CERT-12 Z01.0 Storage Transfer

CERT‐12
Storage & Transfer
ifptraining.com
CERT‐12
Storage & Transfer
‐ Course Induction ‐
SAFETY Instructions
 In the event of ALARM:
• Keep calm
• Evacuate the training room
• Never use the LIFTS
• Gather at the Muster Points
• Help people with reduced mobility
 Take a moment to identify the EXIT
3 2
Course Objectives – Competency/Skills
Upon completion of the Module, participants shall be able to:
• Identify and describe the technology of onshore/ floating crude oil storage tanks component
parts on‐site
• Describe the fluids circulation and utility lines/ connections of storage tanks as well as the
safety equipment fitted
• Describe the equipment comprising metering units and explain the fluid circulation
• Perform routine checks on storage tanks and identify abnormal conditions
• Identify the safety risks associated with cargo oil storage and offloading and to execute
associated routine operating procedures in a safe manner (tank sampling, level
measurement, water leg management, cargo oil offloading…)
• Describe the equipment used for flowline/pipeline pigging operation, to identify the risks
associated with these operations and to execute pig launching and receiving procedures in a
safe manner
Competency/Skills
• Storage & Transfer applied to Oil & Gas
3
Course Agenda
Terminal function
FPSO functions
F(P)SO storage tanks
Crude storage onshore
Mooring
Loading buoy description
Floating storage
Production and export lines
Meetering
Pigging
4 4
Introduction of the Participants
• Name, surname
• Position, Company
• Background, years of
experience
• Expectations from course
• Hobbies
Class Organization & Rules
DAILY course schedule:
• 7:30 – 11:30 (Angola Time) – Virtual class via Zoom
• 12:30 – 15:30 (Angola Time) – Virtual class via Zoom
CELL PHONES:
• Shall be turned to SILENT MODE during class hours
ATTENDANCE sheets to be signed daily
IFP TRAINING CERTIFICATION
• Test grading > 60%
IFP Training QUALITY APPRAISAL
5 6
6

Storage & Transfer
CERT 12

– Summary –

A01.0 – Functions of a Terminal ............................................................................................ 9
B01.0 – FPSO Functions ...................................................................................................... 31
C01.0 – Crude Oil Storage ‐ Metering & Export ................................................................... 73
D01.0 – Atmospheric Storage Tanks ................................................................................. 163
E01.0 – Mooring of Floating Units ..................................................................................... 211
F01.0 – Tanker Loading Operation .................................................................................... 243
G01.0 – F(P)SO Offshore Tank Parameters Measurement ................................................. 259
OE20 © IFP Training
7
8
Functions of a Terminal
Functions of a Terminal ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0
Reasons of a terminal?
An oil terminal is a large industrial complex where oil is stored and from which oil is
transported to end users or further storage facilities
It is the last component in the production chain. Its installation is justified in the
following cases:
• Absence or insufficiency of local consumption of crude oil
• Production sites a long way from the refineries
• Deep offshore development
• Production periods limited in time, offshore EPS Early Production System (provisory
converted FPSO…)
• Insufficient existing capacities (storage, treatment units...)
• Insufficient export network capacity
• High transit costs via local pipeline, local terminal
• Commercial reason (e.g. mark‐down), incompatibility of products
9 2
Main functions of a terminal
Reception
Treatment (not always ex.: FSO just tank settling)
• Onshore terminals
• FPSO = Floating Production Storage Offloading
Storage
Export
• Tanker loading
• Refinery feeding
Calculation of crude oil (production) received and exported
3
Example of terminal
Onshore
terminal
FPSO
Offshore
10 4
Reception function of terminal
Slug absorption (gas, liquid)
PIG reception
Metering (volumetric counters) of oil, gas and water production
Preheating (partial recirculation) of entry effluent
Completion of oil treatment (on settling tanks on FSO)
Reception into buffer tanks (fixe roof tanks in onshore terminals):
• Primary separation (degassing, water settling)
• Solution against shut down (upstream fields/terminal) on certain electrical trips
• Provide extra flexibility in commercial storage management
5
11
Onshore terminal
7
Reception equipment
Pig traps receiver
Onshore terminals
• Pipelines
• Pig traps receiver
12 8
Reception equipment
Slug catcher
South pars
Onshore terminals
• Pipelines
• Slug catcher
RIO CULLEN plant
TIERRA DEL FUEGO Terminal
9
Reception equipment
Reception tanks
Onshore terminals
• Pipelines
• ESDV
• Slug catcher
• Production meters
• Reception tanks or buffer tanks with
fixed roofs Metering unit
Fixe roof tanks
13 10
Offshore terminal
11
Reception equipment
Jumper/riser
A floating production storage and offloading FPSO unit is a floating vessel used by the
offshore Oil & Gas industry for the production + processing, storage and expedition
An FSO is a simplified version of an FPSO. It has the capability to store and offload oil
and gas but it doesn't possess the ability to process it
Note:
• The FPSO production and processing (treatment) part have to be distinguished from its
terminal part which are the storage (in the hull of the FPSO) and the export (offloading) of
the crude oil (that consist in loading tankers). The gas expedition (if some) is done through a
gas pipe
14 12
FPSO: from production to treatment units
Jumper/riser
Note: these equipment are located upstream the Oil & Gas treatment units
Offshore depending on configurations
• Risers/jumpers and chokes
Dynamic jumpers
• ESDV Risers
Choke
13
Turret/swivel
Offshore depending on configurations
• Risers/jumpers and chokes
• Or turret/swivel
Turret
TURRET
Swivel
15 14
Turret/swivel
Turret and swivel
• The turret mooring system consists of a turret assembly that is integrated into a vessel and
permanently fixed to the seabed by means of a mooring system. The turret system contains a
bearing system that allows the vessel to rotate around the fixed geostatic part of the turret,
which is attached to the mooring system
• The turret mooring system can also be combined with a fluid transfer system that enables
connection of (subsea) pipelines to the vessel like an F(P)SO. The fluid transfer system
includes risers between the pipeline end manifold (PLEM) at the seabed and the geostatic
part of the turret. In the turret a swivel provides the fluid transfer path between the
geostatic part and the free weathervaning vessel that rotates around the turret. The turret
system is fully passive and does not require active vessel heading control or active rotation
systems in the turret or swivels
The turret system can be located externally or internally with respect to the vessel
hull structure
15
FPSO
Riser manifold
MP
Separator
Production
Riser
16 16
Treatment function
Note: the FPSO processing (or treatment) units do have the hereunder quality objectives
which are actually also the FPSO export objectives. These export objectives must also be
respected by onshore terminals in which finishing or adjusting quality can only be done
after reception of crude that has already been submitted to some treatment before
arriving in the terminal
Attain the commercial specifications
Water cut: limit water content to reduce the transport costs calculated on the total
weight transported
Salt: limit on salinity to avoid downstream treatment problems at the refining stage
(corrosion…)
• Salt content < 100 mg/l if refinery equipped with 1 desalting stage
• Salt content < 500 mg/l if refinery equipped with 2 desalting stages
• Salt content < 100 mg/l if refinery equipped with 2 stages and catalytic cracking
Limit on vapor pressure for transport safety: Reid Vapor Pressure
17
Oil commercial specifications
General case of crude leaving one terminal
API the one of the terminal
BS&W < 0.3 to 0.5% vol. (depend on type of treatment unit used)
Salinity < 50 to 100 mg/l (generally 60, depend on type of water used, ex sea water,
fresh water…)
RVP Reid Vapor Pressure (at 37.8°C = 100°F) < 11‐12 psi
Viscosity < 100 cSt
Pour point
H2S content (if any)
Sulfur content, mercaptan RSH, etc.
17 18
Water treatment processes
Discharge standards
Offshore
• The most common limit: 30 mg/l (dispersed hydrocarbon, IR Infrared (methods of analysis,
measurement)
If not specified: same objective
Onshore
• HC limits varies with site. Lower than offshore
+ other parameters to take into account (COD, BOD, salinity, suspended solids, etc.)
At the beach < 10 mg/l
19
18
Storage function
21
Storage function
Final water settling Storage for inspection/repair of the
Preparation of an tanker loading storage installations
Storage capacity in hand to wait the Storage of off‐spec products for re‐
next tanker treatment (rarely considered)
Storage to supply “regularly” a local Segregation of products
refinery (mainly onshore) Dead stock
Storage for preservation of the subsea
installations (deep offshore)
19 22
Onshore tanks
Fixed roof tank
Floating roof tank
Storage before export
23
Offshore FPSO hull
2 Mbbls capacity
20 24
Terminal onshore/offshore Storage tanks comparison
Onshore tanks F(P)SO tanks
Fixed roof tanks 5 to 10 km3 = 63 KBbls
With gaseous atmosphere Numerous tanks: from 12 to 18 with a capacity up to 200
KBbls each
Floating roof tanks: up to 240 km3 = 1 500 Kbbls With gaseous atmosphere
Without gaseous atmosphere
2 floating roof tanks to load 1 SUEZMAX of 6 to 8 tanks to load 1 SUEZMAX of capacity
capacity 130 000 t = 1 000 Kbbls 130 000 t = 1 000 Kbbls
Low dead stock (2 to 3% for storage capacity design and tanks
Significant dead stock (10% un‐pumpables) offloading to tanker, 0% in practice at very low flow for tank
entry preparation)
No use of inert gas or FG (blanketing) during Flue Inert Gas or produced gas (FG Fuel Gas) injected into
tank emptying, tanker loading tanks during tanker loading
Periodic COW (Crude Oil Washing and water washing for tank
Substantial scaling, no COW Crude Oil Washing
entry preparation)
Ullage and Innage measurement can be applied Ullage measurement only
Atmospheric Pressure Positive pressure (with production or IG /FG during offloading)
10 years inspections (new gauging table needed) 5 years inspections (International Marine Classification)
Bottom tank entry Top (roof) tank entry
25
21
Export function
27
Export function
Means for oil transfer to:
• A tanker
or to
• A tank farm (refinery)
Onshore terminal: system to transfer crude oil or tank farm
Metering
unit Pipeline Tank Farm
Pumps
Tanker
Tanks terminal Metering Jetty Tanker
unit
Pumps Buoy
Metering
unit Pipeline Tank Farm
Pumps
Tanks terminal
Metering Sealine PLEM
unit
Pumps PLEM: Pipe Line End Manifold
22 28
Export function
Offshore terminal FPSO/FSO
Loading system includes: Or:
• Pumps storage • Pumps storage
• Export header • Export header
• Commercial metering • Commercial metering
• Pumps booster • A tandem loading point
• Export lines (transfer lines)
• Loading buoy at 1/1.5 miles from the FPSO
Tandem Tanker
point Tandem
Export Metering
header unit
Tanker
Buoy
Pumps
Boosters Export lines
Tank
FPSO
29
23
Commercial metering
31
Commercial metering
Called dynamic method
System consists on:
1. Metering unit with lines fitted with turbine or volumetric meters
2. Proving loop
3. Automatic on‐line sampler
4. Computers and supervisor control system
24 32
Commercial metering
To export tanker
When installed, it is the official mean:
• To calculate the standard net oil exported volume Sampler
• To provide the officials samples: P T
• For laboratory analysis
• For each parties involved in the export
P T
P T
P T
From storage
tanks
AWAY
P T
HOME
33
Proving loop
25 34
Tank ullage
35
Tank ullage (gauging)
Measurement of tank parameters
(static method)
• At terminal
• On board the tanker
It’s the back‐up of metering unit
(if it fails)
It consists on:
• Measurements of liquid height
• Measurements of liquid/water interface
• Measurements of temperature (3 levels: high, middle,
low, carried out with sampling operations)
• Taking of manual sampling (3 levels: high, middle, low)
• Application of TEF Terminal Experience Factor of the
terminal
• Application of VEF Vessel Experience Factor of the
tanker
26 36
Tank sampling
37
Sampling
Sampling and analysis
• API & density
• BS&W or (water content and sediment content analysis)
• Salinity
• …
Specimen samples (sealed by cargo surveyor, authorities…)
• 3 main samples kept 3 months in case of:
• One for the terminal
• One for the captain
• One for the cargo buyer
27 38
Calculation function
39
Terminal productions calculation function
Every day at 6:00 (generally) crude oil volume in the terminal shall be calculated
Daily crude oil production received at terminal is calculated:
• = (current day’s stock – previous day’s stock) + exported volume
• = Δ current day’s stock + exports
• the exported volume is only taken into account on the day of the end of the loading
• Δ current day’s stock can be positive: no volume exported considered
• Δ current day’s stock can be negative:
exported volume considered
Daily standard net oil production received
at terminal is compared with fields standard
net oil production declared
Daily produced water received, treated and
discharged volumes are calculated
Associated gas, fuel gas, chemicals, diesel oil…
daily quantities are calculated
28 40
Balancing the fields production figures
Daily production received at terminal is compared with fields production declared
• Total official fields oil production volume is the one measured, calculated at the terminal
• It is the oil quantity that will be officially exported in presence of authorities
Radar level transmitter on
the top of crude oil tank
41
Balancing the fields production figures
Fields production declared Field metering unit
Field A Terminal received
80 kbls
Production
80 - [(80/240) X 14] = 75.3
Field B 100 kbls 226 kbls
Terminal
Field C 60 kbls
Metering unit
Total fields = 240 kbls
Total terminal = 226 kbls
Difference: 14 kbls to be balanced
Automatic sampler
29 42
Final official fields production figures
Fields production declared
Terminal received
Field A 75.3 (80) production
Field B 94.2 (100) 226 kbls
Terminal
Field C 56.5 (60)
Total Fields Production figures = 226 kbls
The difference terminal production/∑ fields production is shared proportionally to
each field production
The sharing procedure is applied according to the production sharing agreements
43
Terminal actors
Immigration
Port Health
Mines
representative
Production Transit Government Custom Officers
and Methods Representative
Ports Authority
Shipping Agent Representative
Terminal
Production
Maintenance Pollution Cargo Surveyors
Work
Representative
TERMINAL
Marine
HSE
& air Logistics
Security Laboratory
Onshore Logistics
Mooring crew
Partners
Cargo Surveyors
Trading Shipping
Pilots
Tugs Captains
Custom Officers
Refinery Tanker Captain
Government
representative
30 44
FPSO Functions
FPSO Functions ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0
Main component parts of a FPSO
Hull Offloading: tandem loading point
Accommodation and helideck Safety system
Mooring system: turret system, spreaded • Fire and gas detection system
mooring lines • Active fire fighting system: deluge, fire fighting
nozzle
Main deck • Passive Fire Protection (PFP), Blast walls and
Topsides: process systems, utilities escape tunnel
Flare Lifting, lay down area, handling means…
31 2
Main component parts of a FPSO Falcon
3
32
F: Floating function
P
S
O
5
FPSO: Floating function
The FPSO most have a displacement and buoyancy compatible with different
operating phases:
• Construction phase
• Towing phase
• Hook‐up phase
• Operation phase
• Future development phase…
The unit form is compatible with its station keeping requirement and it shall be a
stable and safe support for the working environment
The body is in equilibrium when floating
33 6
The FPSO most have a displacement and buoyancy compatible with the total weight
on board:
• Hull and leaving quarter weight
• Process equipment and product weight
• Utilities weight
• Mooring lines weight
• Risers weight
• Export lines weight
• Crude oil product weight (tanks empty/full)
• Ballasts weight
• Bunkering, chemicals, methanol products weights
• Spare parts and machinery room equipment weights…
• Future equipment weights for other development phase
• Tandem loading operation
• Heavy works, liftings…
7
Longitudinal strength of a FPSO hull are calculated with a loadmaster computer
Stored products: crude, water ballast, methanol, DO, fresh water, are managed by a
loadmaster computer
Loadmaster computer functions are:
• Calculate on board quantities; standard volumes, weight per products (oil, ballast, fresh
water, methanol, DO…) using sounding tables, which are corrected for heel and trim
• Evaluating longitudinal strength (shear force and bending moment) at prescribed point,
current and future conditions. Display alarms
• Calculate the drafts, trim, heel
• Calculate the displacement, deadweight
• Evaluate impact and damage stability
• Simulating of loading and offloading plans of different products
34 8
Load master computer: cargo tanks table
Alarms
Trim
Parameters per Tank
Heel
Total Oil
9
Load master computer: ballast tanks table
Alarms
Trim
Paramètres par Citernes
Parameters per Tank
Heel
Total huile
Total water ballast
35 10
Load master computer: longitudinal strengths
Alarms
Strength
values
Trim
Heel
Strength
curves
11
Other hull function, the machinery room. It could contain:
• Machines: Diesel generators, sea water pumps, hydraulic pumps
• Work shops ‐ Spare rooms
• Technical rooms
• HVAC of machinery room and living quarter
• Sewage
• Fresh water system
• Bilge treatment unit (15 ppm ODME Oil Discharge Monitoring Equipment) ‐ Sea water lifting ‐
Stripping pumps
• Diesel Oil treatment unit and storage
• Storage tanks for lubricant, fresh water
• Fire detection and fighting equipment…
36 12
FPSO Hull
Storage volume
• 2 Mbbls capacity (~333333 m3)
Weight (of the vessel)
• 35 000 tons hull + living quarter
• 55 000 tons total, including topside
13
FPSO hull – Construction views
37 14
Example of converted tanker hull in FPSO
15
FPSO VI Offshore Nigeria Espadarte FPSO Offshore Brazil
38 16
EPS Early Production System or 1st stage of a field development
Production < 100 000 BOPD
Topsides weight < 10 000 t
Simple process
Life duration: less than new built
FPSO
Conversion time: 1 or 2 years less compared to the new construction
Interesting in times of high activity in shipyard
Uncertainty about the amount of hull works necessary
17
39
F
P: Production function
S
O
19
FPSO: Floating ‐ Production ‐ Storage ‐ Offloading

