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Dashboard - My courses - Neurobehavior & Special Senses System_131001_genap - General - Formative Test I (plus Feedback) NBSS 2020-2021

Neurobehavior & Special Senses System 2020-2021 Genap

Neurobehavior & Special
 Senses System_131001_g
enap

 Participants Started on Friday, 9 April 2021, 10:50 PM Quiz navigation

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A 73 year-old patient with a 15-year history of Parkinsons Disease comes to your office with severe ataxia and a loss of facial
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expression. The medication he has been on is no longer effective. You discuss the possibility of treating him with deep brain
stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus.What is the rationale behind this treatment?
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A. Restoration of the output from the substantia nigra

Show one page at a time
B. Increased input to the caudate nucleus

C. Increased inhibition of the thalamus Finish review

D. Increased inhibitory output from the subthalamic nucleus

E. Restoration of tonic firing pattern from the subthalamic nucleus 

LO 1: Explain the Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials

LO 2: Explain the Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control

LO 3: Explain the Transmembrane potential in neurons, neuron interaction through synapses, neurotransmitters, and synaptic junctions

LO 4: Explain the Drugs That Act In The Central Nervous System - Introduction to the Pharmacology of CNS Drugs - Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs -
The Alcohols - Antiseizure Drugs - General Anaesthetics - Local Anaesthetics - Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Pharmacologic Management of
Parkinsonism & Other

The correct answer is: Restoration of tonic firing pattern from the subthalamic nucleus

Question 2

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A patient in the neurological ward has been suspected to have an extensive bilateral lesions of the amygdaloid nuclei. Which of
the following sign is the most probable to be found on examination?

A. Hypotonic paralysis in both lower limbs

B. Motor aphasia

C. Loss of proprioceptive sensation in all the four limbs

D. Difficulty in recognition of emotional facial expressions (especially of fear) of other people 

E. Difficulty in naming objects presented to the left visual field

LO 1: Explain the Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control

LO 2: Explain the Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory

LO 3: Explain the Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain—The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus

The correct answer is: Difficulty in recognition of emotional facial expressions (especially of fear) of other people

Question 3

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A health worker is researching causes of hypertension. He is working on the autonomic nervous system. Which one of the
following five statements about the autonomic nervous system is correct?

A. An anticholinergic medication will give rise to bladder urgency

B. Pupillary dilatation is mediated by the parasympathetic system

C. Secretomotor nerves of the lacrimal gland course with the facial nerve 
D. Vascular smooth muscle is innervated by parasympathetic adrenergic neurons

E. Secretomotor nerves of the lacrimal gland course with the facial nerve

LO 1: Explain the anatomy of the Cranial Nerves - Olfactory Nerve (CN I) - Optic Nerve (CN II) - Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) - Trochlear Nerve (CN
IV) - Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) - Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) - Maxillary Nerve (CN V2) - Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) - Abducent Nerve (CN VI) -
Facial Nerve (CN VII) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic (General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) -
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic
(General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) Visceral Sensory - Vagus Nerve (CN X) - Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) - Hypoglossal Nerve (CN
XII)

LO 2: Explain the Autonomic Nervous System

The correct answer is: Secretomotor nerves of the lacrimal gland course with the facial nerve

Question 4

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A 21-year-old man has an acute earache. He tells you that he has been swimming and surfing the previous week. His ear is
discharging. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Acute otitis externa 

B. Impacted wisdom tooth

C. Acute mastoiditis

D. Acute otitis media

E. Ear trauma

LO 1: Explain the anatomy of the Ear - External Ear - Middle Ear - Internal Ear

LO 2: Explain the Sense of Hearing

The correct answer is: Acute otitis externa

Question 5

Correct

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A 55 year old man presents to your office complaining of vision difficulty. On examination he has been found to have a right
homonymous hemianopia.The lesion of damage is at:

A. Ig DRight lateral geniculate body

B. Left optic tract 

C. Right optic radiation

D. Optic chiasma

E. Left optic nerve

LO 1: Explain the anatomy of the Cranial Nerves - Olfactory Nerve (CN I) - Optic Nerve (CN II) - Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) - Trochlear Nerve (CN
IV) - Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) - Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) - Maxillary Nerve (CN V2) - Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) - Abducent Nerve (CN VI) -
Facial Nerve (CN VII) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic (General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) -
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic
(General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) Visceral Sensory - Vagus Nerve (CN X) - Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) - Hypoglossal Nerve (CN
XII)

LO 2: Explain the The Eye: Optics of Vision

The correct answer is: Left optic tract

Question 6

Correct

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While playing hockey a boy falls and hits his head on the ice. X-rays reveal a linear fracture from just behind the ear toward the
foramen magnum and involving the jugular foramen.Which of the following might you most likely expect to find?

A. He will have some difficulty swallowing 

B. There will be signs attributable to a hemorrhage of the middle meningeal artery

C. The patient has difficulty opening his right eye

D. The patient has lost control of lip movements

E. The patient will be unable to close his jaw properly

LO 1: Explain the basic anatomy of: - Nervous System - Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System 

LO 2: Explain the anatomy of the Cranial Nerves - Olfactory Nerve (CN I) - Optic Nerve (CN II) - Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) - Trochlear Nerve
(CN IV) - Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) - Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) - Maxillary Nerve (CN V2) - Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) - Abducent Nerve (CN
VI) - Facial Nerve (CN VII) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic (General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) -
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic
(General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) Visceral Sensory - Vagus Nerve (CN X) - Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) - Hypoglossal Nerve (CN
XII)

The correct answer is: He will have some difficulty swallowing

Question 7

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An agitated 24 year old man is brought to the Emergency Room in handcuffs by the police after he was found wandering along
the road in a confused state. The patient becomes mute and appears to be calm.What is the next most appropriate step in
managing this patient?

A. Take a history from the police 

B. Remove the handcuffs to make the patient comfortable

C. Talk with the patient about his impulse control

D. Administer a sedative intramuscularly

E. Advise detention under the Mental Health Act

LO 1: Apply the Communication with patients, patients relative and community

LO 2: Apply the Doctor-Patient Communication

The correct answer is: Take a history from the police

Question 8

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Following a lumbar puncture, patients often experience headache. What is the most appropriate primary reason?

A. Irritation of the meningeal arteries

B. Accumulation of fluid in the subdural space

C. Stretching of the dura 

D. Distension of the scalp vessels

E. Bleeding in the subarachnoid space

LO 1: Explain the basic anatomy of: - Nervous System - Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

LO 2: Explain the Histology of nerve tissue: neurons, glial cells, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

The correct answer is: Stretching of the dura

Question 9

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As a doctor in the Emergency Department, you see an otherwise fit 51 year old man who has a metal fragment embedded in his
left index finger. You plan to remove this under a digital nerve block using local anaesthetic, which prevents normal action
potential conduction. What ion traffic is mostly affected?

