Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Read each statement below. Do you agree/disagree with each statement? Put a check
mark (✔) to indicate your answer.
YES NO
1. Research is only for those who plan to take master’s degree or
doctorate degrees.
2. Research is easy to do.
5. Teacher, because they are busy in their classrooms, are expected to use
existing research rather the conduct their own research in the classroom.
6. There is no need to go into research because a lot of researches have
already been conducted.
7. Students are mere users of knowledge arrived at by research. It is not
their task to conduct research.
8. Students do not possess the qualifications to conduct research.
1. Case Study
Description: An in-depth look at an individual
Strengths: It provides information about an individual’s
fears, hopes, fantasies, traumatic experiences,
upbringing, family relationship, health, and anything
that helps a psychologist understand that person’s
development.
Weaknesses: Need to exercise caution when generalizing
from the information; the subject of a case study is
unique, with a genetic make-up and experiences no
one else shares; involves judgments of unknown
reliability, in that usually no check is made to see if
other psychologists agree with other observations.
2. Correlational Study
Description: A research design that determines
association.
Strengths: Useful because the more strongly two
events are correlated, the more we can predict one
from the other.
Weaknesses: Because correlational research does not
involve the manipulation of factors, it is not a
dependable way to isolate cause.
3. Experimental
Description: A research design that determines cause-
and-effect relationships.
Strengths: The only true reliable method of
establishing cause and effect.
Weaknesses: Experimental research is limited to what
is observable, testable, and manipulable.
4. Naturalistic Observation
Description: A research design that focuses on
children’s experiences in natural settings.
Strengths: One of the advantages of this type of
research is that it allows the researcher to directly
observe the subject in a natural setting.
Weaknesses: The disadvantages of naturalistic
observation include the fact that it can be difficult to
determine the exact cause of behavior and the
experimenter cannot control outside variables.
5. Longitudinal
Description: This research design studies and follows
through a single group over a period of time.
Strengths: Allows them to record and monitor
development trends.
Weaknesses: they are expensive and time-consuming.
6. Cross-sectional
Description: A research strategy in which individuals of
different ages are compare at one time.
Strengths: Allows them to record and monitor
developmental trends.
Weaknesses: It gives no information about how
individuals change or about the stability of their
characteristics.
7. Sequential
Description: This is the combined cross-sectional and
longitudinal approaches to learn about lifespan
development.
Strengths: It provides information to obtain from cross-
sectional or longitudinal approaches.
Weaknesses: it is complex, expensive, and time
consuming.
8. Action Research
Description: Action research is a reflective process of
progressive problem-solving led by individuals
working with others in teams or as part of a “
community of practice” to improve the way they
address issues and solve problems.
Strengths: Appropriate in a particular setting when the
purpose of study is to “to create changes and gain
information on processes and outcome of the
strategies used”.
Weaknesses: typically take place in one organisation
only at a particular time and could not be interpreted
within different organisations in the same way.
Therefore, research findings are hard to generalize.
Data-Gathering Techniques
1. Observation
Observations can be made in either laboratory or
materialistic settings. In naturalistic observation,
behavior is observed in the real world like
classroom, home in neighborhood.
2. Psychological Measures
Certain indicators of children’s development such
as, among others, heart rate, hormonal levels,
bone growth, body weight, and brain activity are
measured.
3. Standardized Tests
These are prepared tests that assess individuals’ performance in
different domains. These tests are administered in a consistent
manner.