FPSO: Production function
40 20
FPSO: Production function
The FPSO supports processing equipment to fully treat live well fluids
Oil & Gas process equipment are designed to deliver products at commercial
specifications
Produced water process equipment are designed to deliver a water with low oil
content (< 30 ppm to allow discharge to the sea)
Process equipment shall be designed to fully treat the fluids during the different
phases of the field life: low and high water production rate, low and high gas
production rate, reservoir characteristics changing (P, T…)
Process equipment shall be designed to reduce green hose gas effect
Process module are arranged in the main deck according to results of FPSO HAZID and
safety concept studies
21
Process module arrangement
Layout
Maximal separation distance between HP hydrocarbons and accommodation
Low risk utility modules in between
Adequate space between topsides modules to reduce risk of escalation in case of to
reduce risk of escalation in case of incident
41 22
Example of modules arrangement
DALIA FPSO spreaded moored
Main wind/current direction
Living Quarter
and CCR
Seawater Gas
Crude
treatment Heating Air compression
separation Drain/Flare
(fine filtration Medium Nitrogen Train & Gas
A Train
& deaeration) Injection
Seawater Seawater
Crude Gas
Lifting & Injection Power
separation Compression
Coarse & generation
B Train B Train
Filtration Desulfating Offloading
Booster pump Tandem
Lay down area loading point
23
PAZFLOR FPSO spreaded moored
42 24
25
Sea Water Prod. Man. Dehyd./Oil Treat.
P1 P2 Injection
Sea Water
Treat. & Util. P4 P5 Methanol Inj.
P3 Separation Prod. Water Treat.
LLP Gas Comp.
Main E&I
Building
P6
Gas Dehyd.
S1
Power Gen. P7 FG Treatment
& Hot Water Gas Metering
HP&HHP Gas
Power P8 Compression
S2 Generation & E&I Building
BLOCK 17 – PAZFLOR FPSO
Sea Water
S3 Treatment Prod. Man. Future LP&MP
S4 & Separation S5 Dehyd./Oil Treat. S6 Module S7 Gas S8 Oil Offloading
Dead Oil Recirc. Compression & Oil Metering
43 26
Weathervane FPSO
Topsides layout
A: Accommodation and an internal turret forward in the bow area. Flare aft in the stern
The vessel layout is configured so that the separation between the accommodation (including
the principal evacuation systems) and the major hydrocarbon hazards should be maximized
Attention presence forward of the turret, close to LQ Leaving Quarter (risers pressures: gas
injection, gas‐lift, production?...)
Use of engine room with risk (presence internal turret)
A
27
Weathervane FPSO
Topsides layout
B: LQ aft in the stern area and an internal turret and flare forward in the bow area
The LQ and the flare and the turret are separated as far away as possible
LV under the lee of the flare (radiation, golden rain, gas released…)
Best configuration because turret motions can be minimized while weathervaning
capacity can be maximized (versus A)
Normal operation of all LQ and ER Engine Room systems
B 44 28
Weathervane FPSO
Topsides layout ‐ Example: Cossack Pioneer
Disconnectable FPSO to produce fields of Cossack, Wanaea, Lambert and Hermes, au
Northwest of Australia
29
Operational problems due to floating support
Liquid movement inside vessels (level measurement). Separators heading in the
longitudinal FPSO axle, internal compartments…
Maintain permanent slope on the flare line to avoid to trap liquid and bloc the flare
lines (trim by flare side)
Maintain permanent slope on open and close drain networks (flare drums and drain
drums are on the same location: flare side)
Discharge of rainwater from main deck (trim and heel depending)
Crude Oil Tank stripping, COT water removal…
45 30
x % 4
Trim
SIDE VIEW
Port side 5
1 2 3 Water
tank
6
x %
Tank Heel
Starboard
side tank
x %
Water Oil TOP VIEW
Trim
4
3 TOP VIEW
Port side
tank
Oil
x % 6
Water Heel Starboard
side tank 5
x %
SIDE VIEW 4
Trim 31
Operational problems due to floating support
Liquid movement inside vessels (level measurement). Separators heading in the
longitudinal FPSO axis, internal compartments…
Maintain permanent slope on the flare line to avoid to trap liquid and bloc the flare
lines (trim by flare side)
Maintain permanent slope on open and close drain networks (flare drums and drain
drums are on the same location: flare side)
Discharge of rainwater from main deck (trim and heel depending)
Crude Oil Tank stripping, COT water removal…
Oil lubrication of main engines (turbines…)
Sea chest feeding (no proper ballasting)
Lifting operation, craning
Falling objects
Personnel transfer by sea
46 32
Main process systems on the topsides
Risers (wells) manifolds
Slug catcher (1st stage separator), several stage separators including or not test
separator
Desalters or (wash tanks in the hull)
Gas treatment and compression system (several stage with glycol unit)
VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) unit to recover the flare and storage gas
Produced water treatment, rejected to the sea or re‐injected
Sea water treatment and injection to the reservoir
33
FPSO
Water injection overview
47 34
Main process systems on the topsides
Risers (wells) manifolds
Slug catcher, several stage separators including or not test separator
Desalters or (wash tanks in the hull)
Gas treatment and compression system (several stage with glycol unit)
VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) unit to recover the flare and storage gas
Produced water treatment, rejected to the sea or re‐injected
Sea water treatment and injection to the reservoir
Flare systems HP and LP
Vents system
35
Main utilities systems
Power generation: main, essential, emergency generators
Topside chemical injection
Subsea chemical injection systems
Utilities (air, N2)
Hydraulic system (for hull pumps, valves of hull and sub‐sea, mooring system, marine
systems)
Fresh water production
Cooling unit and loop systems
Heating unit and loop systems
Closed drain network and recovering
Opened drains network treatment and recovering
48 36
Main utilities systems
Fuel gas HP & LP
Methanol (transfer system to topside and subsea
Inert gas production and dispatching to storage tank and others
Electrochlorination for sea water treatment
HVAC system for technical building
Control system of the unit
Fire and gas detection system
Fire fighting system
Telecommunications system
Helifuel storage and storage and supplying
37
Example: FPSO process block diagram
To tandem
To loading buoy
loading point &
and tanker
tanker
Turbo‐
Process Offloading
compressors Turbo‐generators Heaters booster pumps
Cooling
& turbo‐pumps
Flare
Water injection
treatment Fuel gas Metering
Gas
Compression
Oil storage &
pumps
Produced water
Sea water lifting Water Injection treatment Separation
Injected
Sea Water Gas‐lift Gas injection
production
49 38
Production architecture ‐ PAZFLOR process block diagram
2 different types of oil (O9, UM) for a single FPSO
Gas to Gas
HP & HHP To/from gas
Oligocene import/export
compression pipeline to
injection wells
onshore LNG
HP & LP fuel gas plant
Gas dehydration To users
system
Oligocene O9 gaslift Slop tanks Gas import/export
bottom riser system Topsides pipeline
gas‐lift HC blanketing gas & vent
gas recovery unit. Offloading lines
LLP, LP & MP gas
compression Crude oil fiscal
Production fluids O9 production metering and To tankers
09 MP
from OLIGOCENE manifold & pigging separation offloading
wells facilities
Wash
water
Production fluids Oil storage O9 dead oil
UM production Oil separation,
from MIOCENE cargo tanks recirculation
manifold & pigging dehydration,
subsea gas/liquid
facilities desalting &
separation units
stabilisation
Water to Miocene UM water injection
O9 produced Gas to
injection wells system
water HP/LP flare
treatment tips
HP & LP flare
system Liquids to oil
O9 water Main Disposal to
Water to processing
injection produced sea
OLIGOCENE
injection wells system water
treatment Relief &
depressurization
Treated system
seawater
Subsea
Topsides 39
Water treatment
There is an incompatibility between the produced waters from the Oligocene field and the Miocene fields, and
mixing them would cause the formation of barium sulfate deposits liable to foul the installations. For this
reason, separate water treatment units are required.
Produced water from the Oligocene field is discharged from the dedicated separator unit to the sea after
treatment to ensure a hydrocarbon concentration not exceeding 30 ppm.
Produced water from the Miocene fields is de‐oiled in two stages before being reinjected into the original
reservoirs. After settling in two dedicated tanks located in the hull, they are treated topside in hydrocyclone
units.
Seawater make‐up is also needed for injection into the Oligocene reservoirs or to be mixed with Miocene
produced water to ensure a sufficient quantity for injection into the latter formation. The seawater undergoes
preliminary filtration, deaeration and sulfate removal.
Water treatment capacity: 311, 000 barrels/day
50 40
Example: FPSO system diagram
41
FPSO oil treatment objectives
Slug management and collect risers effluent for oil/gas/water separation
To achieve liquid/gas separation to meet oil RVP specification (e. g.10 psi)
To reduce water content to meet oil BSW specification (e.g. 0.5%)
To reduce salt content to meet oil salinity specification (e.g. 60 to 80 mg/l)
To reduce H2S content if any (oil sweetening)
To test a production loop or a well if test separator on board
51 42
Gas treatment objectives
Environmental flaring prohibited
• Reduce greenhouse gases by injecting associated gas into the reservoir
• Or export gas to a liquefaction plant
Recover VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) of storage tanks and gas of the flares
Use of gas to control flows, slugs from the risers (gas‐lift)
Supply fuel gas. FG supplied from dehydrated gas to ensure stability and efficiency of
the consumers (turbines, heaters…)
Export gas to a liquefaction plant
Gas has to be dehydrated (dehydration glycol unit & methanol injection back up) to
avoid subsea hydrate issues. Networks protected:
• Gas injection into the reservoir
• Riser gas‐lifting
• And gas export network
43
Example of FPSO gas compression train
Fuel Gas
Oil Methanol
HP COMPRESSION ‐
separation Gas‐lift risers
1st stage 2nd stage 3rd stage Contactor 151b/300b
1st stage KB
Gas
Test Injection
10b/26b 26b/64b 64b/151b
TEG
Regeneration
2nd stage 1.6b/3.7b 3.7b/10b
1st stage 2nd stage Gas Injection to

reservoir
1.1b/1.6b
LP COMPRESSION
VOC recovery Gas export
Crude Oil unit
Tanks
Flare
52 44
List of principals equipment
LP compression:
● Scrubbers: DS 5110, DS 5120
● Coolers: EC 5110, EC 5120
● Compressors: KB 5110, KB 5120
HP compression ( 2 trains):
● Scrubbers: DS 5210A/B, DS 5220A/B, DS 5230A/B
● Coolers: EC 5210 A/B, EC 5220A/B, EC 5230 A/B
● Compressors: KB 5210 A/B, KB 5220 A/B, KB 5230 A/B
Dehydration:
● Glycol contactor: CA 5500A/B
● Coolers: EC 5500 A/B
● Glycol regenerator(1): UA 5500
HP compression injection/export:
● Scrubbers: DS 5410
● Coolers: EC 5410, EC 5420
● Compressors: KB 5410
Fuel gas network
Gas‐lift network
Gas injection network
45
FPSO: Flare gas and VOC reduction
On board FPSO, recovery of VOC is carried out to reduce green house gas effect
Features:
• Eliminates VOC emission
• Reduced “boil off”
• Recovery of HC blanket gas
• …
Blanketing and keeping pressure of storage tanks is carried out with produced gas
Inert gas generator is installed for storage, tank start‐up and tank entry preparation
53 46
Flare gas and VOC
Former design
Flare gas and VOC
were discharged to
atmosphere
47
Flare gas and VOC
Current design
VOC recovering unit is installed to recover flare gas and VOC
During oil unloading, HC gas is taken from the process and filled on to the storage
tanks
Other positive side effects:
• The elimination of the danger of formation of hydrocarbon clouds during calm weather
• Redundancy on blanket system (gas availability)
• Reduced corrosion problems caused by the inert gas
• Eliminate IG generator consumption (fuel oil and fuel gas)
54 48
FPSO
Flare gas and VOC reduction
49
Produced water treatment
Objective
To remove sediments and gases and reduce the oil content in the water to meet HC
specification (< 30 ppm)
Generally, produced water is re‐injected into the reservoir (sea disposal or disposal
well as back‐up)
Water from
separators
Sand removal
hydro cyclone Oil Reject surge Production
drum
<15 Pump Back‐up
Sea
De‐oiling Degassing Water re Inj

hydro cyclone Flotation drum
Pump Filters
< 200 ppm < 30 ppm Disposal well
Example of treatment
55 50
F
P
S: Storage function
O
51
FPSO: Storage function
Principal product stored on board a FPSO is the crude oil
A storage volume capacity is designed to stored and offload the “terminal nominal
standard cargo”. Storage volume design shall also consider: a oil tanker late, a
maximum tank capacity of 98%, a dead stock 2 to 3%, oil storage temperature, tank
visits, meteorology conditions…
Storage shall permit pigging and preservation operations performed on the risers and
sub sea flow lines, after shutdown, before subsea works
Other storage criteria conditioning design:
• The safety (voids: between machinery room & crude oil tank, around methanol tank, collision
protection…)
• Overall stability of the floating unit (all cases of tank filling, emptying are studied)
• The buoyancy of the unit
• Its operating mode (during operating phase, towing, tank repair…)
56 52
FPSO: Storage function
Others tanks present on board a FPSO
Wash tank. Depending on design these could replace the atmospheric stage
separator and desalters
Ballast tanks (including peaks fore and aft)
Slop tanks
Methanol tanks
Diesel oil, fuel oil tanks. Important during towing, hook‐up phases
Fresh water tanks, lubricant tanks…
Structural voids (cofferdams, voids, double walls…)
53
Example of FPSO storage arrangement
Storage with double side. Spread mored FPSO
External tanks (side, fore & aft) are used for water ballast and collision protection
(against tanker and supply boat)
Storage with 8 central Crude Oil Tank COT. 8 tanks sections (rows)
16 COT 2 Diesel Oil Tks
4 desalting tank STL 2 Slop tanks
2 prduced water PW 2 Methanol tanks
Potable fresh water 2 LDHI tanks
57 54
55
16 COT 2 Diesel Oil Tks
4 desalting tank STL 2 Slop tanks
2 prduced water PW 2 Methanol tanks
Potable fresh water 2 LDHI tanks
58 56
Hull Design
J Shaped Double Hull J Shaped Double Hull