A. Potassium

B. Calcium

C. Sodium 
D. Magnesium

E. Chloride

LO 1: Explain the Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes

LO 2: Explain the Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials

LO 3: Explain the Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

LO 4: Explain the Drugs That Act In The Central Nervous System - Introduction to the Pharmacology of CNS Drugs - Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs -
The Alcohols - Antiseizure Drugs - General Anaesthetics - Local Anaesthetics - Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Pharmacologic Management of
Parkinsonism & Other

The correct answer is: Sodium

Question 10

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Neurons are supported by glial cells. Which ONE of the following cells plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the
blood brain barrier?

A. Microglia

B. Oligodendrocytes

C. Schwann cells

D. Golgi cells

E. Protoplasmic astrocytes 

LO 1: Explain the Histology of nerve tissue: neurons, glial cells, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

The correct answer is: Protoplasmic astrocytes

Question 11

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A 70-year-old woman is brought by her family to the Emergency Room with chief complain difficulty in breathing and feel to
unconsciousness. After fast but thorough examination she needs intubation. What should you do as a physician?

A. Performed intubation immediately

B. Consider refusing the patient because of her unrealistic condition

C. Ask the nurse to do the intubation

D. Refer her to another competence physician

E. Explain the procedure and result to the patients family, but the decision is them 

LO 1: Explain about Life Support Technology in the context of End of Life

The correct answer is: Explain the procedure and result to the patients family, but the decision is them

Question 12

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A patient is receiving local anaesthetic for a root canal treatment in his upper molar. The dentist injects novocaine. This stops
pain by blocking nerve conduction. What is the most appropriate underlying mechanism?

A. This is an all-or-none response for the generator potential

B. A blockade of voltage-gated Na+ channels blocks action potentials 

C. Decrease of the signal intensity will decrease the action potential

D. G-protein-coupled mechanisms indirectly influence ion channels

E. It causes the membrane to become refractory

LO 1: Explain the Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes

LO 2: Explain the Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials

LO 3: Explain the Transmembrane potential in neurons, neuron interaction through synapses, neurotransmitters, and synaptic junctions

LO 4: Explain the Drugs That Act In The Central Nervous System - Introduction to the Pharmacology of CNS Drugs - Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs -
The Alcohols - Antiseizure Drugs - General Anaesthetics - Local Anaesthetics - Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Pharmacologic Management of
Parkinsonism & Other

The correct answer is: A blockade of voltage-gated Na+ channels blocks action potentials

Question 13

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A 4 year old child has suffered a global neurodevelopmental insult from viral encephalitis in the neonatal period. You are asked
to assess his neurodevelopmental age from the following observations:He drinks from a cup but is unable to wash his hands.He
scribbles but cannot draw a line.He has 3 words.He walks but cannot run.What is the correct neurodevelopmental age?

A. 12 - 18 months 
B. 18 - 24 months

C. 24 - 30 months

D. 30 - 36 months

E. 6 - 12 months

LO 1: Explain the Development of nerve tissue

LO 2: Explain the disorders of Central Nervous System - Edema, Herniation, and Hydrocephalus - Cerebrovascular Diseases - Central Nervous
System Trauma Traumatic Parenchymal Injuries Traumatic Vascular Injury - Congenital Malformations and Perinatal Brain Injury - Infections
of the Nervous System Epidural and Subdural Infections Meningitis - Diseases of Myelin - Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimer Disease -
Tumors - Genetic Metabolic Diseases Acquired Metabolic and Toxic Disturbances

The correct answer is: 12 - 18 months

Question 14

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Prevention of nutrition-related illness in the population is important to maintain good quality of health. Which of the following is
most correct example of primary prevention?

A. Legislation and enforcement to ban or control the use of hazardous products

B. Oral vaccination against infectious diseases

C. Weight loss programs offered through community agencies

D. Dietary Guidelines 
E. Nutritional services for underweight children

LO 1: Explain the Community Nutrition

The correct answer is: Dietary Guidelines

Question 15

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A 21-year-old student is admitted to A and E after falling down a flight of stairs at a nightclub. He localises pain, opens his eyes
to pain and utters incomprehensible sounds. When you telephone the neurosurgical registrar he asks you to describe his
Glasgow Coma Scale. Which of the following is correct?

A. Eyes 3, Motor 4, Verbal 3; Total 10/15

B. Eyes 4, Motor 5, Verbal 2; Total 11/15

C. Eyes 1, Motor 2, Verbal 2; Total 5/15

D. Eyes 2, Motor 5, Verbal 2; Total 9/15 

E. Eyes 1, Motor 2, Verbal 2; Total 5/15

LO 1: Explain the The Eye: Central Neurophysiology of Vision

LO 2: Explain the Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function

The correct answer is: Eyes 2, Motor 5, Verbal 2; Total 9/15

Question 16

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Skin has several sensory receptors. Which of the followings is most likely correct?

A. Meissners corpuscles: found in superficial skin layers, slowly adapting

B. Merkels discs: deep in the skin, rapidly adapting

C. Ruffini ending: slowly adapting 

D. Free nerve ending: rapidly adaptive and found deep in the skin

E. Pacinian corpuscles: have big receptive fields, slowly adapting

LO 1: Explain the Histology of nerve tissue: neurons, glial cells, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system

LO 2: Explain the Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

LO 3: Explain the Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information

The correct answer is: Ruffini ending: slowly adapting

Question 17

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The parents of a 2 month old baby girl raise concern about her vision in that she doesnt seem to be able to fixate. Examination
reveals reduced red reflex bilaterally together with some haziness noted over the lens region.What could be the cause of her
problem?

A. Normal variation

B. Squint

C. Hypermetropia

D. Delayed visual maturation

E. Congenital rubella 

LO 1: Explain the anatomy of the Eye - Orbits, Eyelids and Lacrimal Apparatus - Eyeball - Nerves of Orbit - Vasculature of Orbit - Surface
Anatomy of Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus

LO 2: Explain the Histology and development of eye and ear

LO 3: Explain the The Eye: Optics of Vision

LO 4: Explain the The Eye: Central Neurophysiology of Vision

The correct answer is: Congenital rubella

Question 18

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A 35 year old man presents with fever, severe headache, drowsiness and a stiff neck. He has also developed a faint rash on his
arms and trunk.A lumbar puncture is performed and shows a large number of the cells shown below.Which of the following
tissue is most likely to be injured?

