Hierarchical plans, standing plans, single-use plans, and contingency plans.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Fill in the Blank

Directions: Read carefully the passages below. Fill in the blank with the correct answer in
the space provided for before each number.

___________________ 1. the process by which managers establish goals and define the
methods which these goals are to be attained.
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 Learning Module for Organization and Management
___________ 2. a plan that has three major hierarchical levels namely, institutional, the
managerial and the technical core.
___________ 3. a plan that covers issues of the mangers face repeatedly.
___________ 4. a plan that prepares for single or unique situation or problems and are
normally discarded or replaced after one use.
___________ 5. a plan deals with situation that might crop up if these assumptions turn out
to be wrong.

POST-TEST

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer in the space
provided before each number.

____1. Mitchell’s plan is to get a master’s degree and then a Ph.D. in systems engineering,
if he finds the academic work too difficult, he may stop after the Master’s degree and
look for work in the consulting field. This description is Mitchel’s
a. Single-use plan
b. Contingency plan
c. benchmark
d. None of the above

____2. Guillaume carefully planned his budget for graduate school because he would need
to borrow money. Tuition was 35,000, and he would need living expenses for 4 years
in Manila. This was
a. A standing plan
b. A single plan
c. A hierarchical plan
d. A repeated use plan

____3. Which of the following is not a type of single-use plan?

a. Programs
b. Rules
c. Projects
d. Budgets

____4. Another term for a standing plan

a. Standard operating procedures
b. Standardization operation procedures
c. Standard operation policy
d. Standard operating policy

____5. Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done; that is a plan is a projected

course of action.
a. Koontz
b. Weilhrich
c. Rostow
d. Newman

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 Learning Module for Organization and Management
____6. The following are types of standing plans except ONE.
a. Mission or purpose
b. Policies
c. Operation
d. Strategy

____7. Single-use plans has four types except ONE.

a. Objectives or Goals
b. Programs
c. Projects
d. Policies

____8. The nature of planning can be understood by examining major aspects except ONE.
a. Distribution of proper assignment or task.
b. Primacy among the manager’s tasks.
c. Pervasiveness
d. Efficiency of resulting plans.

____9. Designed to support the accomplishment of the enterprise’s objective.

a. Staffing
b. Leading
c. Controlling
d. All of the above

____10. Plans are efficient if they achieve one from statement below.
a. Mission and vision
b. Objectives at a reasonable cost
c. Manager goals
d. All of the above

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REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEETS

Reflective Question: Explain this phrase in 4-5 senteces: A goal without a plan is just a
wish

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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REFERENCES

Books

Darr, Kurt, Chapter 2, Introduction to Management and Leadership Concepts, Principles and
Practices, Jones and Bartlett Learning, https://www.google.com.et, Accessed on October
1, 2013.

Mintzberg, Henry (1989) MINTZBERG ON MANAGEMENT by Henry Mintzberg. Reprinted by

permission of Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc.

Robbins, Stephen, Robbins, Stephen P. and Coulter, Mary — 11th ed. (2012) Management,
Pearson, www.pearsonhighered.com

Websites

https://www.iedunote.com/planning-nature-importance-types

https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/principles-of-management-and-
organisational-behaviour-tutorial-366/evolution-of-management-thought-
12679.html

https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/management-roles.htm

https://thepeakperformancecenter.com/development-series/tool-box/seven-
management-planning-tools/
https://www.iedunote.com/planning-decision-making-relation

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https://www.freepik.com/premium-vector/young-people-are-engaged-drawing-up-
business-plan-concept-modern-technology-3d-isometric-landing-page-concepts-web-
design_5435963.htm#page=1&query=business planning&position=13

https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/office-workers-analyzing-researching-
business-data_6974920.htm#page=1&query=business planning&position=7
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/purpose-contingency-planning-24864.html

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/524880531569364101/

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-principlesofmanagement/chapter/reading-
types-of-plans-and-common-planning-tools/

Acknowledgements

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Mamerto T. Goneda, MSIT

Jupiter Q. Whiteside, MBA
Farida F. Tallud, DBM

Editor: Isabel A. Gumaru, DBA

Evaluator: Ellaine I. Dela Cruz, DBA

Validators & Reviewer:

Remylinda T. Soriano, EPS, Math

Angelita Z. Modesto, PSDS
George G. Borromeo, PSDS

Management Team:

Maria Magdalena M. Lim – Schools Division

Superintendent – Manila
Aida H. Rondilla – Chief Education Supervisor
Lucky S. Carpio – EPS in Charge of LRMS
Lady Hannah C. Gillo, Librarian II - LRMS

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ANSWER KEY

PRETEST

TRUE or FALSE

1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. FALSE
4. FALSE
5. TRUE

Matching-type

1. B
2. D
3. E
4. A
5. C

Activities

Activity 1: Independent Activity

Unlimited answer for this activity 1 using the rubrics below.

The purpose of a contingency plan is to allow an organization to return to its daily

operations as quickly as possible after an unforeseen event. The contingency plan
protects resources, minimizes customer inconvenience and identifies key staff,
assigning specific responsibilities in the context of the recovery. For example, human
resources may develop employee evacuation plans; support employee benefits
programs, such as health care or worker’s compensation; or hire temporary workers as
needed.

Contingency plans are both organization-wide and department-specific. For

example, information services departments typically have a disaster recovery plan to
protect, restore and use company data, including computer hardware, software and
instructional manuals.

RUBRICS

4 Expert – Piece is extraordinary, and very informative and well organized

3 Accomplished – Piece has an interesting style, and somewhat informative and
organized.
2 Capable – Piece has little style, gives some new information but poorly organized.
1 Beginner - Piece has no style and, and gives no new information and very poorly
organized

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Activity 2: Independent Activity

Time Plan/Schedule
6:00 AM Wake up and work out
6:45 AM Get ready for the day ahead
8:30 AM Do the most important stuff.
12:30 PM East a social lunch.
1:30 PM Learn something new.
2:30 PM Make yourself more visible.
3:30 PM Take a walk.
4:00 PM Leave this time open.
4:00 PM Plan for what’s ahead.
6:00 PM Disconnect from work.
8:30 PM Log back on, briefly.
9:30 PM Shut down
Note: sample answer and use rubrics

RUBRICS
4 Expert – Piece is extraordinary, and very informative and well organized
3 Accomplished – Piece has an interesting style, and somewhat informative and
organized.
2 Capable – Piece has little style, gives some new information but poorly organized.
1 Beginner - Piece has no style and, and gives no new information and very poorly
organized

Check your Understanding

Fill in the Blank

1. Planning
2. Hierarchical plans
3. Standing plans
4. Single-use plans
5. Contingency plans

Post-test
.
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. D
10. B

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