2 Long Bulkheads in Cargo CL Bulkhead
Oil Tank Oil Tank Oil Tank

Oil Tank Oil Tank
SBT SBT SBT SBT
57
Structural components of cargo tanks
in a double hull tanker
1 COT
1 SBT
COT: Crude Oil Tank
SBT: Segragated Ballast Tank
59 58
Example: tank with submerged pump
To/from SERVICE To EXPORT header
IG for purging to
header
Venting system
Tank breathing
Washing system & ROV ROV From Production
System
IG for offloading
PV valve
‐20 mb
+180 mb
Submerged pump
Portable pump
connection
All tank lines are in the main deck
59
Example: tanks with pump room
IG for purging to
Venting system
Washing
System
Tank breathing
From Production system &
IG for offloading
PV valve
‐20 mb
Export Sliding
+180 mb
joint
Pump room Tank 1
Tank 2
Others
tanks
Tanks lines are located at the tank bottoms
Valves and lines sliding joints are located at the tanks bottoms
Presence of lines crossing bulkhead between tanks
60 60
FPSO ballast facilities overview
61
FPSO ballast facilities overview
61 62
F
P
S
O: Offloading function
63
FPSO: Offloading function
A means by which the oil product is transferred to a Crude Oil Tanker or other export
system like pipelines
Offloading system comprises:
• Storage pumps,
• Booster pumps (to export via a loading buoy)
• Commercial metering and sampler unit
• Transfer lines
• A loading buoy located between 1 to 1.5 miles from the FPSO
• Or/and a tandem mooring point
TANDEM
OFFLOADING
Tanker
EXPORT
Storage header EXPORT FISCAL Booster
pumps METERING
pumps
LOADING BUOY Tanker
Export lines
62 64
FPSO: Offloading function
Loading flow rate is between 6000 to 8000 m3/h
Tanker port call duration is about 1.5 days (36 h):
• Approach and mooring: 2.5 h
• Hoses connections: 1.5 h
• Tanker, FPSO tanks inspection: 2 h
• Crude oil transfer: 26 h (1 Mbbls at 38 Kboph) versus 36 h allowed as lay time
• Tanker disconnection and unmooring: 1 h
• Sample analysis, tanker, FPSO tanks inspection, volume calculations, documents preparation
and delivery: 4 to 5 h
65
Offloading pumps inside pump room
To export
facilities
Pump
Room
CRUDE OIL TANK
WATER BALLAST TANK
PUMP ROOM Manifold
CRUDE OIL PUMPS
WATER BALLAST PUMP
Pumps
63 66
Pumps can be located at FPSO aft in the dedicated pump room
It is the crude oil tanker pumping design
Advantages:
• Marine, ship yard design (CAPEX)
• Less pumps equipment (CAPEX)
• Pumps connected to a manifold, good pumping back‐up if a pump fail
• Easier handling, maintenance and repair without tank entry
• Tanks are always available even if a pump fails
67
Drawbacks
• High safety risks in pump room, leak, gaseous atmosphere, explosion
• A lot of equipment inside the tanks: lines, headers, joints and valves
• Tanks communication due to lines crossing bulkhead
• Leakage of lines coupling due to longitudinal hull strength changing
• Risks of leakage during tank visits, tank maintenance and repair
• FPSO trim management. Flare drums, drain drums and pump room locations should be at the
same end
64 68
FPSO: Offloading submerged pumps
1 pump (100% flow rate) or 2 pumps (2 X 50% flow rate) per tank
All tanks to be offloaded are empty all together in parallel
EXPORT header
Metering
unit
ROV ROV ROV
Tank Tank Tank
69
Major supply equipment Optional equipment
• Submerged cargo pump ‐ Ballast pump • Side thruster
• Hydraulic power package
• Control system
• Portable pump with winch
• Tank cleaning pump
• Hydraulic oil transfer pump
65
Submerged cargo pumping system 70
Location Suction well Installation
71
Pumps located inside each FPSO tank
Pumps located on the same board one corner, “flare” side (trim)
Submerged pumps can be hydraulic or electric
Advantages:
• Motor and pump are not in explosive atmosphere except during a tank stripping
• Very few equipment in the tank (no valves, no line except the ones of the pump). Easy valve,
line maintenance
• No bulkhead crossing, no communication between tanks
• Easier procedure for tank isolation and entry. Safer operation
66 72
Drawbacks
• Numerous pumps, one or two per tank, hydraulic power units an networks (CAPEX)
• Tank entry necessary for pump repair
• Tank unavailability if pump fails
• Problems to empty a tank when the unique pump fails
• Handling of pump pipe stacks and pump inside the tank
• Topside empty areas above pumps locations, for handling
• No pump preventive maintenance
73
Commercial metering unit
All loaded crude oil must be metered
• Total crude oil transferred to the tanker must pass through the metering unit
• By‐pass must be locked by double blocks valves with leak detection system.
All metered crude oil must be loaded to the tanker
• Lines located downstream the metering unit and linked to the FPSO storage tanks must be
locked by double blocks valves with leak detection system (example: lines for pigging the
export lines to the loading buoy)
67 74
Example of commercial metering unit
75
Export lines
Export lines link the FPSO and the loading buoy
In deep water, export lines are not laid down on the sea bed, but they are maintained
at mid depth by floating supports. This design reduce:
• Export lines length and DP
• Booster pumps power
• Electrical power
Export lines consist of a piggable loop to permit pig operation and avoid wax deposit
and water flushing for buoy, lines repair
68 76
Loading buoy
Principle
FPSO
Tanker
Storage
tanks Service Header
Export Header 2 Export
lines
Loading BUOY
Metering
ESDV
Tanker
Booster
pumps ESDV
FPSO Pig
luncher/receiver
77
Tandem loading principle
Tanker is moored 100 m away from the FPSO
When the FPSO is spread moored, the tandem loading point is the back‐up of the
loading buoy
When the FPSO is spread moored, 3 tugs (+ back‐up one) necessary
When the FPSO is on weather vane mooring mode
• The FPSO and the tanker rotate freely around FPSO turret
• One tug is enough to assist the tanker
In tandem, it is recommended to install automatic systems to release the hawser and
the flexible line
When a loading buoy and a tandem loading point are installed the hawser and
floating line of each loading point can be the same
69 78
Tandem loading point
Hawser hook
79
Other loading technologie – HiLoad principle
Main dimensions
22 x 22 x 50 m
2800 t
Hiload parked
70 80
Other loading technology – HiLoad DP tandem
HiLoad dynamic positioning system. Replace a SPM buoy, no seabed connections
The HiLoad unit is connected to the forward part of the tanker
HiLoad is fitted with thrusters controlled by a dynamic positioning system
HiLoad allows the tanker to weathervane during operation
Distance reduced to 300‐400 m from FPSO stern
Floating hose used to transfer the crude oil from the FPSO to the tanker
A control room is located on board the HiLoad
HiLoad is parked on the FPSO between loadings
81
71
72
Crude Oil Storage ‐
Metering & Export
Crude Oil Storage ‐ Metering & Export ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0
Oil storage & export
Generalities
The purpose of the Cargo Loading System is to allow, in conjunction with the ballast
system, crude oil treated oil cargo to be distributed to the COT Cargo Oil Tanks
Oil cargo is to maintain the FPSO’s stability within the specified design envelope to
avoid causing excessive stresses or bending moments in the hull
The cargo storage tanks are used to store the treated and stabilized crude oil
production for regular offloading, to the tankers via:
• The SPM Single Point Mooring buoy mooring system
• or tandem mooring system (when the single point mooring buoy is not available).
73 2
Generalities
Loading into the cargo tanks is carried out on a continuous basis from the topsides
processing module through the loading header and into the selected cargo tanks
The crude oil, recovered from the well fluids, is stabilized before passing through
dehydration and desalting units
Stabilized and treated crude oil from the oil processing facilities is loaded through a
loading header and drop lines into selected cargo tanks as required in accordance
with the pre‐calculated loading plan
The pre‐calculated, simulated oil loading plan is carried out by the marine
superintendent with the use of load master computer
Manual isolation and operated valve permit to route the crude oil into selected
tanks: port, center or starboard cargo tank
3
Generalities
The cargo loading/offloading facilities consist of the following systems:
• Loading production Header to feel COT with treated oil
• Cargo storage tanks or COT Crude Oil Tanks to store treated Oil for tanker and preservation
• Tanks transfer headers to move oil from one tank to one or two other tanks
• Tanks offloading (export) header to load a tanker
• HC blanket gas header:
• to release gas over pressure to atmosphere
• to release gas over pressure to gas recovery system
• to pressurize COT with IG Inert Gas blanket gas or HC Hydrocarbon blanket gas
• Inert Gas purge header: to inject IG coming from IGG into a tank to remove HC gas and
prepare the tank entry
• Inert gas vent header: to discharge to atmosphere the purge gas vented from a tank under
HC gas purging to prepare the tank entry
• Washing header for dead oil (COW Crude Oil Washing) and water tank washing
74 4
COT: Crude Oil Tanks
storage layout
5
Storage
Oil tanks storage layout
Crude storage capacity: Total 16 COT: Crude Oil Tanks
• 1,8 Mbbls ~ 286 000 m3
• 5 port side tanks CO‐xP
• 5 star board side tanks CO‐xS
• 6 center tanks CO‐xC
75 6
Storage
Others tanks layout
Others tanks:
• WB: Water ballast tanks
• Slop tanks
• Buffer tanks
• DO: Diesel Oil tanks
• Fresh water tanks to store desalted sea water (industrial water)
• Potable water tanks to store potable, desalted sea water
• Methanol tanks for sub sea preservation
• LDHI tanks (Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitor) for sub sea preservation
• WT: Wash tanks for oil dehydration and desalting (first stage)
• CST: Continuous settling tanks for oil dehydration and desalting (second stage)
• V: Void space, empty spaces for safety or thermal protection
7
Storage ‐ Others tanks layout
Others tanks:
• Slop tanks • Methanol tanks
• WB: Water ballast tanks • LDHI tanks (Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitor)
• Buffer tanks • WT: Wash tanks
• DO: Diesel Oil tanks • CST: Continuous settling tanks
• Fresh water tanks • V: Void space
• Potable water tanks
Void space Void space
76 8
COT: control systems
In normal operation the COT Crude Oil Tanks are connected to the HC blanket gas header which relieves
pressure to atmosphere through Pressure Control Valve, PCV maintain a positive pressure in the tank
under all conditions (as ex.: 800 mm WG water gage = 80 mb)
During offloading operations, pressure in the dirty inert gas header is maintained by operation of the IG
inert gas generators or by injecting fuel gas
The tank is protected against overpressure or vacuum conditions through pressure/vacuum valve. This
valve has two settings (as examples):
• 210 mbg to relieve over pressure conditions
• and – 35 mbg to relieve vacuum conditions.
Level in each tank is measured by a radar type level measuring transmitter installed in the top of the tank.
A transmitter also measures tank pressure
A transmitter measures temperature at three levels within the tank
A second system level transmitter provides a shutdown capability (LSH LSL)
An O2 analyzer measure tank atmosphere O2 content
Facilities are provided to allow manual tank dips using the closed tank portable gauging system. This
portable system has 3 functions: the oil level, the oil/water interface level and temperature at any point
over the depth of the tank
9
COT: control systems
LI: to avoid over flow and pump cavitation AI: to avoid explosive atmosphere O2 < 8%