A. Cerebrum

B. Spinal cord)

C. Nerve

D. Muscle

E. Meninges 

LO 1: Explain the contents of Vertebral Canal - Spinal Cord - Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots - Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots

LO 2: Explain the Cranial Meninges - Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater Meningeal Spaces Explain the anatomy of the Brain - Parts of
Brain Ventricular System of Brain Arterial Blood Supply to Brain Venous Drainage of Brain

The correct answer is: Meninges

Question 19

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A 10-year-old boy is diagnosed as Acute poliomyelitis.Which following structure of nervous system is most likely damaged?

A. Anterior horn cells at the spinal cord 

B. Frontal lobe

C. Posterior column of the spinal cord

D. Cerebral motor cortex

E. White matter of the spinal cord

LO 1: Explain the contents of Vertebral Canal - Spinal Cord - Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots - Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots

LO 2: Explain the Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes

LO 3: Explain the disorders of Peripheral Nerves and Muscles - Disorders of Peripheral Nerves - Disorders Associated With Peripheral Nerve
Injury - Disorders of Neuromuscular Junction: - Disorders of Skeletal Muscle - Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

LO 4: Explain the disorders of Central Nervous System - Edema, Herniation, and Hydrocephalus - Cerebrovascular Diseases - Central Nervous
System Trauma Traumatic Parenchymal Injuries Traumatic Vascular Injury - Congenital Malformations and Perinatal Brain Injury - Infections
of the Nervous System Epidural and Subdural Infections Meningitis - Diseases of Myelin - Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimer Disease -
Tumors - Genetic Metabolic Diseases Acquired Metabolic and Toxic Disturbances

The correct answer is: Anterior horn cells at the spinal cord

Question 20

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A 30-year-old man beliefs that he has headache, photophobia and nausea. What is the correct about the likelihood of his
condition?

A. Perceived benefit

B. Perceived susceptibility 
C. Perceived severity

D. Perceived barriers

E. Perceived threat

LO 1: Explain the Theories of health behaviour and health promotion

The correct answer is: Perceived susceptibility

Question 21

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A 55-year-old woman, came with chief complain hyper pigmented macula and aging at her face. She wants her face become
white, smooth, and supple without wrinkle and looks younger like a 25-year-old woman, in a month.What should you do as a
physician?

A. Explain the procedure and result to the patient, but the decision is in her hand 
B. Refer her to another competence physician

C. Refuse the patient because of her big motivation

D. Consider to refuse the patient because of her unrealistic expectation

E. Performed chemical peeling twice weekly for a month

LO 1: Explain the Medical Ethics: Medical Code of Ethics, Confidentiality, Treatment Refusal and Professional Standard

The correct answer is: Explain the procedure and result to the patient, but the decision is in her hand

Question 22

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There are many communication methods and media that are used in communicating health messages in community. you are
to give health education to high school students about Sexuality. Which method is most appropriate?

A. Messages in social media

B. School Radio

C. Displays, such as Posters, Wall Magazine, etc

D. Talkshow

E. Small Groups Talk 

LO 1: Apply the Communication with patients, patients relative and community

The correct answer is: Small Groups Talk

Question 23

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A 60-year-old healthy man is being treated for insomnia with a benzodiazepine (chlordiazepoxide). Now he comes to you
complaining of daytime sleepiness. What is the MOST likely explanation for this recent problem?

A. The development of tolerance

B. A decrease in hepatic blood flow

C. His phase II reactions are suppressed due to kidney failure

D. The chlordiazepoxide is being metabolized to active compounds 

E. He has liver disease and his microsomal oxidase system is not functioning well

LO 1: Explain the Drugs That Act In The Central Nervous System - Introduction to the Pharmacology of CNS Drugs - Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs -
The Alcohols - Antiseizure Drugs - General Anaesthetics - Local Anaesthetics - Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Pharmacologic Management of
Parkinsonism & Other

The correct answer is: The chlordiazepoxide is being metabolized to active compounds

Question 24

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A farm worker inhales a pesticide which blocks acetylcholinesterase in the neuromuscular junction. He presents with
breathlessness. Which of the following mechanisms is the most likely cause of his difficulty in breathing?

A. Decreased amount of acetylcholine in the smooth muscle

B. Reduction in acetylcholine reuptake

C. Rapid breakdown of acetylcholine in the synapse

D. Lack of acetylcholine production at the synapse

E. Blockade of the acetylcholine receptors by acetylcholine 

LO 1: Explain the Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

LO 2: Explain the Transmembrane potential in neurons, neuron interaction through synapses, neurotransmitters, and synaptic junctions

LO 3: Explain the Autonomic Drugs - Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs -
Cholinoceptor-Blocking Drugs - Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs

The correct answer is: Blockade of the acetylcholine receptors by acetylcholine

Question 25

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In a physiology practical class, when a steel rod was held against an area of skin with a constant force, students noticed that
the firing rate in the related cutaneous sensory nerve decreased. What property of the sensory system most likely indicates this
observation?

A. Adaptation of receptors 
B. Recruitment of receptors of a different modality

C. Change in receptive fields

D. Adaptation of the central sensory mechanisms

E. Increasing sensitivity to the stimulus

LO 1: Explain the Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information

LO 2: Explain the Somatic Sensations: General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses

LO 3: Explain the Somatic Sensations: Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations

The correct answer is: Adaptation of receptors

Question 26

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You examine an 8 year olds hearing with a tuning fork. She consistently hears the tuning fork applied to her mastoids louder
than when held approximate to both meati. However when the tuning fork is applied to her forehead she hears it louder on the
left. What is the most correct intepreation of the examination?

A. Bilateral sensineural loss greater in R ear

B. Bilateral conductive loss greater on the left 

C. Bilateral sensineural loss and R conductive loss

D. Unilateral sensineural and conductive loss

E. Right sensineural loss

LO 1: Explain the anatomy of the Ear - External Ear - Middle Ear - Internal Ear

LO 2: Explain the Sense of Hearing

The correct answer is: Bilateral conductive loss greater on the left

Question 27

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A right-handed 65-year-woman suddenly feels weakness of her right arm and hand and subsequently finds that she cannot
move them voluntarily. During the examination she has slow and hesitant speech. She can move her legs normally, her vision is
normal, her finger-to-nose test is normal, and there is no sign of disequilibrium.Which of the following arteries is most likely to
have been affected?

A. Middle cerebral artery 

B. Anterior cerebral artery

C. Basilar artery

D. Superior cerebellar artery

E. Anterior choroidal artery

LO 1: Explain the Cranial Meninges - Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater Meningeal Spaces Explain the anatomy of the Brain - Parts of
Brain Ventricular System of Brain Arterial Blood Supply to Brain Venous Drainage of Brain

LO 2: Explain the basic anatomy of: - Nervous System - Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

The correct answer is: Middle cerebral artery

Question 28

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Vulnerable subject needs to be reconsidered when they are faced with decision of their health intervention. Which of the
following that is not included ones?