PI: to avoid over pressure and collapse LDI: to avoid the offloading of free water
TI: to protect tank coating against over heat
Cargo management
210 mbg PVSV system HIC
Transfer manifold
‐35 mbg XV
HIC
ATM
Offloading manifold
XV
H:65°C
O2 AI4
AE4 PI
H: 85mb
LI
H: 95% TI
L: 20°C HH: 0.13b XV
Transfer manifold
L: 20mb L: 2m
PSS
Loading manifold
PSS
ESD
PSS
HH:13.5b XV
Data transfer to ICSS and LL: 1b PI LDI
H: 3m
PI PI PI
HH:98,5%
LI
HH:98%
LI loading computer HIC
PSS
LL: 1m
L: 0.5m
PT PI PT SDV
PT PT LDT
LT LT
PT LT TT SDV SDV
PT
GWR
GWR
CAPA
77 10
COT: manifolds or
headers
11
COT: manifolds headers
From/To
From/To Transfer manifold
Transfer manifold
Transfer manifold
Blanketing
Blanketing
gas header
gas header AI4
Offloading manifold
Offloading manifold
Offloading manifold
COW header
AE4 Transfer manifold IG vent header
IG vent header
IG vent header
IG purge header Loading manifold
Loading manifold
LC
LC
Flexible Spool Flexible
hose piece hose
Safety
LC LC access LC
EMERGENCY PUMP CAISSON
Manual ullage
system
Escape hatch
Nozzle for injured man or
Tank cleaning machine
Main access
Hatch
Pump maintenance or tank
cleaning machine 16’’
78 12
COT: manifolds headers
To explain the different equipment and connection of the central cargo tank.
One click on the slide appears equipment for port side and starboard side tanks.
There is two pumps on central cargo tanks and only one on port side and starboard side tanks.
13
COT: manifolds or headers
The cargo header or manifold consist of the following header or manifolds:
1. Loading production Header (manifold)
2. Tanks transfer headers
3. Tanks offloading (export) header
4. HC blanket gas header
5. IG purge header 4 2
6. IG vent header 3
7 2
7. COW header
5 1 6
IG: Inert Gas
HC: Hydrocarbon
79 14
Oil storage
Loading production header
Effluent (oil and produced water) from separation reaches wash tanks
From wash tanks oil is transferred to continuous settling tanks for a second washing using fresh
water
From continuous settling tanks oil is pumped through loading manifold to 2 crude oil tanks
(cargo tanks) in parallels
The loading manifold is protected by a PSV
PSV
15
Oil storage
Transfer header
Transfer manifold is used:
• To move crude oil from one tank to one or two other tanks in order to prepare the cargo of a next tanker
• To correct the trim, reduce the stress in the hull, as a back‐up of the ballast system
• Or to empty a tank before inspection
The transfer manifold is protected by a PSV
PSV
80 16
Oil storage
Tanks offloading (export) header
The offloading manifold is connected to:
1: Crude oil tanks 2: CST Continuous settling tanks 3: Slop tanks 4: Water washing manifold
5: Fiscal metering 6: Transfer manifold 7: Dead oil and recirculation header
The offloading manifold is protected by a PSV
PSV
7 5
1 6 2 3
4
17
Oil storage
4‐HC hydrocarbon blanket gas header
A pressure is maintained inside tanks. Tanks are in communication through HC blanket gas header
Tanks blanketed: cargo tanks, wash tanks, slop tanks, continuous settling tanks, methanol tank, LDHI tank
HC Blanket gas is supplied by LP gas compressor
For maintenance and inspection, blanket gas is produced from Inert Gas IG generation
The blanketing header is protected by a PVSV and a PV breaker
PVSV ‘s
PV valve
PV breaker
PV: Pressure Vacuum
PVSV: Pressure Vacuum Safety Valve
81 18
Oil storage ‐ 4‐Blanketing header pressure control
0.35 Tank design pressure
Pressures settings
Inert gas generation
HC blanket gas recovery
TO PV 31815 AT INLET OF FLARE BLANKET GAS &
RECOVERY PACKAGE ESD
SD 2 PCV X2
0.1 bg
ATM
0.22 P/V Breaker ‐ liquid filled
HH2: 0.095 bg 2oo3
0.2
0.21 Tank Local P/V valves HH1: 0.090 bg PCV X2
0.12 bg
ATM
PSS
PCV
PS3
PS2 HH: 0.15 bg 0.16 bg
0.16 Quick exhaust valve (3rd stage) PS1
LL: 0.01 bg ATM
PRESSURE RELIEF IN barg
PIC PI PI H
31815
0.15 HHP trip on header HP on tank 31816 31811
L X8
PT 1
PT 1
PT
PT PT PT 31812
0.12 Quick exhaust valve (2nd stage) 31815 31816 31811 A/B/C
24’’
0.1 Quick exhaust valve (1st stage)
0.095 Recovery blower trip
0.09 Shut down valve close PS3
P/V Breaker
2oo3 PS2 PT
PI
0.07 Recovery blower starts 3181
0,210 bg PVSV LSHH A/B/C
0.06 Operating pressure ‐0,035 bg
ESD
LSLL
0.05 Recovery blowers stop 2oo3 PS3
PS2 LT1 LG LT
LI
ATM 3181 0,220 bg
A/B/C ‐0,070 bg
0.01 LLP trip stop offloading pumps
0 ATM pressure 16 cargo tanks ‐ 2 wash tanks ‐ 2 CST – 2 Slops tanks
VACUUM RELIEF
2 MeOH storage tanks – 2 LDHI tanks
‐0.035 Local P/V valve
‐0.07 P/V breaker liquid filled
and tank design vacuum pressure 19
Oil storage
To explain the gas blanketing system of the tanks.
A click on “setting” appears the table with the different set point and safety threshold.
82 20
Oil storage
Purge gas and vent headers
This 2 headers are used to purge hydrocarbon gas from a tank, and feel the tank with IG before
tank ventilation with air, to prepare tank entry
Tanks connected to purge gas and vent headers:
• 16 Cargo Tanks
• 2 Wash Tanks From IGG 0.1 mbg
Exhaust to
• 2 CST Continuous Settling Tanks atmosphere
• 2 slops tanks X2 PCV
• 2 MeOH storage tanks 16” LO
IG Vent header
• 2 LDHI tanks
• Water ballast 16” IG Purge gas header
• Buffer tank LC LC P/V Breaker
• Central void
space Flexible hose 210/‐35
PVSV
Flexibles hose
mbg in place LS1
LT1 LG LT 220/‐70
mbg
LC ATM LC LC PSS
Water ballast
Buffer tank 16 cargo tanks ‐ 2 wash tanks ‐ 2 CST – 2 Slops tanks ‐
central void space 2 MeOH storage tanks – 2 LDHI tanks
21
Oil storage
Purge gas and vent headers
Purge gas vent header: the header receives IG Inert Gas coming from IGG. It provides IG to the tank to be
purged. Connection by 1 spool piece to the tank. Header is protected by a PVSV and a PV breaker
Inert gas vent header: the header receives mixture of IG and HC gas. The gas vent header discharges
mixture of IG and HC gas to atmosphere vent equipped with a flame arrestor. Connection by 1 spool piece
to the tank
PVSV ‘s Vent
flame arrestor
IG Generator
PV
breaker
83 22
Oil storage ‐ Washing header
Crude oil and water washing manifold is Tank are washed with oil pumped from any tank through:
connected to: offloading manifold, dead oil heat exchanger and washing
• 16 Cargo Tanks manifold
• 2 Wash Tanks The washing manifold is protected by a PSV
• 2 CST Continuous Settling Tanks Tanks can also be washed with water from slop tanks,
• 2 Slops tanks
directly through the oil and water washing manifold
PSV
23
84
COT: oil reception
25
Oil storage
Reception
The function of the storage tanks is to retain produced crude oil, the contents to an
off‐loading tanker
Produced crude oil coming from the topsides process
Each cargo tank is provide with a branch connection and drop line off the header
Oil loading plan is provided by the use of loadmaster computer
The loadmaster computer provides the possibility to the operator to develop:
• Storage
• Offloading
• Transfer
• Washing operations
Once loadmaster tests are fulfilled, the data for each plan are manually set on the
ICSS topsides system
The Loading production header has been designed to receive crude oil into a
minimum of two cargo tanks simultaneously
85 26
Oil storage
Reception
There are mainly two types of storage plan:
• Simultaneous storage on portside and starboard tanks
• Or simultaneous storage on central cargo tanks
However, every composed plan can be managed from 2 to X tanks (crude or slop
tanks) as far as it has been checked with the LMS (load master)
In order to balance the constrains, stresses, list and trim of the hull:
• Storage lines to tanks are provided with HCV valves
• These HCV valves will control the speed of filling of the tanks working together
• Important to control tanks are filled at the same speed
Tanks working together are:
• 2 Side tanks CO1P/CO1S; CO2P/CO2S; CO4P/CO4S, etc.
• 2 center tanks normally with same tanks volumes
27
Oil storage
Reception
In order to avoid topside production shutdowns, three storage plans are used as per load
master calculation:
• One for the current storage phase
• And two for the next storage phase
These three plans will be shifted automatically according to tank filling status
Tanks target levels are introduced and validated by the Panel Operator directly in the “Storage
plan”
To get a smooth transfer from one plan to the next one, the sequence will shift plan as soon as
the two remaining tanks in filling state have there levels close to targets
Panel operator checks during oil storage:
• Valves status (ROV, HCV…) of tanks under feeling
Designation Action Value
• Pressure of the tanks (ex.: 0.06 barg operating pressure) High High level ESD 98%
• O2 content < 8% High High level PSS 97%
• Level of the tanks under filling < target level < 95%
High level Alarm 95%
• Target levels and time duration before shift
• Storage plan ready with 2 new tanks Low level Alarm 5%
Level set points in each cargo tank (example): Low Low level PSS 3.3%
86 28
COT: pressure
protection
29
Oil storage ‐ Pressure protection principle
0.35 Tank design pressure
Pressure Valve N° 1
+ 0.100 bg Quick exhaust valve (1st
IG generators stage)
Inert Gas network
0.22 P/V Breaker ‐ liquid filled
0.21 Local P/V valves
0.2
0.16 Quick exhaust valve (3rd stage)
PRESSURE RELIEF IN barg
0.15 HHP trip on header HP on tank
0.12 Quick exhaust valve (2nd stage)
Pressure Vacuum Valve N° 2
0.1 Quick exhaust valve (1st stage)
Pressure Vacuum Breaker N° 3
0.095 Recovery blower trip + 0.22 bg P/V Breaker + 0.210 bg Local PVV
0.09 Shut down valve close ‐ 0.07 bg ‐ 0.035 bg
0.07 Recovery blower starts
0.06 Operating pressure
0.05 Recovery blowers stop
S t o r a g e
0.01 LLP trip stop offloading pumps
0 ATM pressure
VACUUM RELIEF
‐0.035 Local P/V valve
‐0.07 P/V breaker liquid filled

and tank design vacuum pressure 87 30
Oil storage ‐ Pressure protection principle
3 protections against over pressure:
1. Pressure control valve, common protection (1 to
3 stages)
2. Pressure vacuum valve (1 per tank)
3. Pressure vacuum breaker, common protection
2 protections against vacuum:
1. Pressure vacuum valve (1 per tank)
2. Pressure vacuum breaker, common protection
31
Storage pressure protection
Tank PV valve
PV valve: not collected type
88 32
Tank PV valve
33
Tank PV valve collected
A
Tank PV Valve (all PV valves collected
on a network to the degassing mast)
• A: handle
• B: tank connection flange
• C: mast header connection flange
• D: pressure discharge
D
• E: vacuum discharge
• F: air inlet
C B
• G: flame arrestor
To gas mast
Tank
E
G G
Vacuum
F
89 34
PV breaker
The P V breakers are safety devices
The P/V breakers are filled with a
predetermined amount of freshwater
(e.g. P = set P: ‐ 0,070 bar, + 0,215 + bar)
If over‐pressure in the storage, the
water is discharged to the outside
If under pressure, the water is sucked
into the storage
35
PV breaker
Pressure vacuum breaker (protection with water
seal. Hydrostatic height of water)
FPSO
Tanker
90 36
COT: submerged
pumps
37
System description (design/hydraulic)
The cargo pumping system is designed for a flexible and safe operation of all equipment
installed
The cargo pumping system consists of:
• HPU Hydraulic Power Unit
• Hydraulic ring line
• Hydraulic ring line connected to one
hydraulic motor driven:
• Cargo pump installed in each cargo tank
• Ballast pumps
• Tank cleaning pumps
• Portable pumps
• And other consumers
Hydraulic power unit 91 38
Submerged pumps
The submerged cargo pump is a single
stage centrifugal pump with the
impeller close to the tank bottom,
giving a good pumping performance of
all kinds liquids and with excellent
stripping performance
39
System description (design/hydraulic)
The pump displacement is hydraulically controlled via the pressure regulator on each
pump
To control and limit the speed of the motor, a hydraulic oil pressure control valve is
fitted for each motor
To keep the hydraulic oil clean a full flow filter is installed in the main return line
To keep the hydraulic oil temperature within desired range, and cooler are installed
in the main return line. To regulate the oil temperature, a cooling water inlet valve is
controlled from the control system
92 40
Cargo submerged pumps
Hydraulically driven single stage
centrifugal pump
The pump is installed in the cargo
tank with suction inlet at the
bottom of the tank
Pipe stack: connects the pump
head to the top plate by a cargo
pipe and a hydraulic section
41
93 42
Pump performance curve
Differential P bars
Head mlc
Capacity m3/h
43
Crude Oil Storage ‐ Metering & Export ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0 Capacity m3/h
Cofferdam system
The hydraulic section is
surrounded by a cofferdam
that completely segregates the
hydraulic oil from the cargo
94 44
Operating
Discharging
• To get maximum lifetime of the pumps,
operate the pumps within the operation
range
• Avoid running pumps against closed
cargo valve, with high discharge pressure
for a longer period than 2 minutes
Transferring from tank‐to‐tank
• When transferring cargo, the differential
height may be too low or even negative
• There will be a risk of high vibrations that
may cause damage to the pump. The
cargo valve must be throttled
45
Operating
Crude Oil Washing (COW)
• The COW may start during discharge sequence. Continue
COW during discharging/end of discharging
• During draining/cleaning of tank, the pump
speed/capacity must be reduced to avoid loss of suction
• During tank washing the pump flow rate = cleaning
water/liquid supply flow rate
Draining of tank
• If a cargo level < 1 m. The pump capacity shall be
reduced to avoid loss of suction
• The capacity depends on a steady inflow to the area
where the pump is located
95 46
Operating
It is possible to received cargo through a cargo pump
It is recommended to start the loading slowly to avoid pressure surges in the cargo
pipe line and the pump
Maximum acceptable loading pressure when loading through the pump is 5 bar at the
pump top plate
47
Cargo HPU
96 48
Portable pumping equipment
The portable pumping equipment shall be stored
easy accessible in a clean and dry area
The number and location of coupling stations shall be
selected so that the portable pump can be used in
every tank
49
97
COT: offloading
system
51
Offloading system
Crude oil tanker loading is performed for emptying tanks either:
• Through the loading buoy (the main loading point)
• Or by tandem (the back up loading point)
Tanks connected to the offloading manifold are:
• 16 Cargo Tanks
• 2 CST Continuous Settling Tanks
• 2 slop Tanks
98 52
Tanker loading via
buoy (FPSO
offloading)
53
Loading buoy
99 54
Loading buoy
55
Loading buoy
Principle
Fixed parts
Pipe swivel Turning parts
Bearing
Mooring hawser
Turntable
Flexible floating hose
Buoy body
Anchor chain
Export lines
100 56
SPM Single Point Mooring
CALM loading buoy
Catenary anchor leg mooring: it consists of a buoy‐type float anchored to the seabed
by a number of radial catenary chain legs (or nylon legs)
In open sea it is an dynamic system allowing the tanker to move in response to forces
imposed by waves, wind and current
Principal feature is the elastic characteristic provided by the chain (nylon) legs and
the nylon hawser
Main buoy function:
• Tanker mooring around the turntable
• Transfer of the fluid (submarine hoses,
rigid piping and swivels, floating hoses) Hawser
• Buoy body to support of catenary legs
• Buoy body to support of transfer line
• Buoy body to support winches
Flexible floating line
57
Mooring hawser and chain stopper
Chafe chain
Chaîne raggage Support buoy Messenger line
Bouée support Hale à bord
Marker buoy
Bouée repérage
Grommet
Aussière Pocket floats
Chemises flottaison
The length of the Hawser shall be
given: about 100 meters (chafe Chafe chain
chains included) Chaîne raggage
Bow tanker chain stopper
101 58
Flexible Floating hoses
Source: Trelleborg
59
Source: Trelleborg
Flexible floating hoses
Break away coupling
24”
20”
12.2m 12.2m 12.2m 292.8m 37.6m

9.2m
376m
Length of the hose by buoy offloading: 376 m
Length of the hose by tandem offloading: 408 m
102 60
Flexible floating hoses at tanker side
Tanker rail hose
61
Marine break away coupling
“Marine breakaway couplings” acts like a “fuse”, it is the weak point of the flexible
hose line. It provides a pre‐calculated parting point. Parting reasons:
• Over‐tension on the floating hose due to hawser rupture and tanker drift
• Overpressure on the floating hose due to downstream closure
• E.g.: MBC 16’’ Gall Thomson
• Break load rupture = 35 tons
UPSTREAM PETAL
•
DOWNSTREAM PETAL CONTROLLING
Parting pressure 400 psi = 27 bar VALVE ASSEMBLY
VALVE ASSEMBLY
FLUID CHAMBER
SLEEVE
PRODUCT
FLOW
HOSE SPRING SLEEVE CAPILLARIES HOSE SECTION