A. poor people

B. children

C. mentally illness

D. elderly people 
E. pregnant women

LO 1: Explain about Decision making in vulnerable group

The correct answer is: elderly people

Question 29

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You are a casualty officer. A 43-year-old man is brought in by his wife after a turn at home. He had complained of a nasty taste
and then felt very strange. His wife says he was not answering her and seemed absent and then started to smack his lips and
twitch. The patient cannot remember any of this. He appears confused some two hours after the episode.What type of seizure is
this?

A. Tonic clonic Seizure

B. Myoclonic seizure

C. Myoclonic seizure

D. Absence seizure

E. Complex partial seizure 

LO 1: Explain the disorders of Central Nervous System - Edema, Herniation, and Hydrocephalus - Cerebrovascular Diseases - Central Nervous
System Trauma Traumatic Parenchymal Injuries Traumatic Vascular Injury - Congenital Malformations and Perinatal Brain Injury - Infections
of the Nervous System Epidural and Subdural Infections Meningitis - Diseases of Myelin - Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimer Disease -
Tumors - Genetic Metabolic Diseases Acquired Metabolic and Toxic Disturbances

The correct answer is: Complex partial seizure

Question 30

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According the scheme above, which of the major abnormalities will appear on neurological examination if there is a lesion in
the location indicated by the star?

A. Increase muscle tone and reflex activity for that spinal segment

B. Loss of muscle tone and reflexes for that spinal segment 

C. Loss of pain and temperature sensation for that spinal segment

D. Loss of reflexes and tactile sensation for that spinal segment

E. Loss of tactile sensation for that spinal segment

LO 1: Explain the contents of Vertebral Canal - Spinal Cord - Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots - Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots

LO 2: Explain the Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

LO 3: Explain the Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information

LO 4: Explain the Somatic Sensations: General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses

The correct answer is: Loss of muscle tone and reflexes for that spinal segment

Question 31

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Flag question

The benzodiazepines, effective antianxiety medications, are now thought to act by altering the action of which of the following
neurotransmitters?

A. Dopamine

B. Noradrenaline

C. Histamine

D. GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) 

E. Substance p

LO 1: Explain the Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

LO 2: Explain the Transmembrane potential in neurons, neuron interaction through synapses, neurotransmitters, and synaptic junctions

LO 3: Explain the disorders of Peripheral Nerves and Muscles - Disorders of Peripheral Nerves - Disorders Associated With Peripheral Nerve
Injury - Disorders of Neuromuscular Junction: - Disorders of Skeletal Muscle - Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

LO 4: Explain the Movement Disorders - Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium - Antidepressant Agents - Opioid Agonists & Antagonists - Drugs of
Abuse

The correct answer is: GABA (gamma amino butyric acid)

Question 32

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A 70 year old woman presents with pain in the upper arm after a fall. On examination she has pain, swelling and tenderness
over the distal humerus. In addition she is unable to actively extend her fingers, thumb or wrist. X-rays reveal an oblique
minimally displaced fracture at the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the humerus. What is the most likely site of
neurological injury?

A. T1 nerve root

B. Median nerve

C. Brachial plexus

D. Ulnar nerve

E. Radial nerve 

LO 1: Explain the Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function

LO 2: Explain the disorders of Peripheral Nerves and Muscles - Disorders of Peripheral Nerves - Disorders Associated With Peripheral Nerve
Injury - Disorders of Neuromuscular Junction: - Disorders of Skeletal Muscle - Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

The correct answer is: Radial nerve

Question 33

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A 72-year-old woman is referred with progressive memory loss and disturbed night time behaviour. After psychometric
assessment and brain imaging she is diagnosed with Alzheimers disease. What class of drugs would improve the
neurotransmitter deficit?

A. Monoamine-oxidase inhibitors

B. Tricyclic antidepressants

C. Anticholinesterases 
D. Antihistamines

E. Anticholinergics

LO 1: Explain the Autonomic Drugs - Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs -
Cholinoceptor-Blocking Drugs - Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs

The correct answer is: Anticholinesterases

Question 34

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A child with Down syndrome is referred to a stimulation centre for therapy. The mother is concerned that at the age of three
years the little boy is not yet speaking in sentences. He is running and is starting to undress himself. She would like to know
whether he will develop in the same way as his brother, who does not have the syndrome, if he attends the centre.How will the
little boy develop if he attends the stimulation centre?

A. The main benefit of the centre is that the little boys parents will be relieved of the burden of caring for the child

B. Children with Down syndrome do not live for very long therefore there is no benefit in spending time and money on
stimulating the child

C. The stimulation at the centre will be of no benefit to the child and the mother is wasting her money

D. The extra stimulation will ensure that he develops normally like his sibling who does not have Down syndrome

E. The stimulation will assist the little boy in reaching his own potential but he is unlikely to develop at the same rate as

his sibling

LO 1: Explain the Development of nerve tissue

LO 2: Explain the disorders of Peripheral Nerves and Muscles - Disorders of Peripheral Nerves - Disorders Associated With Peripheral Nerve
Injury - Disorders of Neuromuscular Junction: - Disorders of Skeletal Muscle - Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

LO 3: Explain the disorders of Central Nervous System - Edema, Herniation, and Hydrocephalus - Cerebrovascular Diseases - Central Nervous
System Trauma Traumatic Parenchymal Injuries Traumatic Vascular Injury - Congenital Malformations and Perinatal Brain Injury - Infections
of the Nervous System Epidural and Subdural Infections Meningitis - Diseases of Myelin - Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimer Disease -
Tumors - Genetic Metabolic Diseases Acquired Metabolic and Toxic Disturbances

The correct answer is: The stimulation will assist the little boy in reaching his own potential but he is unlikely to develop at the same rate as
his sibling

Question 35

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You found out that most of your study group member consumed unhealthy amount of instant noodle. The reason: they did not
like their own cooking. Being an avid cook, you decided to provide free training sessions for your friends on how to prepare
healthy food in simple ways. Within a month, at least some of your friends were more confident to prepare their own healthy
meals. What you have just improved:

A. Self-efficacy 
B. Incentive motivation

C. Decisional balance

D. Facilitation

E. Outcome expectation

LO 1: Explain the Principle and concept health promotion

The correct answer is: Self-efficacy

Question 36

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You follow up on a patient who suffered spinal cord trauma 3 months ago. He presents with spastic paralysis of his legs. Which
of the following mechanism is the most correct?