SECTION PLUG RETAINING RING
SO12812/MMM99002.009-A/0
Breakaway Coupling in
Normal Operation
Breakaway Coupling
CANTILEVER
SPRINGS SLEEVE
ESCAPING
CONTROL FLUID
SO12812/MMM99002.009-B/0
Separation
103 62
Loading via buoy
Surge protection
To protect the piping and hoses against accidental conditions (pressure surge events), the buoy
crude oil flow path is fitted with a surge relief system with the following functions:
• To protect the export system against occasional surge pressure that would result from accidental
closing of manifold valves on the tanker (mal operation) or failure of a butterfly valve slamming shut,
closure of the MBC Marine Breakaway Coupling, or similar accidental events
• To safely collect the liquid relief
• To pump back liquid collected
• To protect OOL, the floating hoses and tanker manifold flange connection against overpressure from
events occurring on the FPSO
There are three different protection barriers against the surge pressure on the USAN offloading
system:
1. Pressure Transmitters (2oo3 voting system)
2. Marine Breakaway Coupling MBC
3. The surge relief system consisting of the following main items:
• Two relief valves (12” MOKVELD surge relief valve) and 2 drop lines
• One surge relief compartment of sufficient capacity
• A portable pump for emptying the surge relief compartment
• Valves for relief valves maintenance and tank emptying
• Level gauge local and remote, LAH LAHH on the surge relief tank
• Overflow line routed to the sea water…
63
Offloading via buoy
Surge protection
14”
104 64
Offloading via buoy
Surge protection
On PSHH: FPSO offloading and cargo pumps will be tripped and the FPSO export valves ESDV will close
In case of a surge event, the surge relief valve will open
The tank is fitted with a level transmitter LT to indicate liquid level in the tank and alarm, LSHH. The
transmitter will shutdown the buoy SDV and it will trip the pumps on the FPSO
The surge tank has the capacity to absorb two successive surge events. This allows resuming offloading
operations after one or two surge events
MOKVELD type surge relief valve:
• Reseats when the pressure returns to normal operating pressure
• The high‐capacity proportional pilot design allows fast response and will eliminate the dangers of a pressure surge. All
components operate solely on fluid static pressure to provide ultimate protection
• Quick response time
• Axial flow
Opened
Closed
65
Offloading buoy
Crude oil is exported via the offloading buoy. Main components of offloading buoy system are:
Cargo pumps  Offloading header  Metering unit  Export LInes  Buoy  Single offloading hose
Oil is delivered to the offloading buoy via 2 flexible export lines designed to allow intelligent
pigging
The offloading buoy is located one nautical mile (approximately 1850 m) away from the FPSO
A pressure surge vessel is provided at the buoy to protect the lower design pressure system
against possible surge pressures during offloading operations
TANDEM
105 66
Offloading buoy
The offloading system is designed to operate continuously at its design capacity
During normal offloading, cargo tank blanketing is performed using gas from the flare
and HC blanket gas recovery system
The cargo pumps throughput is governed by the cargo pump HPU (Hydraulic Pressure
Unit)
• The pumping capacity of the cargo pumps varies dependent on the level in the cargo tanks.
• When the cargo tanks are full, the cargo pumps are capable of delivering in excess of the
design offloading rate
• The cargo pumps are however designed such that 10 cargo pumps can offload the required
parcel size in the allowable time
• During buoy offloading, the throttling valves on the cargo pumps are used until sufficient
backpressure is achieved in the OOL (Oil Offloading Line)
• The pressure controller set‐points associated to each pump, are set to achieve the design off‐
loading rate
• The pressure controller sends a signal to the cargo pump HPU in the hull to direct the pumps
to either speed up or slow down to achieve the required flowrate
67
106
Tanker loading in
Tandem (FPSO
offloading)
69
Offloading system
Tandem
The tandem offloading system is used when the buoy offloading system is not available. Main
components of offloading tandem system are:
Cargo pumps  Offloading header  Metering unit ‐6 > Single offloading hose
A pressure surge vessel is provided downstream of the crude oil fiscal metering package to
protect the lower design pressure system against possible surge pressures during offloading
operations
TANDEM
107 70
Offloading system
Tandem
The tandem offloading
=
short distance
=
Hazard
71
108
Hiload system(FPSO
offloading)
73
Offloading system
Hiload
Hiload system
=
offloading of oil from offshore installations
in both deep‐water and harsh weather
109 74
Offloading plan brief description
Operator interface
• The offloading plan is prepared by the operator in accordance to data checked by the LMS
(Load Master System)
• It includes:
• The crude oil volume to offload
• The crude flow rate target
• The type of offloading to perform buoy or tandem
• The priority of the metering lines
• Cargo tank selection to offload
Depending on the plan data set by the operator, additional information are
calculated by the system
• The bar graph with the percentage of crude remaining to export
• The offloading crude and remaining volume of crude to export
• The export flow rate maximum set point, depending of the type of offloading
• The minimum number of cargo pumps started by the offloading sequence
• The minimum number of cargo pumps required (= target flow/pump flow rate)
• The current step of the main offloading graph (Remaining volume to offload/target volume to
offload) * 100
75
Offloading – Surveillance
Panel operator surveillance consists of checking:
• Loading plan ongoing satisfactorily
• Cumulative volume loaded
• Pressures of the loading system
• Loading buoy parameters:
• Level on the over pressure surge drum
• Valves status (SDV, PSV…)
• Pressure
• Surveillance of the offloading tanks:
• Tank atmosphere control
• Normal operating pressure
• Level inside planed range
• Mooring hawser tension load (if recorded)
• Meter lines parameters:
• DP of the strainer
• Flow rate
• Pressure on the line
• Temperature on the line
• Opening % of the FCV
• Efficient working of sampling units (performance factors 0.9 < pf < 1.1)
110 76
End of offloading
End of loading as agreed with the marine superintendent and captain of the vessel
• If Q to be loaded is +/‐ 5% in principle: stopped by the offtake vessel or the terminal for lack of product within the limits
indicated
• If max. Q not to be exceeded (letter of credit): stopped by the terminal
Panel operator give confirm end of offloading to authorize sample collection
Preparation of official samples:
• Collection and preparation of the samples from the sampler unit with the surveyors and other authorities
• Identification and sealing of the official samples
• Laboratory oil analysis with the surveyors and other authorities
Metering computer is in stand‐by. Panel operator shall enter laboratory analysis results:
• Oil density
• BSW
• Salt content
Printing of parameter readings at terminal, from the metering unit (delivery ticket) with the inspectors and
other authorities
Authorize tank checking operations at terminal:
• Tank parameter measurements, temperature, oil/water interfaces, trim, list) with the inspectors and other authorities
• Calculation of commercial standard quantities net oil in barrels at 60°F, by cargo surveyors and marine supervisor
77
111
Oil commercial
metering unit
79
Oil commercial measurement
Methods and standards
Official figures given by the terminal
Static measurement: tanks parameters
• Accuracy: > 0.5% F(P)SO tanks (hull movements)
• Lack of operational flexibility. Tanks unavailable during tanker loading
Dynamic measurement with the use of a metering unit
• Accuracy 0.1%‐0.15%
Standard reference conditions
• ISO reference conditions:
• Standard reference (or base) pressure: 101. 325 kPa (atmospheric pressure)
• Standard reference (or base) temperature: 15°C (59°F)
• API reference conditions:
• Standard reference (or base) pressure: 14,696 psia (atmospheric pressure)
• Standard reference (or base) temperature: 60°F (15,56°C)
112 80
Metering unit
Typical diagram Outlet
Straightener and meter
FCV
Filter
PDI
FT
TI PI
3. Sampler
FT
TI PI
PDI 1. Meter lines FT
TI PI
2. Prover
Inlet loop
4. Metering unit
software system
81
Oil commercial metering unit
Commercial metering unit consists of:
1. Metering unit with N lines + 1 (not necessary) and 1 bypass line (not necessary) with double
blocks
2. 1 calibration loop (prover loop)
3. One automatic sampling system
4. Metering unit software system and printers
Metering unit software system consists of:
• Line flow computers, prover flow computer
and supervisory system
The system architecture integrates 3 levels
• Level 1 – Line flow computers and prover flow computer
• Level 2 – Supervisory computers and OPC (Object Process Control) server in charge to collect
and transfer data from/to the other levels
• Level 3 – ICSS
Each level receives and/or transmits information’s, values, measurements,
calculation results…
113 82
Metering unit
Description
Inlet and outlet headers
Metering lines (N + 1 recommended)
Each line consists of:
• One inlet valve
• One filter with DP measurement
83
Metering unit
Description
• One inlet valve
• One straightening element
114 84
Metering unit
Description
• One inlet valve
• One counter (turbine, ultrasonic, volumetric types)
85
Metering unit
Description
• One inlet valve
• One counter (turbines recommended) with 2 detectors
• Counters pressure & temperature transmitters
TT
PT
115 86
Metering unit
Description
• One inlet valve
• Counters pressure & temperature transmitters Proving loop valve
• Flow Control Valve FCV
• 2 outlet valves (double block & bleed) to export and to proving loop
Outlet
valve
FCV
87
Proving loop & sphere
116 88
Data processing
Metering unit software system consists of:
• Line flow computers, prover flow computer and supervisory system
The system architecture integrates 3 levels:
• Level 1 – line flow computers and prover flow computer
• Level 2 – supervisory computers and OPC (Object Process Control)
server in charge to collect and transfer data from/to the other levels
• Level 3 – ICSS
Each level receives and/or transmits information’s, values, measurements,
calculation results… LINE #1 LINE #2 LINE #3 LINE #4 PROVER
FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW
COMPUTER COMPUTER COMPUTER COMPUTER COMPUTER
Supervisory
Computer
OPC
Server
ICSS
89
Data processing
The flow metering supervisory is mainly in charge of:
• Communicates with the flow/prover computers over dual redundant links
• Provides a graphical user interface for the flow computers, prover and sample loop
• Manage proving operations
• Printing/archiving reports
• Archiving alarm/event reports
• Communicates with ICSS via the OPC Server
• Control flow proportional stream switching for off loading batch
• Control change lines on failure detection
LINE #1 LINE #2 LINE #3 LINE #4 PROVER
FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW FLOW
COMPUTER COMPUTER COMPUTER COMPUTER COMPUTER
Supervisory
Computer
OPC
Server
ICSS
117 90
Automatic sampler
10 000 sample units of 1 or 1,5 cm3 to be taken
during the loading duration
Either a total sample volume of 10 or 15 liters
91
Automatic sampler
Principle
10 000 grabs (sampling units) of 1 or 1,5 cm3
A Total of 10 or 15 liters recovered at the end of the loading
Volume to be loaded is recorded in the calculator (e.g.: 950 000 bbls)
Calculator divides volume to be loaded by 10 000 (e.g.: 950 000/10 000 = 95 bbls)
1 sampling unit is recovered every 95 bbls
Metering Unit
LI
1 grab sended/95 bbls
1 sampling unit
recovered/95 bbls Metering computer &
Supervisor
Calculation: Vol. loaded
Number of grabs & PF
m: meter (timer)
PF: Performance Factor
LI: Level Indicator
118 92
Automatic sampler
Equipment
Sampler container
Sampler assembly
93
Profile test and mixer
No free water: water is in suspension Profile test:
Good mix if the speed of product at • Sampling at different points
sampling point > 1.8 m/s • Flowing of a liquid with known water
content and check water content at
• Energy calculation at sampling point
different sampling points
• Profile test
• Static mixer
119 94
Sampling procedure
No free water: water is in suspension
Good mix if the speed of product at sampling point > 1.8 m/s
• Profile test
• Static mixer
Sampling collected with a probe located at the middle of the line
95
Sampling procedure
No free water: water is in suspension
Good mix if the speed of product at sampling point > 1.8 m/s
• Profile test
• Static mixer
Sampling collected with a probe located at the middle of the line
Sampling under pressure to avoid liquid vaporization
Performance factor: criterion for a good functioning of the sampler, continuous monitoring of
the performance factor of the sampler
• 0.9 < Performance Factor <1.1
• Performance factor PF at time t =
• Theoretical sampling vol. at t/sampled and measured Vol at t
• Theoretical sampling vol. at t = Grabs number at t X sampling volume (1 or 1.5 cc)
This monitoring can detect a sampler malfunction:
• Faulty communication between calculator and the sampler (no filling, PF increases beyond 1)
• Sampling probe plugged (no filling, PF increases beyond 1)
• Sampling probe leaking (rapid filling, PF falls below 1)
120 96
Example of metering
with helical blades
turbine
97
Metering unit
Description
Inlet and outlet headers
Metering lines (N+1 recommended)
• One inlet valve
• Counters pressure & temperature transmitters
• Flow Control Valve FCV
• 2 outlet valves (double block & bleed) to export and to proving loop
One automatic sampler
One proving loop for counter calibration
Flow computer, calibration computer
Supervising and control of metering unit
Printers for: alarms, calibration reports, commercial ticket
121 98
Turbine counter: helical blades
Linearity +/‐ 0.15%(*)
Repeatability +/‐ 0.02%
Volume: Vi = N/K with: (*) Helical blade turbine has a linearity of 0.25%

N pulse number with a liquid viscosity between 5 to 10 cSt
K: K factor (factory calibration)
99
Turbine counter
Helical blades
122 100
Turbine counter
Helical blades
Pros: Cons:
• good linearity 0.1% to 0.15% • Not recommended for high viscosities
• Large flow rate range 1 to 10 (> 100 cSt)
• Low pressure loss 2 to 2.5 b • Sensitive to over speed: rupture risk if
• Performance curves: K factor do not meter unit is not full of liquid
depend on Q & viscosity • mobiles spares
101
Volume calculation
Read volume ‐ Step 1
Vi = N/K
Example:
• Pulses number N: 10 000 pulses
• Counter K factor: 24 m3/pulse
• Read volume Vi = 10000 x 24 = 240 000 m3
123 102
Proving
Counters calibration
Calibration, proving: operation to compare volume given by the counter and
reference volume given by the proving loop
Calibration result is a factor (meter factor)
mf = calibration standard volume/counter standard volume
Counters calibration results are recorded and printed in calibration reports, analyzed
and archived in metrological file of the terminal
Calibration frequency: one per each loading to one per month after demonstration of
MF stability
103
Calibration loop
Description
One 4 ways valves
2 sphere receivers
sphere
Lengths to stabilize the sphere Detectors
displacement
Calibration Volume between
2 sphere detectors
Sphere detectors (4 recommended)
Pressure & Temperature transmitters
FCV to control flow rate before and
during counter calibration
Inlet and outlet connection for proving
loop calibration
124 104
Commercial metering unit and export system
105
Calibration
Principle
Direction: GOING
Counter
Closed valve
PDI
FT
TI PI
Sphere detectors Sphère calibrée
Direction:
Reference volume
TI PI
Return
4 ways valves
Calibration loop
125 106
Calibration
Principle
Direction: RETURN
Counter
Closed valve
PDI
FT
TI PI
Sphere detectors
Reference volume
TI PI
4 ways valves
Calibration loop
Sphere
107
Calibration
Principle
Standard calibration volume (proving vol.) Vp is often 2 times the volume of the loop
located between 2 sphere detectors. Either a going and return of the sphere
Vp is determined at the manufacturer and periodically measured on site by an
approved organism
Uncertainty in the volume 0.03 to 0.05%
Procedure according to API Standard MPMs: 5 acceptable consecutive runs.
Repeatability between runs: up to 0.05%.
126 108
Calibration
Principle ‐ Example of calibrations results
Runs meter factors results
1. 0.9999
2. 0.9997
3. 1.0005
4. 1.0004
5. 1.0001
6. 1.0003
7. 1.0002
5 last runs are OK
MF is 1.0003
109
Volume calculation
Measured volume: vm ‐ Step 2
Vi = N/K
Vm = Vi x MF = N/K x MF
Example:
• Pulses number N: 10 000 pulses
• Counter K factor: 24 m3/pulse
• Read volume Vi = 10000 x 24 = 240 000 m3
• MF = 1.0003
• Vm = 240 072 m3
127 110
Temperature and pressure oil liquid corrections
CTLM: Temperature Correction Coefficient of the liquid in the meter
CPLM: Pressure Correction Coefficient of the liquid in the meter
111
Volume calculation
Standard volume V15 ‐ Step 3
Vi = N/K (sep 1) => Vm = Vi x MF = N/K x MF (step 2)

Vstd15 = N/K x MF x Ctlm x Cplm (step 3)
Example:
• Pulses number: N: 10 000 pulses
• Counter: K factor: 24 m3/pulse
• Read volume Vi = 10000 x 24 = 240 000 m3
• MF = 1.0003
• Vm = 240 072 m3
• Ctlm = 0.97585
• Cplm = 1.00152
• Volume standard: Vstd 15 = 234 630 Sm3
• There is also correction for T and P for the counter steel.
128 112
COT: Crude Oil
(COW) and Water
(WW) Washing
113
Crude Oil (COW) and Water (WW) Washing
Generality
Tanks connected to washing manifold:
• 16 cargo tanks
• 2 wash tanks
• 2 CST continuous settling tanks
• 2 slops tanks
The tank cargo pump shall be capable of removing oil at a rate of 1.25 times the total
throughput of all the tank cleaning machines to be operated simultaneously
Washing pressure 9 bar. Network shall be protected against overpressure
Oil and water used for washing can be heated or not
For the efficiency of washing, the washed tank should be stripped and its level kept
as low as possible during the operation
129 114
Generality
17.1b PSV
NITROGEN 23504A
CARGO OIL TANK TRANSFER MANIFOLD INERT GAS INJECTION LO
AND PURGING LINE HP FLARE HEADER
PI WARM FLUID
23012
LO
DEAD OIL HEATER PSV
17.1b 23504B
PCS
PT LO LC
23012
PSS
12 ‘’
PCS
PCS
PCS
PCS
CO 1.2.3.5.6.7 C CONTINUOUS SETTLING & WASHING TANKS
PCS
PCS
PCS
Slop water treatment
Offloading manifold
Transfer manifold
CO 1.2.7 P/S CO 4.6 P/S SLOP TANKS
115
Crude Oil (Water) Washing
Principle
COW
Export
OR
Crude Washing effluent sent to tank
No. 3 or to export
Water Washing effluent sent to tank
No. 3
Checks to be carried out during COW:
• Washing pressure
1 2 3 • Absence of leek
• Pumps vibration, cavitation
• Washed tank:
• O2% < 8%
Tank No. 1… feeding tank
• Level
Tank No. 2… washed tank • Feeding tank level, pressure
Tank No. 3… receiving tank
130 116
Generality
COT washing is performed with crude oil (COW Crude Oil Washing) or water (sea
water, produced water or fresh water). The washing is carried out:
• To avoid filling of the tank with water for hydrocarbon gas purging (important volume)
• To remove the hydrocarbon stuck on the bulkheads and tank supports (initial COW)
• To remove the sediments of the tank (COW)
• To remove the flowing down of oil on the bulkheads and oil accumulations (water washing)
• To reduce at minimum the duration of the gas purging phase, sediments with HC and oil are
removed during COW and WW
117
Crude Oil (COW) and Water Washing
Brief description
Washing machines are provided in each cargo tank for dead oil and water washing
During offloading, the offloading crude oil can be diverted from offloading header
into the tank washing system for tank crude oil washing purpose
The crude oil washing time is assumed to be 1.5 hours per tank during offloading
The tank washing is performed for two tanks at a time. Ex. Of total washing duration:
• 10 side tanks in offloading, 10/2 x 1,5 = 7.5 hours for side cargo tank offloading
• and 6 central tanks in offloading, 6/2 x 1,5 = 4.5 hours for center cargo offloading
Washing operation during offloading affects the offloading flow rate
131 118
Brief description
For dead oil washing, stabilized crude oil is pumped from a cargo tank, with the associated
cargo pump, to the transfer manifold or offloading manifold
Then dead oil travels through the dead oil heater bypass or through the topsides dead oil
heater (if heating is required)
The crude oil pass to the washing manifold
Then the oil reaches cargo tank washing machines
119
Brief description
Tanks can also be washed with water from slop tanks, directly through the oil and
water washing manifold
PSV
132 120
Types of washing gun
2 types of washing gun
POLAR JET PJ 50 POLAR JET PJ 20
non‐programmable programmable
Regulating system on deck for PJ 20
5
121
Types of washing gun: programmable
Adjustment
Movement of the nozzle can be set to
work between any angles from 0 to 180
degrees
The PJ 120 can be set to work only
between 0 to 45 degrees with reverse
direction for concentrated bottom
cleaning or any other angle parameters
of 30 degrees or more
Adjustable guide vanes located in front
of the turbine control speed, which
should be between 1 and 2.5 rpm
133 122
Types of washing gun
The Polar Jet® PJ 50 is a non‐programmable, twin nozzle tank
cleaning machine for use in crude oil, product and chemical tankers
The asymmetrically opposed nozzles are driven by an integrated
turbine and gearing unit. The specially designed turbine gives safe
and reliable starting and stable speed control
The PJ 50 can be flange mounted on a standpipe either vertically,
from the tank deck or bottom, or horizontally from the sides
123
134
FPSO ballast system
overview
125
FPSO ballast system overview
The ballast facilities are designed to ensure the hull stresses and strains on the FPSO
remain within the authorized limits (less than 100% design). The following functions
enable this to be achieved:
• Permanent ballast: compensation of the heel induced on the FPSO by permanent riser
asymmetric hang‐off or topsides center of gravity eccentricity
• Ensure adequate FPSO draught during tow and during on‐site operation when insufficient
cargo is stored
• Provide complete stability of the FPSO, for safe operating of the unit. FPSO could become
unstable and in the worst‐case scenario, could capsize
• Adjust heel and trim of the FPSO: remove settled water in COT before offloading, tank
stripping or during tank inspection or maintenance
• To minimize stresses on the hull due to still shear forces and bending moments induced
during FPSO towing phase or during on‐site operations. Keep stresses, trim and list within
the authorized limits
• Ballast tanks equipped with mechanical protection against collision (MARPOL rules)
• Provide stability when hull is damaged due to accident (collision, fire/explosion) involving
tank flooding
The ballast system is critical
135 126
Example FPSO ballast system
To
overboard
N°1 WB N°2 WB Main N°4 WB N°5 WB N°6 WB Fore

tank P tank P buffer tank P tank P tank P peak
tank tank
N°3 WB tank P
Fore
peak
tank
N°3 WB tank S
Main Fore
N°1 WB N°2 WB buffer N°4 WB N°5 WB N°6 WB peak
tank S tank S tank tank S tank S tank S tank
127
To overboard
Example FPSO main ballast system
Filling of the main buffer tank is performed:
• From topsides hot seawater network (SW/CW Sea Water/CW Cold Water exchanger)
• When topsides seawater network is not available; filling is done by service water lift pump
The main ballast ring serves:
• The wing ballasts tanks of the cargo area
• The fore ballast tanks
• And the void spaces
The main ballast ring is equipped with 2 hydraulically driven submerged Main Ballast
Pumps located in the wing water ballast tanks WB3 P portside and WB3 S starboard
side
Water is diverted from the sea water lift network and routed to the main buffer tank
136 128
Main ballasting operation
Ballasting of one or many ballast tanks is operated at the same time, from the main
buffer tanks.
The ballasting is:
• First done by gravity until the levels between the main buffer tanks and the selected ballast
tank(s) become even
• Then the main ballast pumps are used
129
Main deballasting operation
De‐ballasting of one or many tanks is operated at the same time with one or both
main ballast pumps
Water is pumped out overboard
137 130
Ballast tank
Typical control
Ballast tank are fitted
with:
• HC analyzer to detect
communication leak with
HC tank
• LT
• IG purge header
connection in case on HC
atmosphere in the tank
• IV vent header
connection
131
138
FPSO tanks
atmosphere
133
Diagram of flammability of air/HC gas mixtures
% hydrocarbon gas Theoretical oxygen content
in an air/HC mixture
Too much hydrocarbon gas
12 U.E.L. ‐ Upper Explosive Limit
10
6
Insufficient oxygen Explosivity
zone
4
100% explosimeter
reading
2 L.E.L. ‐ Lower Explosive Limit
approx. 0% explosimeter
1.3 Insufficient hydrocarbon gas reading
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 13 14 16 18 20 % O2
139 134
F(P)SO tanks atmosphere
Specific gravity of tank gases
Methane CH4 = 0.5537
Air = 1.00
Ethane ‐ C2H6 = 1.0378
Inert gas (N2: 77%, CO2: 13%, water vapor 5%, O2: 4%...) = 1.04
Methanol = 1.11
Propane ‐ C3H8 = 1.5219
Gas of tank storage (stabilized crude oil) = 1.67
Butane ‐ C4H10 = 2.0061
135
F(P)SO tanks Atmosphere
LIE LSE
Natural Gas 5% 15%
Methane 5.0% 15%
Ethane 3.1% 12.45%
Propane 2.1% 9.5%
Butane 1.8% 8.4%
Hydrogen Sulfide 4.3% 46%
Methanol 5.5% 31%
140 136
F(P)SO crude oil tank atmosphere
Typical cargo tank
137
The oxygen content in the oil storage tank must not exceed 8% volume
Atmosphere control means
• Automatic analyzer (for several tanks, one analyzer working in cycles)
• Portable analyzer (variable measuring point)
Periodic checks on slop and cargo tanks
• The atmosphere in the tanks is checked periodically according to the filling/emptying tank
change rate
141 138
Atmospheric check on tank before crude oil washing
• Fear of static electricity by the impact of the stream on the bulkhead
• Oxygen content in the tank must not exceed 8% volume
• Atmospheric levels to be checked:
• 1 m below the deck
• Along the height of the tank
Systematic atmospheric check in the tanks
• The atmosphere is checked before each air ventilation
• The atmosphere is checked before each personnel entry
• The atmosphere is checked before each return to HC service
139
Atmosphere in F(P)SO ballast & VOID tanks
The ballast tanks and voids adjacent to the tanks containing hydrocarbons must be
periodically checked (absence of HC to be confirmed)
Control means
• Automatic analyzer
• Portable analyzer (variable measuring point)
Checks on ballast tanks and voids. These consist of verifying:
• The atmosphere in the tanks, for absence of hydrocarbons
• The type of liquids (surface)
142 140
Atmosphere in F(P)SO methanol tanks
Methanol characteristics
Formula: CH3OH
Melting point: – 98°C
Boiling point: + 65°C
Vapor phase density: 1.11
Flash point: + 11°C
Soluble in the water
UEL (LSI French) = 31% volume in air (e.g. 11% for HC)
• Corresponding O2 rate: 13.44% vol.
LEL (LII French) = 5.5% volume in air (e.g. 1.5% for HC)
• Corresponding O2 rate : 19.59% vol.
141
Atmosphere in F(P)SO methanol tanks
Methanol tanks inerted with nitrogen, CO2 or inert gas

Control means: automatic or manual O2 analyzer
Check on the O2% to ascertain that the mixture is not flammable:
• O2 content < 9.5%
Oxygen meters must have their alarm thresholds set as follows:
• Alarm threshold at 5% O2
143 142
FPSO Inert Gas
System
143
Tank loading
If tanks are not washed, not purged they contain (no air), a too rich gas to be ignited
If tanks are clean and purged (no IG injected, after works) there are still four layers
above the oil. Air is expelled first but it may however remain a few pockets (air)
trapped by structures
Layer C is expelled, then B layer and finally a part of layer A. When the ship is loaded,
the atmosphere above the liquid is too rich to be flammable
70 g/cm2 below atmospheric pressure <internal tank P < 200 g/cm2 over the AP
Air
C
B B
A
A
A. Vapors too rich in HC
B. Flammables Vapors
C. Vapors with poor HC
144 144
Tank emptying
In the absence of inert gas or injection of gas hydrocarbons the air enters the tank
But, during pumping, air is mixed to adjacent layers and, at the stripping end, layer B
is flammable, close to the explosive zone
Air
C B
A. Vapors too rich in HC
B B. Flammables Vapors
C. Vapors with poor HC
A
145
Use of IG Inert Gas
IG used to reduce the O2 content and HC content of tank atmosphere. The minimum
oxygen content necessary for combustion is 11.5%
During offloading, IG is send to COT at P> AP (60 to 100 g)
After drying, the tank contains:
• At upper part, IG containing about 5% O2
• And below by a mixture IG/HC gas, HC content reach 20% at bottom
On board FPSO hydrocarbon gas (fuel gas) is injected into the storage tanks during
offloading
145 146
Generation of inert gas on an F(P)SO
The Inert Gas is used to avoid the flammable mixture HC gas/air
Generation of inert gas ensures a means of:
• Maintaining an acceptable positive pressure in the tanks
• Maintaining a safe atmosphere in the tanks (less 8% O2)
• Injecting IG into a tank before pre‐entry ventilation
• Injecting IG into a tank before HC feeling
On an F(P)SO, inert gas is supplied:
• By Inert Gas Generators (IGG) fed by DO or FG
• By recovery of combustion fumes from boilers, turbo‐generators, etc.
O2 content at the IG generation system exit, must not exceed 5%
An analyzer is used to continuously check the O2 content on exit from the generation
system. It must be regularly checked:
• Check of zero and full scale settings before any utilization of IG
• Calibration of the apparatus at several points once a year
147
Inert gas system ‐ Inert gas generator
F(P)SO Inert Gas System
Air fan Fuel pump Inert Gas Deck water P/V

Generator seal breaker
Picture represents a standard inert gas generator complete with air fans, fuel pumps,
deck water seal and P/V breaker
146 148
Inert gas system ‐ Inert gas generator
An analyzer measures continuously the O2 content at IGG outlet: O2 content < 5%
IGG mainly for new
built F(P)SO
149
Inert gas system ‐ Flue gas system
An analyzer measures continuously the O2 content at the outlet: O2 content < 5%
System mainly for
converted F(P)SO
Sea water 147 Sea water 150