A. Secondary trauma to ascending pathways

B. Axon degeneration of the Alpha motoneuron

C. Demyelination of the peripheral nerves

D. Build-up of lactic acid in the muscle tissue 

E. Demyelination of the peripheral nerves

LO 1: Explain the Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes

LO 2: Explain the disorders of Central Nervous System - Edema, Herniation, and Hydrocephalus - Cerebrovascular Diseases - Central Nervous
System Trauma Traumatic Parenchymal Injuries Traumatic Vascular Injury - Congenital Malformations and Perinatal Brain Injury - Infections
of the Nervous System Epidural and Subdural Infections Meningitis - Diseases of Myelin - Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimer Disease -
Tumors - Genetic Metabolic Diseases Acquired Metabolic and Toxic Disturbances

The correct answer is: Build-up of lactic acid in the muscle tissue

Question 37

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A 18 years old woman came to Hospital to get a treatment. She wanted to get her nose higher because she said that she often
felt difficult to breath. After more anamnesis and physical examination as well as supporting examination, you did not find any
anatomical nor physiological dysfunction. The patient keep said that she really wants to do the measure.Should physicians
perform interventions on this patient?

A. Physician only responsible for proposing a method to achieve the patients goal 
B. The medical profession is going to compromised if the measure is not done

C. Because it is to prevent stigmatization, it is compatible with the medical ethic to do such measure

D. The physician should do the measures since the patient have medical indication

E. The physician should avoid the risks as much as he can

LO 1: Apply the Doctor-Patient Communication

The correct answer is: Physician only responsible for proposing a method to achieve the patients goal

Question 38

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Flag question

In testing pupillary function, light is shone into the LEFT eye and only the right pupil constricts.This indicates dysfunction of which
cranial nerve?

A. Right optic (cranial nerve II)

B. Left optic (cranial nerve II)

C. Right oculomotor (cranial nerve III) 

D. Sympathetic nervous system (Horners syndrome)

E. Left oculomotor (cranial nerve III)

LO 1: Explain the anatomy of the Cranial Nerves - Olfactory Nerve (CN I) - Optic Nerve (CN II) - Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) - Trochlear Nerve (CN
IV) - Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) - Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) - Maxillary Nerve (CN V2) - Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) - Abducent Nerve (CN VI) -
Facial Nerve (CN VII) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic (General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) -
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic
(General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) Visceral Sensory - Vagus Nerve (CN X) - Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) - Hypoglossal Nerve (CN
XII)

LO 2: Explain the The Eye: Optics of Vision

The correct answer is: Right oculomotor (cranial nerve III)

Question 39

Correct

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Flag question

One of health education within communities is making a Health Campaign. What is the most correct thing should be
considered when organizing one?

A. Getting leader involved

B. Campaign can be planned to promote knowledge and skills of particular health issue.

C. Campaign should have as many as health issues possible in order to gain interest of the community

D. Campaign is a long term activities so we need to plan carefully

E. The campaign should have short and catchy theme 

LO 1: Explain Health education with communities

The correct answer is: The campaign should have short and catchy theme

Question 40

Correct

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A patient has the following signs and symptoms: Parkinsonlike tremor; dermatitis and slight jaundice; mild hypertension with
tachycardia; oculogyric crisis. Which of the following drugs most likely produced the syndrome?

A. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor

B. Reserpine

C. Guanethidine

D. Mephenesin

E. Chlorpromazine 

LO 1: Explain the Movement Disorders - Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium - Antidepressant Agents - Opioid Agonists & Antagonists - Drugs of
Abuse

The correct answer is: Chlorpromazine

Question 41

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The ophthalmologist diagnoes Mrs. HO that she suffered from diabetic retinopathy and advised her to undergo surgery. Which
of the followings is the origin of the altered structure?

A. Optic vesicle 
B. Otic vesicle

C. Mesenchyme cells

D. Lens vesicle

E. Surface ectoderm

LO 1: Explain the Histology and development of eye and ear

The correct answer is: Optic vesicle

Question 42

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Flag question

Ozone depletion as the result of increased CFC from industries or technology devices such as refrigerator and air conditioner
potentially causes the following health problems:

A. Malnutrition

B. Respiratory diseases

C. Skin cancer 
D. Skin burn

E. Degenerative diseases

LO 1: Explain the Environmental Health: Air and Noise Pollution

The correct answer is: Skin cancer

Question 43

Correct

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A 72 year old man trips over an uneven pavement and strikes his forehead on the ground. He states that his arms were
immediately too weak to push himself up off the ground. When brought in to the hospital he has grade 2 dorsiflexion of the
wrists, grade 2 weakness of elbow extension and no movement of the intrinsic hand muscles. He has a partial sensory level to
light touch and pinprick to C7. His biceps and supinator reflexes are normal but the triceps reflexes are absent. He has grade 4+
power in the lower limbs and brisk reflexes the morning after admission. He can weight bear, but only with assistance. Sphincter
control appears to be retained. What is the most likely site of neurological damage?

A. Medulla

B. Frontal lobe

C. Brachial plexus

D. Cervical nerve roots

E. Cervical cord 

LO 1: Explain the anatomy of the Cranial Nerves - Olfactory Nerve (CN I) - Optic Nerve (CN II) - Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) - Trochlear Nerve (CN
IV) - Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) - Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) - Maxillary Nerve (CN V2) - Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) - Abducent Nerve (CN VI) -
Facial Nerve (CN VII) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic (General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) -
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic
(General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) Visceral Sensory - Vagus Nerve (CN X) - Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) - Hypoglossal Nerve (CN
XII)

LO 2: Explain the disorders of Peripheral Nerves and Muscles - Disorders of Peripheral Nerves - Disorders Associated With Peripheral Nerve
Injury - Disorders of Neuromuscular Junction: - Disorders of Skeletal Muscle - Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

The correct answer is: Cervical cord

Question 44

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A subject is rotated clockwise in a swivel chair for one minute then suddenly stopped. Which directions of the fast phases of
nystagmic eye movements is the most correct?

A. Both clockwise

B. No change in eye movement

C. Clockwise and anticlockwise respectively 

D. Both anticlockwise

E. Anticlockwise and clockwise respectively

LO 1: Explain the anatomy of the Cranial Nerves - Olfactory Nerve (CN I) - Optic Nerve (CN II) - Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) - Trochlear Nerve (CN
IV) - Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) - Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) - Maxillary Nerve (CN V2) - Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) - Abducent Nerve (CN VI) -
Facial Nerve (CN VII) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic (General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) -
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic
(General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) Visceral Sensory - Vagus Nerve (CN X) - Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) - Hypoglossal Nerve (CN
XII)

LO 2: Explain the Histology and development of eye and ear

LO 3: Explain the The Eye: Central Neurophysiology of Vision

The correct answer is: Clockwise and anticlockwise respectively

Question 45

Correct

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A patient presents with involuntary, continuous but irregular movements that go from side to side. He has a positive family
history of similar conditions.Which part of the CNS is most likely affected in this patient?