Inert gas system ‐ Tanker IG network
Exhaust
Air inlet for OI
CA Analyser O2
purging
P1
T
P1
P1 Fan
TA PI Vanne principale de régulation
P1
washer
Filter
T
LV
Main valve
M LA
Fan T
L
T Deck water
L1 LV
seal CNR
Inlet Inert Gas valve LA
FA FV
Main deck
Back flow valve
Sea water pump Electrovalve
Water sea chest
P.1 Pressure gage
P P
L.1 Level indicator
L Control level
LA Low level alarm
Fire pump LV High level alarm
TA High temperature alarm
QA High O2 alarm
FA Low flow alarm
FV High flow alarm
151
Inert gas system
Network distribution
Generator 1
Generator 2
Others tanks
IG flushing network
IG Operation network
LO LO
LO LO
COT P COT S
148 152
Inert gas system
Functioning
Vent
IG generator 1
F IG flushing network
Pressure Valves
IG generatour 2
O IG Operation network
O
O
O
F O
O
Generator 1 feed IG operation O
F To tanker Production
network to maintain P in the
storage. The FPSO is loading a
tanker
Generator 2 feed the flushing
Offloading Offloading Receiving
network to purge (release of HC
gas) of the tank ender work, before Purging
ventilation
153
Inert gas system
Network distribution ‐ Ullage points
149 154
Inert gas system
Tank purging
Atmosphere
IG sent in tanks acts as a piston and pushes
the HC gas into the pipe vent
Purging of empty tank to reduce the HC
content < 2%, so that air ingress can not
accidentally create an explosive atmosphere GI
After atmosphere control (HC content < 2%)
the tank ventilation may start
155
Inert gas system
Deck water seal
The deck water seal is a safety devices
The deck water is continuously filled with sea water circulation
It prevent tank gas atmosphere to reach the IGG
IG
L H
PT
H PT HH
PS
LZ PT LL
LG
Storage
PT
LZ
L Sea
Sea water 150 156
Inert gas system ‐ Deck water seal
IGG
Wet type
Open
Semi wet type
Closed
2,5 m
IGG
Dry type
Water drained when:
Closed under
• System is stopped
pressure
• P storage > P IG blowers
157
151
FPSO other tank
internal & external
equipment
159
Equipment of F(P)SO tanks inside
Submersible pumps
Surface and bottom washing guns
Access for inspection (stairways, walkways, manholes, ladders…) and evacuation
(escape way)
Headers, drop lines and valves
Structural supports in the unit (longitudinal, girders, stringers…)
Instrumentation (temperatures TI, levels LI, pressure PI, interface and L and P alarms…)
Gas samplers
Anodes and surface coatings
152 160
Equipment of F(P)SO tanks Outside
Foam network on deck
Inert gas piping (with isolating system)
Crude oil washing pipes (with isolating system)
Operating piping
Hatches; manholes and openings
161
Equipment of F(P)SO tanks outside
Storage pressure protection Operating piping
Foam network on deck Hatches: manholes and openings
Inert gas piping (with isolating system) Measuring and sampling points (tank
Crude oil washing pipes (with isolating closed measurement system)
system)
153 162
Three functions gauging system
Measurement of:
• Liquid level
• Temperature
• Interface level water/oil
163
Tank manual sampler
154 164
Tank closed measurement system (gas sampler)
Operating piping
Hatches: manholes and openings
Measuring and sampling points
Manual gas sampler
Gas sampler
165
Probe – Pump
XAM 7000 analyzer
Probe – Pump
XAM 7000+CMS analyzers
155 166
CMS Chip Measurement System
gas test function (sets used) Dräger X‐am 7000
167
Equipment of F(P)SO tanks
Outside
Operating piping
Hatches: manholes and openings
Measuring and sampling points
Manual gas sampler
Instrumentation LT (e.g. radar) ‐ LAH and LSH…
Equipment for manual adjustment of the submersible pump
156 168
FPSO tank visit
procedure
169
F(P)SO crude oil tank entry procedure
PID, tank plans, blind flanges plan, minutes of pre job meeting available
Presence form, check‐lists ready: materials, safety
Tank atmosphere control form ready
Adjustment of the trim and heel to optimize the tank stripping
Tank stripping (keep high enough crude oil level for good pump operating)
Atmosphere control (< 8% O2)
Quality and quantity control of crude for washing (without free water)
Crude oil washing
Tank stripping, control
Quality and quantity control of water for washing (without crude oil)
Water washing
Waiting drainage and strip the tank, control
End of washing (responsible agreement, beginning of work permit)
157 170
Beginning of work permit
Route IG Inert Gas to tank to be purge (condemn: valves, IGG, pumps…). Consignment forms
IG flushing, control IG network and tanks pressures (tank in purge and others ones. (12h or
more purging)
Wait 30 min and atmospheres controls HC and O2 (HC < 2%, O2 < 5%). 2 different points and
3 levels. Isolation and blind joints installation
End of purging, IG flushing (responsible agreement, fill tank atmosphere control form)
Blinding regarding plan
End of blinding (responsible agreement, consignment forms)
Opening of tank PV valve and control absence of pressure
Opening hatch, man holes
Installation of forced air ventilation system
Tank air ventilation (12h or more in accordance with experience)
Control HC, O2, CO and H2S rates (21% O2, CO < 20 ppm, H2S < 5 ppm). 2 different points et
3 levels
End of tank forced air ventilation (Responsible Agreement)
171
Tank entry preparation
Presence of safety equipment and safety watcher close to the hatch with
communication radio equipment (inside/outside and outside/CCR control room)
Stop ventilation and et atmosphere control (O2, LEL, CO, H2S). 2 different points and
3 levels (fill tank atmosphere control form)
Start ventilation
First tank entry 2 persons with Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
Tank atmosphere control during descent (fill tank atmosphere control form)
Installation at tank bottom, analyzer for continuous monitoring of the atmosphere
Beginning: cleaning and work
Remark: tank atmosphere control from deck before each return to work (after full
break)
158 172
Tank entry procedure
Atmosphere control
SAMIPHO CoMO300 radioactivity
173
Atmosphere control
Dragger mini warn 4 gas
159 174
Safety: generals rules
All staff to enter the tank shall be medically and physically fit
A sufficient drinking water supply shall be available near the site
The time spent indoors is limited to 2 consecutive hours per half day
Emergency medical equipment (oxygen, stretcher) will be available near the hatch
The maximum number of persons in the tank at any time is limited (e.g. to 6)
A safety watcher continuously with communication means (inside & CCR)
Loudspeakers PA/GA (Public/Address General Alarm) should be installed near the
hatch and tested
Tank entry is strictly prohibited: during the night, period of storm, during tanker oil
loading, tanks transfer, hot work on board FPSO...
During tank entry, the tank hatch shall be locked open
175
Procedure for release to service of F(P)SO crude oil tank
End of work and tank bottom cleaning
Internal tank inspection, control for tank closure authorization
Stop and et disconnected ventilation system
Close all man holes, hatch and control according plan and form
End of tank closure (responsible agreement)
Route IG to the tank (condemn: valves, IGG, pumps…). Consignment forms
IG flushing, control IG network and tanks pressures (tank in purge and others ones (ex. 12h or more purging,
3 volumes )
Atmospheres controls O2 (O2 < 8%) 2 different points and 3 levels (fill tank atmosphere control form)
Pressure control (< 100 gr)
End of tank IG flushing (responsible agreement)
Blind flanges removal
End of blind flanges removal (responsible agreement)
De consignment and valves setting according plan and form
End of the work, operation (responsible agreement)
Tank available
160 176
Typical incidents on F(P)SO tanks
Submerged pump out of service
Equipment, valves leaking
Lines coupling leaking. Important work if F(P)SO is
a converted tanker
Tank collapse, overpressure, over flow
Crack on the structure
Leak on bulkhead (risk of HC in next tank: ballast, cofferdam).
Erosion at inlet outlet of the product (due to high and strong flow)
Scaling (sand, wax, naphtenates…)
External collision with supply boat, tanker
Wrong loading/offloading plan implementation => inverse trim, important list
177
What you should keep in mind
Vapors atmosphere present in F(P)SO tanks
Maximum O2 content in crude oil tank: 8%
Check on ballast tanks: the atmosphere check for absence of hydrocarbons ‐ the type
of liquids for absence of HC liquid
Inert gas generation: to maintain an acceptable positive P in the tanks – to maintain a
safe atmosphere in the tanks (less 8% O2) – to inject IG into a tank before pre‐entry
ventilation – to inject IG into a tank with air before tank HC feeling
O2 content at the IG generation system exit, must not exceed 5%
COW Crude Oil Washing principle
Tanks pressure protection
161 178
162
Atmospheric Storage Tanks
Atmospheric Storage Tanks ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0
Outlines
Main components
Fixed roof tanks
Floating roof tanks
Tank safety equipment
Heating ‐ Maintaining temperature
Mixing systems
163 2
Main components
3
Main components
Tanks are cylindrical vessels including:
• A generally rounded bottom
• A shell
• A fixed or floating roof
• Several fittings:
• access ladder
• safety valves
• fire protection
• heating systems
164 4
Tank bottom
Plates welded together
Allow a nearly complete draining of the product, as well as water and deposits
• Small diameter tanks: concave bottom
• Large diameter tanks: convex bottom
Bottoms
• Gravel or sand pad
• Bitumen coated surfacing
5
Tank bottom
Tank bottoms are built of plates overlapping at their ends which are welded together. Some tank bottoms are
protected by an internal epoxy coating.
Tank bottoms are designed to allow a nearly complete draining of the product, as well as water and deposits.
They are consequently shaped with a 1 to 2% slope directed either to the center (concave bottom) or to the
periphery (convex bottom).
Small diameter tanks (below 10 m) have a concave bottom.
Large diameter tanks have a convex bottom to facilitate cleaning operations or deposit removal operations
around manholes.
Bottoms often lie on a gravel or sand pad covered with a bitumen coated surfacing for tightness and adaptation
to the shape of the bottom plate assembly.
165 6
Tank shell
Vertical stacking of butt welded
plate bands
• Width: 1.8 to 2.4 m
• Length: up to 10 m
Pressure resistance:
• Pressure applied to them when
tanks are filled with water
(hydrotest)
• Lateral winds
• Earthquakes
• Negative relative pressure: a few
mbar
7
Tank shell
Tank shells are made of a vertical stacking of butt welded plate bands from 1.8 to 2.4 m wide and up to 10 m
long.
Shells are designed to withstand the lateral pressure applied to them when tanks are filled with water
(hydrotest) or with product, if the latter is heavier than water.
In addition, the minimum shell thickness must also withstand resistance to lateral winds and earthquakes.
Storage tanks are relatively vulnerable and may collapse in case of high wind, if there are not designed to resist
such winds. The drawing below shows that shell thickness decreases from bottom to top.
Unless specifically required, tanks are not designed to withstand negative relative pressure below a few
millibar.
166 8
Fixed roof tanks
9
Fixed roof tanks
Fixed roofs
Other equipment
Floating suction pipe
167 10
Fixed roofs
Conical, umbrella or parasol roofs
Supported conical roofs
• Rows of internal posts
Self‐supporting conical roofs
• Supported at their periphery only
• Small diameter tanks
Supported fixed roof
Self‐supporting fixed roofs 11
Fixed roofs
Conical, umbrella or parasol roofs are the least expensive to install. Fixed roof construction is simple and,
depending on the tank size, the roof can be self‐supporting or not.
Self‐supporting conical roofs are shaped like very flat cones and are supported at their periphery only.
They are used for small diameter tanks only. This is also true for self‐supporting dome, umbrella or parasol
roofs.
Supported conical roofs are roughly shaped like cones. The roof plates are supported by structural beams laid
out as an umbrella, themselves supported by a concentric beam structure lying on rows
168 12
Fixed roofs
Cone roof type
The drawing above shows an example of nozzle layout on a fixed roof tank
13
Vents
When filling a tank: risks of over pressure!
When emptying a tank: risks of depression!
Temperature variations: liquid expansion or
contraction
169 14
Vents
When filling or emptying a tank, any hazardous over pressure or depression should be avoided.
This is also true in case of temperature variations which result in the expansion of contraction of the volume
of stored liquid.
The number and size of vents depends on the vapor phase flow to evacuate and on the air flow to let in.
15
Vents
170 16
Vents
Simple vent on chemical product tank

17
Relief valves
Selected in function of the allowable
relief flowrate and of the pressure or
low pressure that the tank can
withstand
Relief valves are selected in function of the allowable
relief flowrate and of the pressure or low pressure that
the tank can withstand. The table below gives some
allowable pressure and depression characteristics
depending on the type of tank.
171 18
Relief valves
19
Relief valves
Double effect breathing valve with flame arrestor