A. Primary motor cortex

B. Basal ganglia 
C. Sensory cortex

D. Cerebellum

LO 1: Explain the Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control

The correct answer is: Basal ganglia

Question 46

Correct

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Flag question

A 26 year old accountant visits his GP complaining of extreme fatigue and nightmares. On direct questioning, he admits to
abusing crystal meth (metamphetamine) over the past month, but now he is trying to quit. What is the most appropriate
mechanism of action in yielding the chief compliant?

A. Antagonism of NMDA-type glutamate receptors

B. Stimulation of GABA

C. Stimulation of the enzyme monoamine oxidase

D. Stimulation of presynaptic serotonin receptors

E. Increased release of monoaminergic neurotransmitters 

LO 1: Explain the Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

LO 2: Explain the Transmembrane potential in neurons, neuron interaction through synapses, neurotransmitters, and synaptic junctions

LO 3: Explain the Autonomic Drugs - Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs -
Cholinoceptor-Blocking Drugs - Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs

The correct answer is: Increased release of monoaminergic neurotransmitters

Question 47

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Dana had implicit (non-declarative) memory loss. Which ONE of the following is TRUE regarding Dana?

A. She forgot the details of the wedding of her friend which she attended last summer

B. She always had difficulty in remembering geographical facts

C. She had difficulty in learning tasks with motor skills 

D. She most probably had a lesion in the amygdala

E. Dana forgot her own name

LO 1: Explain the Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function

LO 2: Explain the Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control

LO 3: Explain the Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory

The correct answer is: She had difficulty in learning tasks with motor skills

Question 48

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One of the challanges when organize health education in community is to obtain the participation of every members, even in
small groups. Which one of the statement below is NOT the way to encourage participation of community member in
community project?

A. Give explanation about how important their job to the success of whole project

B. Keep people informed about the activities being planned

C. Encourage them to give suggestions

D. Pick national holiday for meeting time 

E. Set out specific tasks and jobs for everyone

LO 1: Explain Health education with groups

The correct answer is: Pick national holiday for meeting time

Question 49

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A seven year-old, unimmunized boy was brought to Emergency with history of fever, loss of weight and vomiting for the last two
weeks. He lives in a two bedroom house along with his grandfather, who had a history of chronic cough. On examination the
child had neck stiffness and was constantly fitting. A lumbar puncture was done on this child after excluding signs of raised
intracranial pressure.Which of the following findings is expected to be seen in his cerebrospinal fluid?

A. A low protein count

B. Increased number of polymorphs

C. Numerous red blood cells

D. A high sugar count

E. A low sugar count 

LO 1: Explain the contents of Vertebral Canal - Spinal Cord - Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots - Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots

LO 2: Explain the Cranial Meninges - Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater Meningeal Spaces Explain the anatomy of the Brain - Parts of
Brain Ventricular System of Brain Arterial Blood Supply to Brain Venous Drainage of Brain

The correct answer is: A low sugar count

Question 50

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A patient presents with loss of pain and temperature sensation in both hands, weakness and wasting of the small muscles of
the left hand, loss of pain and temperature sensibility in the right leg and a spastic paralysis of the left leg.Where is the lesion
most likely located?

A. Right internal capsule involving the thalamus

B. Right cerebral cortex involving the pre- and post-central gyri

C. Left half of the cord at both lower cervical and upper lumbar levels

D. Ventral lateral part of the right half of the medulla

E. Left half of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord 

LO 1: Explain the contents of Vertebral Canal - Spinal Cord - Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots - Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots 

LO 2: Explain the Somatic Sensations: General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses

The correct answer is: Left half of the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord

Question 51

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A 50-year-old man felt tingling and mild pain in his left leg. Four weeks later, the symptoms extended to the lower left quadrant
of the abdomen. Pain sensation on the right side was normal.Which of the following is the most likely cause of his condition?

A. Stenosis of the intervertebral foramina

B. Compression of the spinal cord by tumor 

C. Demyelination of peripheral nerves

D. Herniation of intervertebral discs

E. Viral infection of the spinal ganglia

LO 1: Explain the basic anatomy of: - Nervous System - Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

LO 2: Explain the contents of Vertebral Canal - Spinal Cord - Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots - Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots

LO 3: Explain the Somatic Sensations: Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations

LO 4: Explain the disorders of Central Nervous System - Edema, Herniation, and Hydrocephalus - Cerebrovascular Diseases - Central Nervous
System Trauma Traumatic Parenchymal Injuries Traumatic Vascular Injury - Congenital Malformations and Perinatal Brain Injury - Infections
of the Nervous System Epidural and Subdural Infections Meningitis - Diseases of Myelin - Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimer Disease -
Tumors - Genetic Metabolic Diseases Acquired Metabolic and Toxic Disturbances

The correct answer is: Compression of the spinal cord by tumor

Question 52

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An 8-year-old child presents with complete left facial palsy and complete failure of abduction of the left eye.What is the most
likely anatomical site of the lesion?

A. Thalamus

B. Brain stem 
C. Temporal lobe

D. Cerebellum

E. Parietal lobe

LO 1: Explain the Cranial Meninges - Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater Meningeal Spaces Explain the anatomy of the Brain - Parts of
Brain Ventricular System of Brain Arterial Blood Supply to Brain Venous Drainage of Brain

LO 2: Explain the anatomy of the Cranial Nerves - Olfactory Nerve (CN I) - Optic Nerve (CN II) - Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) - Trochlear Nerve
(CN IV) - Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) - Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) - Maxillary Nerve (CN V2) - Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) - Abducent Nerve (CN
VI) - Facial Nerve (CN VII) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic (General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) -
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic
(General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) Visceral Sensory - Vagus Nerve (CN X) - Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) - Hypoglossal Nerve (CN
XII)

The correct answer is: Brain stem

Question 53

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Lack of knowledge people in the community about the danger of COVID-19 cases among villagers can cause spreading.Which
of the following sentence is the most correct concept an ecological perspectives related to behaviour theories that educators
use in COVID-19 case.

A. Interpersonal capacity 
B. Public policy

C. Community factors

D. Interpersonal support

E. Institutional factors

LO 1: Explain Health education with individuals

The correct answer is: Interpersonal capacity

Question 54

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Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors are used to treat Parkinsons disease in which there is a loss of dopaminergic neurons
from the substantia nigra in the brain. Which mechanism of action is the most appropriate to be used?

A. Block breakdown of dopamine 

B. Promote dopamine synthesis

C. Promote re-uptake of dopamine

D. Block autoreceptors for feedback regulation on the terminal

E. Block autoreceptors for feedback regulation on the terminal

LO 1: Explain the Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

LO 2: Explain the Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control

LO 3: Explain the Transmembrane potential in neurons, neuron interaction through synapses, neurotransmitters, and synaptic junctions

LO 4: Explain the Drugs That Act In The Central Nervous System - Introduction to the Pharmacology of CNS Drugs - Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs -
The Alcohols - Antiseizure Drugs - General Anaesthetics - Local Anaesthetics - Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Pharmacologic Management of
Parkinsonism & Other

The correct answer is: Block breakdown of dopamine

Question 55

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You are on duty in the Emergency Department and are called to see a woman of 31 who has been brought in having developed
a very severe headache whilst shopping 2 hours earlier, saying, I felt I had been hit by a hammer. A witness to the episode said
she collapsed to the ground at the time and was unconscious for about a minute. She vomited shortly after the episode, and
the headache is still severe though slightly easier. She is normally on no treatment and has no relevant medical history. On
examination she is drowsy, though responds to commands, and is orientated in time and place. Her blood pressure is 165/95
mmHg and heart rate 55/min. There are no focal neurological abnormalities. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Sub-arachnoid haemorrhage 
B. Extradural haematoma

C. Meningitis

D. Cerebral artery thrombosis

E. Migraine

LO 1: Explain the Cranial Meninges - Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater Meningeal Spaces Explain the anatomy of the Brain - Parts of
Brain Ventricular System of Brain Arterial Blood Supply to Brain Venous Drainage of Brain

LO 2: Explain the disorders of Central Nervous System - Edema, Herniation, and Hydrocephalus - Cerebrovascular Diseases - Central Nervous
System Trauma Traumatic Parenchymal Injuries Traumatic Vascular Injury - Congenital Malformations and Perinatal Brain Injury - Infections
of the Nervous System Epidural and Subdural Infections Meningitis - Diseases of Myelin - Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimer Disease -
Tumors - Genetic Metabolic Diseases Acquired Metabolic and Toxic Disturbances

The correct answer is: Sub-arachnoid haemorrhage

Question 56

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A one year old girl is diagnosed as having congenital deafness. This abnormality may be caused by abnormal development of
the tympanic cavity. The development of the ear begins with the development of which one of these parts?

A. Auricle

B. Otocyst 
C. Meatal plug

D. Utricle

E. Mesoderm layer

LO 1: Explain the Histology and development of eye and ear

The correct answer is: Otocyst

Question 57

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A fit 60 year old man develops shingles in the distribution of the right T8 dermatome. Four weeks later he has persistent severe
dermatomal pain disrupting his daytime activities despite regular paracetamol and codeine tablets. Amitriptyline is added to
his therapy.What is the most important mechanism of pain relief by this agent?

A. Relief of associated depression

B. Promotion of normal sleep

C. Peripheral anticholinergic activity

D. Stimulation of afferent C fibres

E. Enhancement of descending spinal inhibitory nerve activity 

LO 1: Explain the Movement Disorders - Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium - Antidepressant Agents - Opioid Agonists & Antagonists - Drugs of
Abuse

The correct answer is: Enhancement of descending spinal inhibitory nerve activity

Question 58

Correct

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Flag question

A 63-year-old man complains of burning numbness in his feet and weakness of his legs. Examination shows reduction of the
tendon reflexes and superficial sensation in the legs. The muscles are weak and tender.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Peripheral neuropathy. 
B. Hypokalemia.

C. Polymyositis

D. Multiple sclerosis.

E. Lumbar disc prolapse.

LO 1: Explain the contents of Vertebral Canal - Spinal Cord - Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots - Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots

LO 2: Explain the Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information

LO 3: Explain the Somatic Sensations: General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses

LO 4: Explain the Somatic Sensations: Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations

The correct answer is: Peripheral neuropathy.

Question 59

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You are a general practitioner seeing a 65 year old man who had recently been to see his optician for a routine eye check
where he was found to have intraocular pressures of 33 and 35 mm Hg (Normal value: 11-21 mmHg). He was started on
treatment and has now come to see you for a repeat prescription. You referred him to hospital for further management, and
after an outpatient consultation the diagnosis of chronic glaucoma was confirmed.What is the most appropriate mechanism
for the disease development ?

A. Excessive production of aqueous humour

B. Loss of inhibition to the sympathetic nerve supply to the eye

C. Development of post vitreous attachment

D. Micro-haemorrhages in the vitreous humour

E. Blocked drainage of aqueous humour 

LO 1: Explain the anatomy of the Eye - Orbits, Eyelids and Lacrimal Apparatus - Eyeball - Nerves of Orbit - Vasculature of Orbit - Surface
Anatomy of Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus

LO 2: Explain the Histology and development of eye and ear

LO 3: Explain the The Eye: Optics of Vision

LO 4: Explain the The Eye: Central Neurophysiology of Vision

The correct answer is: Blocked drainage of aqueous humour

Question 60

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A child with having nightmare as a chief complaint was referred to the sleep laboratory and was diagnosed to have a sleep
disturbance. Which of the following statements is most correct appear in anamnesis?

A. Her condition is very common in young children

B. Her sleep disturbance occurred mostly during the first two hours of sleep

C. Her nightmares usually happened during REM sleep 

D. She could not be awakened easily from her nightmare attack, and she remembered nothing afterwards

E. Her sleep disturbance occurred mostly during sleep stage II

LO 1: Explain the States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia

The correct answer is: Her nightmares usually happened during REM sleep

Question 61

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Mother takes her child to Primary Health Centre for BCG immunization. Which of the following statement is the most correct
example for type of health related behaviour:

A. Illness behaviour

B. Preventive health behavior 

C. Health behavior

D. Bad behavior

E. Sick role behavior

LO 1: Explain the Concept of behaviour and Determinant of Health

The correct answer is: Preventive health behavior

Question 62

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Which of the following conditions requires the most enabling factor in the case to prevent COVID-19 spread?

A. Disinfectants fluid not available in the every village 

B. Lack of information from village officer about reporting systems related to sudden death of the poultry

C. Many poultries died during rainy season is normal for community

D. People`s believe that consume the sick poultry is safe

E. People remove the used mask to the river

LO 1: Explain the Prevention of diseases

The correct answer is: Disinfectants fluid not available in the every village

Question 63

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A 72-year-old woman has experienced progressive memory problems for several years. For the past year, she has gotten lost
while walking around her own neighborhood and has been unable to find the bathroom in her own house or recognize family
members. What would be the most likely neuropathology findings?

A. Oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusion

B. Numerous neocortical senile plaques. 

C. Atrophy and gliosis of the caudate nuclei.

D. Neocortical neuronal Pick bodies.

E. Many Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra.

LO 1: Explain the Cranial Meninges - Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater Meningeal Spaces Explain the anatomy of the Brain - Parts of
Brain Ventricular System of Brain Arterial Blood Supply to Brain Venous Drainage of Brain

LO 2: Explain the Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory

LO 3: Explain the disorders of Central Nervous System - Edema, Herniation, and Hydrocephalus - Cerebrovascular Diseases - Central Nervous
System Trauma Traumatic Parenchymal Injuries Traumatic Vascular Injury - Congenital Malformations and Perinatal Brain Injury - Infections
of the Nervous System Epidural and Subdural Infections Meningitis - Diseases of Myelin - Neurodegenerative Diseases Alzheimer Disease -
Tumors - Genetic Metabolic Diseases Acquired Metabolic and Toxic Disturbances

The correct answer is: Numerous neocortical senile plaques.

Question 64

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

In testing pupillary function, light is shone into the LEFT eye and both left and right pupils constrict. As the light is swung to the
RIGHT eye and shone into the RIGHT eye, both pupils dilate and remain dilated (swinging flashlight test). The pupils again
constrict when the light is swung over to the LEFT eye.Which cranial nerves is most likely altered?

A. Right oculomotor (cranial nerve III)

B. Right optic (cranial nerve II) 

C. Sympathetic nervous system (Horners syndrome)

D. Left oculomotor (cranial nerve III)

E. Left optic (cranial nerve II)

LO 1: Explain the anatomy of the Cranial Nerves - Olfactory Nerve (CN I) - Optic Nerve (CN II) - Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) - Trochlear Nerve (CN
IV) - Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) - Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) - Maxillary Nerve (CN V2) - Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) - Abducent Nerve (CN VI) -
Facial Nerve (CN VII) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic (General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) -
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Somatic (Branchial) Motor Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor Somatic
(General) Sensory Special Sensory (Taste) Visceral Sensory - Vagus Nerve (CN X) - Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI) - Hypoglossal Nerve (CN
XII)

LO 2: Explain the The Eye: Optics of Vision

The correct answer is: Right optic (cranial nerve II)

Question 65

Correct

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Flag question

Before the surgeon cut the tissue in one operation, he injected a Local anesthetic. What is the most appropriate mechanism of
action of this drug?

A. Inhibiting the specific increase in sodium conductance 

B. Raising the firing threshold

C. Increasing the level of cholinesterase

D. Depolarizing the nerve above the critical firing level

E. Preventing repolarization of the nerve

LO 1: Explain the Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials

LO 2: Explain the Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters

LO 3: Explain the Transmembrane potential in neurons, neuron interaction through synapses, neurotransmitters, and synaptic junctions

LO 4: Explain the Drugs That Act In The Central Nervous System - Introduction to the Pharmacology of CNS Drugs - Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs -
The Alcohols - Antiseizure Drugs - General Anaesthetics - Local Anaesthetics - Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Pharmacologic Management of
Parkinsonism & Other

The correct answer is: Inhibiting the specific increase in sodium conductance

Question 66

Correct

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Flag question

Neurotransmitter metabolism involves physiologically active amines that are derived from amino acids are further
metabolized to carboxylic acids. Which of the following enzymes is involved in this process?

A. Amino acid decarboxylase

B. Catechol-O-methyltransferase

C. MoAmino acid 
D. Amino acid oxidase

E. Dopamine beta-oxidase

LO 1: Explain the Transmembrane potential in neurons, neuron interaction through synapses, neurotransmitters, and synaptic junctions

The correct answer is: MoAmino acid

Question 67

Correct

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Flag question

A patient had been confirmed to a vessel obstruction of the anterior spinal artery. The doctor need further evidence by
planning several exam such as motoric and sensoric examinations. Which ONE of the following features will most likely be
found on examination of this patient?

A. Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensations below the site of the lesion 
B. Loss of tactile discrimination bilaterally below the site of the lesion

C. Muscle wasting in all the four limbs

D. Normal reflexes in all four limbs

E. Muscle weakness in both left limbs but the right limbs are normal

LO 1: Explain the contents of Vertebral Canal - Spinal Cord - Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots - Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots

LO 2: Explain the Somatic Sensations: Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations

The correct answer is: Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensations below the site of the lesion

Question 68

Correct

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Flag question

A 22 year old man presents at your surgery, very upset. His girlfriend has just walked out following an argument. As a
consequence of this type of stress several hormones can be shown to be elevated. What part of the brain mediates this neuro-
hormonal response?

A. Pituitary Gland

B. Thalamus

C. Hypothalamus 
D. Cortex

E. Pineal Gland

LO 1: Explain the Cranial Meninges

- Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater Meningeal Spaces
Explain the anatomy of the Brain
- Parts of Brain
Ventricular System of Brain
Arterial Blood Supply to Brain Venous Drainage of Brain
LO 2: Explain the Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain—The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus

The correct answer is: Hypothalamus

Question 69

Correct

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Flag question

Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earths atmosphere and oceans and its related effects. Which of the
following is the most appropriate for the result of individual empowerment?

A. Transporting exotic fruits and vegetables from one destination to another

B. Turn down, switch off, recycle and walk 

C. Using less toxic material and find less toxic alternative or method such as cleaning products

D. Frequent washing with clean water, wash hands, toys, vegetables, fruits, and furnitures

E. Reduce gaseous and volatile exposure via adequate ventilation usage of exhaust fans if necessary

LO 1: Explain the Community Empowerment

The correct answer is: Turn down, switch off, recycle and walk

Question 70

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

A patient, aged 70 years and who has high myopia, gives a history of seeing flashes, floaters and loss of partial field of vision in
the right eye. Which of the following methods of fundus examination will be ideal to diagnose and assess the condition?

A. Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy 

B. Direct ophthalmoscopy

C. Distant direct ophthalmoscopy

D. Gonioscopy

E. Biomicroscopy/slit lamp Exam

LO 1: Explain the The Eye: Optics of Vision

LO 2: Explain the The Eye: Central Neurophysiology of Vision

The correct answer is: Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy

Question 71

Correct

Mark 1.00 out of 1.00

Flag question

A 49 year old man presents to the Emergency Department for the fifth time in a month complaining of atypical chest pain with
radiation into the neck and down both arms. As on previous occasions, his ECG is normal. He is noted to have tachycardia with
rapid shallow breaths.What is the most likely psychiatric diagnosis?

A. Generalised anxiety disorder

B. Bi-polar disorder

C. Major depression

D. Schizophrenia

E. Panic disorder 

LO 1: Explain the basic anatomy of: - Nervous System - Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

The correct answer is: Panic disorder

Finish review

 Formative Test I NBSS 2020-20… Jump to... Formative Test II NBSS 2020-2… 

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