172 20
Relief valves
Double‐effect breathing valves are also used when the tank includes a blanketing
system
21
Relief valves
In general relief valves are protected by a wire mesh to avoid risks of plugging (leaves, birds…).
Relief valves have a specific relief rate ‐ pressure curve in function of their nominal diameter and of the disk
shape.
Double‐effect breathing valves are also used when the tank includes a blanketing system.
173 22
Protection against accidental overpressure
Rupture disk
Explosion disk
Tearing plate
• Plate assembled by a very weak weld seam ‐ gets partially torn up in case of overpressure
Seal weld seam
• Between the roof and the top shell
23
Protection against accidental overpressure
In exceptional circumstances, such as an explosion, a failure of the relief valve (ice, plugging, etc.), inadequate
handling, etc., tanks must be protected. The most usual devices fitted in during construction are:
● a rupture disk made of a thin disk which bursts
● an explosion disk, similar to a manhole mobile cap, that goes up to let out pressure and automatically closes
down when pressure is back to normal
● a tearing plate, i.e. a plate assembled to adjoining plates by a very weak weld seam so that in case of
overpressure, this particular plate gets partially torn up. Several tearing plates may be assembled in the top
part of a tank
● a seal weld seam only between the roof and the top shell cleat surrounding the tank, allowing the roof to
get separated from the shell in case of internal explosion. The shell remains in place, thus avoiding a spillage
of products outside
174 24
Flame arrestors
Situated between the tank and the relief valve or vent
Prevents any flame returning to the tank
Flame arrestor
details
Breathing valve
with flame arrestor
25
Flame arrestors
A flame arrestor is often provided between the tank and the relief valve or vent. It is a box containing a stack of
metal checkered sheets where gases go through before escaping to atmosphere.
The spacing between the elements and the cooling of gases when crossing the device prevents any flame
returning to the tank
175 26
Flame arrestors
27
Reduction of atmospheric venting by vapor condensation
Volatile products
• Safety
• Environment
• Incondensable vapors are incinerated later
For the more volatile products ‐ where safety and environmental
protection are key issues ‐ vapors are condensed to the
maximum with the help of an exchanger whose cooling fluid is
ethylene glycol at about – 15°C at the equipment inlet
Incondensable vapors are incinerated later
176 28
Tank blanketing
Tank blanketing is obtained by injecting an inert gas (usually nitrogen)
It requires a sealed fixed roof fitted with a breathing valve
Nitrogen injection is using the site network by double letdown until reaching the
operating pressure (a few mbar)
29
Tank blanketing
Tank blanketing is obtained by injecting an inert gas (usually nitrogen) into the vapor phase. The blanketing
operation requires a sealed fixed roof fitted with a breathing valve.
Nitrogen injection is using the site network by double letdown until reaching the operating pressure (a few
mbar).
177 30
To draw out the product from the surface
Floating suction
31
Fixed roof tanks may be fitted with a floating suction system to draw out the product from the surface.
This is particularly important when any risk of contamination by water or solid particles has to be avoided (jet
fuel for example).
178 32
Floating roof tanks
33
Floating roof tanks
Floating roofs
Internal floating roofs (screens)
Deck legs
Rain water draining
Seal systems
Geodesic roof or dome
179 34
Floating roofs
Directly laid on the surface of the liquid
Advantages:
• reduction of losses due to evaporation
• reduction of risks of fire
• reduction of atmospheric pollution (odors)
Obtained by the almost complete removal of the vapor space above the liquid
Losses to atmosphere of volatile products through 'breathing' are thus practically
eliminated
35
Floating roofs
A floating roof is directly laid on the surface of the liquid. It follows the up and down movements of the product
inside.
They have three advantages:
● Reduction of losses due to evaporation
● Reduction of risks of fire
● Reduction of atmospheric pollution (odors)
This is obtained by the almost complete removal of the vapor space above the liquid. Losses to atmosphere of
volatile products through 'breathing' (alternating discharge
180 36
Floating roofs
Single deck roof (circular pontoon)
• Made of compartmented caissons and a central one
• Make an air mattress protecting the liquid against any excessive rise in temperature
• Central part free to swell
• Rainwater draining is necessary
37
Floating roofs
A single deck floating roof is a circular pontoon made of compartmented caissons and of a central caisson. The
space between the caissons is made of a tight metallic surface of welded plates. The ratio between the caissons
surface area and the total surface area of the roof depends on the size of the tank, and also of the bearing
capacity provided by the stored product. This bearing capacity (buoyancy) depends of the weight of the volume
displaced by the roof and consequently of the specific gravity of the stored liquid.
Pontoon compartments make an air mattress protecting the liquid against any excessive rise in temperature
due to the heat of the sun.
The central part, made of a single layer of plates, is free to swell to release the space required for potential
vapors. Vapors thus kept under the central pontoon are themselves an insulating cover. Vapors condense again
when the outside temperature drops.
Pontoons are compartmented by radial partitions, ensuring the floating of the roof, even if the central part and
two compartments maximum are perforated.
181 38
Floating roofs
It is necessary to drain rainwater, as rain and snow falling on the floating roof decrease floatability and increase
corrosion. Rainwater must be evacuated to the outside of the tank through a hose.
39
Floating roofs
Floating roof tank ‐ Pontoon type
182 40
Floating roofs
Double deck roof
Made of two layers of steel plates, separated by an empty space about 40 cm high,
divided into independent compartments reinforcing the roof structure
Preferred type of roof for large diameter tanks:
• Better buoyancy in case of overload (snow, rain...)
• Better rainwater draining
• Less vulnerability to violent winds
• Better thermal insulation during hot weather limiting product vaporization
41
Floating roofs
A double deck roof is made of two layers of steel plates, separated by an empty space about 40 cm high divided
into independent compartments reinforcing the roof structure.
This is the preferred type of roof for large diameter tanks for the following reasons:
● Better buoyancy in case of overload (snow, rain...)
● Better rainwater draining
● Less vulnerability to violent winds
● Better thermal insulation during hot weather limiting product vaporization
183 42
Floating roofs
Floating roof tank ‐ Double deck
43
Internal floating roofs are erected inside fixed roof tanks
Advantages:
• Made of very light plates and may be erected inside an existing tank
• Significantly reduces losses through evaporation
• No need of a rain water draining system
• Volume between the fixed roof and the floating screen may be blanketed
184 44
Internal floating roofs are erected inside fixed roof tanks.
The association roof tank + floating screen has many advantage:
● It is made of very light plates and may be erected inside an existing tank
● The floating screen significantly reduces losses through evaporation
● The fixed roof protects the product from any contamination due to the weather. There is no need of a rain
water draining system
● The fixed roof may be made tight and volume between the fixed roof and the floating screen may be
blanketed
45
185 46
Double deck roof
● A double deck roof is made of two layers of steel plates, separated by an empty space about 40 cm high
divided into independent compartments reinforcing the roof structure.
● This is the preferred type of roof for large diameter tanks for the following reasons:
 Better buoyancy in case of overload (snow, rain...)
 Better rainwater draining
 Less vulnerability to violent winds
 Better thermal insulation during hot weather limiting product vaporization
Simple roof (“pan”) mainly used inside fixed‐roof tanks
● This type of roof offers the same advantages as pontoon‐type roof with regards to evaporation and the fixed
roof protects from stormy weather. The tank design is simpler and the internal screen (made of steel or
aluminum plates) is shaped like an inverted bowl and does not require any snow or rainwater drainage
system.
47
The main components of floating screen are:
• The screen – Tank shell seal
• The screen support legs
• One or several vacuum breakings legs
• One or several anti‐rotation guides for the screen
• Hatches for:
• Gauging
• Sampling
• Access below the screen for maintenance
186 48
Deck legs
Roof support legs: when the liquid height can no longer maintain the roof floating,
they maintain it above the bottom of the tank
Two types of legs
• Adjustable legs
Adjustable leg on single deck tank
49
Deck legs
The number of required support legs depends on the tank size.
Tanks may include two types of legs: adjustable legs (height is set per operating instructions requirements)
Legs can be places in two positions:
● the normal operation position: legs are pulled up to allow a maximum draining of the tank while keeping the
roof floating
● the maintenance position to maintain the roof at a sufficient height for access to the underside of the roof
through manholes.
187 50
Deck legs
51
Deck legs
Vacuum breaking legs (bleeder vents)
When the roof lies on support legs, the tank behaves like a fixed roof tank. Automatic vents allow the tank to 'breathe'
when the roof is in low position. The adjustment height is in function of the fixed legs‘ height.
188 52
Deck legs
When the roof lies on its support legs,
and to avoid creating a vacuum
(draining) or pressurizing (filling) the
vapor phase under the roof, some tanks
are fitted with a self‐contained vent
53
Rain water draining
Outside or in the product, should the hose get plugged, to prevent the roof from
sinking
Sketch of a rain water draining system
Rain water draining is performed through hoses, telescopic or articulated tubes. In addition, should the system get
plugged, a safety drain allows the water to flow into the product to prevent the roof from sinking
189 54
Rain water draining
Draining hose
55
Rain water draining
Articulate draining tube
190 56
Seal systems
Tightness between the floating roof and the tank shell
Tube seal
57
Seal systems
Tightness between the floating roof and the tank shell is ensured by different types of seals. In addition, to improve
tightness between the shell and the roof, many tanks are fitted with a double primary and secondary seal system.
Tube seal
● Tightness between the shell and the roof is maintained by a "tube" filled with kerosene or gas oil. The device is little used as
in case of a hole, the seal losses its tightness.
191 58
Seal systems
Dry seals (primary and secondary seals)
Compression plate double seal system
59
Dry seals (primary and secondary seals)
They are most frequently used types. They include:
● Flanges filled with polyurethane foam (primary seal)
● Compression plates (primary and secondary seals)
These seal systems are the most recent on the market and they are very simple to build and to repair.
Protection of the seals against bad weather conditions is ensured by an atmospheric protection.
192 60
Seal systems
Primary seal with compression plate
(before implementation of the secondary seal)
Secondary seal 61
Purpose: to avoid undesired substances that may decant in the bottom of the tank,
particularly water
Floating suction under a floating roof
193 62
The purpose of a floating suction pipe is to draw off the product in a tank from the top layer of liquid, so as to
avoid undesired substances that may decant in the bottom of the tank, particularly water.
The advantages of floating suction are:
● Reduction of downstream filtration requirements
● Reduction of the time allowed for decantation before drawing off
● Cleaner product
The systems are fitted with a swivel joint flange and they may also allow sampling along suction, at one third or
two thirds of the product level for example.
63
Geodesic roof or dome
It has the following advantages:
• Lightness
• No maintenance
• Self‐supporting structure
• Prevents any rain water ingress
• Limits losses through evaporation
• Roof structure compatible with any type
of hydrocarbon or chemical products
• Design resisting to strong winds and
significant loads (snow)
Floating roof tank equipped
with a geodesic dome
Many floating roof tanks are equipped with a light fixed roof called geodesic roof (the name comes from the triangular
shape of the roof components).
Geodesic roofs are fitted with vents to allow breathing of the volume between the floating roof and the geodesic roof.
194 64
65
Detection of incidents
Fail safe block valve
Water spray systems
Foam injection devices
Seal fire extinguishing device
195 66
Tanks and their associated catch basins may be fitted with system to:
• Detect incidents (product leak, presence of gas)
• Fight potential fires (water sprinkling, foam smothering)
67
High‐high level alarm
Most tanks are fitted with high‐high level sensors independent from the gauging
system
This sensor may:
• Produce an alarm in the control room
• May also be associated with an emergency shutdown of the remote control block valve at the
foot of the tank
196 68
Most tanks are fitted with high‐high level sensors independent from the gauging system.
This sensor may:
● produce an alarm in the control room
● may also be associated with an emergency shutdown of the remote control block valve at the foot of the
tank
69
Leak detection
Existing systems:
• Gas sensor located in the retention
basin around the tank: fixed
location gas detector
• Liquid hydrocarbon sensor located
in a sump in the lowest point of the
retention basin
• Leak sensor under the tank bottom
197 70
A hydrocarbon‐sensitive wire is installed inside a protective PVC tube that includes slits.
The wire is buried under the tank in a sand or gravel bed located under the bottom plates. In case of
hydrocarbon leak under the tank bottom, the sensitive wire triggers a local alarm. Several parallel wires may be
installed to cover the complete tank surface.
71
Example of installation of actuator on manual valve
(doc. Pyroalliance)
198 72
Regulations state
● “Valves at the foot of tanks be of a fire safe type with remote control and fail in the closed position”.
● The fail safe design includes:
 an actuating device made of a material having at least the same resistance of fire as the valve body
 metal‐metal in line tightness after disappearance of the elastomer gaskets if any
 automatic failure close safety position to prevent the fulling of a potential fire inside the retention area
Tank feet may be fitted with:
● An actuator to put the tank foot valve into its fail safe position
● A fail close electric servomotor on globe valves
● A pneumatic switch on globe valves
● A fail close check valve
Valve actuators
● There are many types of actuators adaptable to all types of valves (gate valves, globe valves).
● They may be installed on conventional motorized valves or on manual valves.
73
The actuator is activated:
• By fire detection (fusible)
• By electrical remote control
These actions cause the piercing of an air cylinder serving
as energy reserve to push the valve stem through a
piston.
Installation of safety actuator
The valve is opened again manually or by remote control
of the motor if it was not damaged. When the cylinder is
on tank foot motor actuated valve
(doc. Pyroalliance)
pierced, it must be replaced to restore safety.
199 74
Pneumatic controller
A pneumatic control device may be mounted on a tank foot globe valve
Pneumatic control makes possible the remote operation of a valve (opening, closing). In addition, in case of loss of air
supply, the device takes its fail safe position and the valve closes by action of return springs
75
Fail safe check valves
As close to the tank as possible
Not completely tight
200 76
The operating principle is as follows:
When the safety device is actuated, the check valve closes and prevents the product in the tank to flow out
Fail safe check valves must be installed as close to the tank as possible, preferably between the tank and the
tank foot valve
In normal operation, the check valve swing is maintained in the open position by a lever blocked by a piston.
Closure of the check valve is caused by:
● the destruction of a fusible, in case of fire
● the remote operation of a solenoid valve
The lever is released and the check valve swing closed down by gravity.
However, fluids may still flow in the opposite direction
77
Water spray systems
Many tanks are fitted with shell spray systems to:
• Protect nearby tanks from a tank on fire by cooling them down
• Cool down the shell of a tank on fire to prevent its collapse
201 78
Water spray systems
System:
● Water is supplied from the fire water network
● Water distribution ring pierced with holes or with nozzles located at the top of the tank shell
● If the tank is equipped with a stiffening beam, it is drilled with holes to facilitate a film of water falling down along the shell
The spray system of fixed roof tanks may be located on top of the roof. But if the roof is destroyed, it becomes
useless
79
Inside a fixed roof tank
Outside a floating roof tank on the seal
202 80
Injection inside a fixed roof tank above the ignited liquid with foam boxes or generators
The role of the bushing disc is to prevent escape of vapors from the tank to the atmosphere
Injection outside a floating roof tank on the seal. A metallic ring welded to the roof retains the foam on the
periphery to cover the seal
81
To prevent a seal fire to spread, it is possible to install an automatic fire detection
and extinguishing device
203 82
A mixture of air and hydrocarbon vapors may accumulate in the annular area between the tank shell and the
foam barrier.
To prevent a seal fire to spread, it is possible to install an automatic fire detection and extinguishing device
In case of fire detection, the fusible (glass bulb) triggers the feeding of spray nozzles by an extinguishing agent
(CF3I for example) stored in pressure cylinders located on the roof.
The number of cylinders depends on the tank size. For a 50 m diameter tank, 4 extinguishing devices are
needed
83
204
Heating ‐ Maintaining
temperature
85
Tank heaters
Located at the bottom of the tank, there are several technologies:
• Helicoidal coils
• Pin‐shaped coils
205 86
Tank heaters
Heaters are located at the bottom of the tank and are generally built of 1"1/2 or 2" tubes. The tubes are often
fitted with fins to increase the exchange surface
Tank temperature control is ensured by a valve located at the coil outlet. Control is either manual or automatic
by sensitive bulb and thermostatic valve
87
Tank heaters
Bayonet heaters
An intermediate solution between tank heating and line heating
Bayonet heat exchanger
When the stored product is very viscous, maintaining its temperature is expensive: local heating is then enough with a
bayonet heat exchanger installed on the evacuation flange, an intermediate solution between tank heating and line
heating
206 88
Mixing systems
89
Mixing systems
Objectives of mixing
Mixing techniques
207 90
Purpose: to obtain a consistent quality of the product inside
• A stratification of the different products injected into a tank may occur as temperature
variations occur inside the tank
• Stratification may be natural as in the case of non miscible liquid products
91
Tank farm operation often requires mixing the contents of a tank to obtain a consistent quality of the product
inside as a stratification of the different products injected into a tank may occur as temperature variations occur
inside the tank.
In addition, stratification may be natural as in the case of non miscible liquid products, such as water and
hydrocarbon mixtures or in presence of solid particles
There are two major mixing techniques:
● Mixing
● Recirculation by pumping
208 92
Mixing techniques
Mixing by mixer
93
Mixing techniques
A mixer is made of:
● A propeller to stir the liquid and its shaft
● A driving motor
● A connection between motor and shaft by belt or gears
The system is fixed by flange on the tank, tightness between the shaft and the shell is ensured by a mechanical
seal or a fabric packing.
Very large tanks are equipped with several propeller mixers with variable orientation (crude oil tanks).
209 94
Mixing techniques
Tank mixer
95
Mixing techniques
Recirculation by pump and jet nozzle
The content of the tank feeds a high flow rate pump and is reinjected through a jet nozzle or directly.
The recirculated liquid crosses the liquid mass at high velocity where it creates very strong mixing currents.
210 96
Mooring of Floating Units
Mooring of Floating Units ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0
211
Mooring systems
3
Floating units: mooring
A mooring system consists out of a number of lines and anchors which can be applied
in numerous ways
4 mooring systems are available
• Spread mooring
• Single Point Mooring (SPM)
• External turret
• Internal turret Turret
• Dynamic positioning
3 FPSO mooring systems are mainly used:
• Spread mooring
• Single Point Mooring (SPM)
• External turret
• Internal turret
212 4
Spread mooring
system
5
FPSO: spread mooring system
v v
Spread moored systems are
mooring systems that allow FPSO
to moor at a fixed location with a
fixed heading
4 spread mooring points
213 6
NAUTIPA FPSO (Gabon)
Tandem tanker loading
Low loading frequency (6 MMbbls/year)
7
Yombo Terminal ‐ FPSO CONKOUATI
Side to side loading
Side‐to‐side loading
Low loading frequency
214 8
It utilizes a set of anchor legs, attached to the bow and stern of the hull
The FPSO is maintained on location with a fixed heading
Its application is dependent on a site where the prevailing severe weather is highly
directional
The spread mooring system is the simplest way of mooring an FPSO
Risers and control umbilicals are located amidships on both sides of the FPSO
Conversions to the vessel do not need docking, which saves a lot of time and money
9
Advantage
A relatively cheap and conventional option
Spread moorings can be used in applications requiring long service life, in any water
depth, and on any size of hull
No need of large capacity slewing bearing, and associated swivel stack for fluid, gas,
chemical, hydraulic power, electrical power and control transfer
This arrangement provides ample room to accommodate a large number of risers and
umbilicals
Steel Catenary Risers (SCRs) are being favored (weight)
Solution for deepwater applications with mild environmental conditions such as West
of Africa
Low maintenance on hydraulic equipment: chain stoppers, chain tensioners, jacks…
215 10
Comparative Meteocean criteria
11
Drawbacks
Lack of weathervane capabilities. Strong
stresses if transverse current
Increase of environmental loads, increasing
number of mooring lines and/or line
tension (up to 16)
Strong stress on the hull if the
environmental conditions are on the side
of the vessel
Mooring lines connection is a very heavy
operation
Presence of mooring lines
Tandem offloading operations are risky Not risky tandem offloading operations
216 12
Tandem offloading
Approach
Loading Buoy
FPSO
FPSO
Hawser
Flexible
Hose
WB
TANKER
TPT
TANKER
Residence
AHTSV: Anchor Handling Tug Supply Vessels
AHTSV
TPT: Towing Push Tug)
WB: Work boat 13
Tandem offloading
217 14
Risky tandem offloading
Shuttle tanker collision
15
Tandem offloading operations records
Nort
h
130° Approach limits of FPSO
Green sector
Orange sector (115°)
V = 0.5 kn
Green sector
(115°)
V = 0.2 kn
Red sector
245
°
Orange sector
15
V = 0 °
Red
100 sector
300
50
0
218 16
Drawbacks
Lack of weathervane capabilities. Strong stresses if transverse current
Increase of environmental loads, increasing number of mooring lines and/or line
tension (up to 16)
Strong stress on the hull if the environmental conditions are on the side of the vessel.
Mooring lines connection is a very heavy operation
Tandem offloading operations are risky
Tandem offloading operation use many assistance vessels (3 tugs plus 1 back‐up)
Presence of mooring chains on the surface, obstacle to load in tandem
Tanker loading require a dedicated loading buoy terminal for cargo transfer
Hoses connection is risky with current by side
Difficult to disconnect the FPSO
17
219
Turret mooring
systems
19
FPSO: single point mooring
SPM Single Point Mooring system also
called weather vane mooring system
220 20
Turret
The turret system provides:
• “Weathervaning” mooring type of the F(P)SO
• The production reception
• The export via a tanker SPM Single Point Mooring of the crude oil
• The reception of gas from platform for fuel gas (option)
• The reception of electrical power from platform (option)
• The hydraulic command of valves of the PLEM (option)
• Electrical signal of valves positioning of the PLEM (option)
21
Turret
24" PIPE SWIVEL DRIVING SYSTEM
ELECTRIC
SWIVEL
OIL PRESSURISATION/
HEAVY OIL HPU
6" GAS SWIVEL
LOCAL PRESSURISATION UNIT DRIVING SYSTEM
2x24" PRODUCT SWIVEL
LEAK
RECUPERATION
SYSTEM
SO12815/MMM99002.002/0
Swivel stack general arrangement
FSO unity turret mooring system
221 22
Turret
Toroid swivel
KEY
ROTATING PART
FIX PART
BEARING
LEAK DETECTION
TOP SECONDARY SEAL
LEAK DETECTION
TOP PRIMARY SEAL
OPS INJECTION
TOP ISOLATON SEAL
FUEL GAS
OUTLET
HOS INJECTION
BOTTOM PRIMARY SEAL

LEAK
BOTTOM SECONDARY SEAL DETECTION
BOTTOM TERTIARY SEAL
FUEL
GAS
INTLET
SO12810/MMM99002.008/0
23
Turret
Hydraulic swivel
Double concentric hydraulic power swivel
222 24
Turret
HV electric swivel
25
These system permit the FPSO to freely “weathervane” 360
degrees, due to sea and wind forces
Tug
Tanker
Turret
FSO
223 26
Current
Turret Mooring Hawser
Tug boat
Tow line
FSO Oil tanker
Flexible floating
hose
27
These system permit the FPSO to freely “weathervane” 360 degrees, due to sea and
wind forces
Strengths to the hull, due to the sea and wind are minimized
Mooring lines are connected to the turret
The chain table, connecting the mooring lines to the
turret, can be either above or below the waterline
Risers, umbilicals… are connected to the turret
The turret can be mounted either internally or
externally
224 28
External or internal turret?
Depends on:
• Tanker hull construction (internal turret)
• Weather condition on site
• Water depth on site
• Number of risers
• Internal turret is positioned as close as possible to
the bow
• Internal turret can accept more risers and support
a heavier structure
29
Single point mooring
Disconnectable turrets
In cyclone infested areas disconnectable turret
moorings can offer significant advantages
The turret is structurally connected to the riser by a
connector, complete with high pressure flow line
connectors and hydraulic control connectors.
225 30
External turret
31
External turret
An external turret is fixed, with appropriate reinforcements, to bow or stern of the
FPSO
External turrets suspend risers in air allowing no build up of released gas
External turrets expose risers and moorings to possible external risks
External turret systems are less expensive than internal turret
Can be a disconnectable system
It allows normal operations in mild to moderate environments
• Southeast Asia, West Africa, Middle East, Latin America, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand
226 32
Internal turret
33
Internal turrets
The turret is placed within the hull, in a place called “moon
pool”
Can be permanent or disconnectable systems
It allows normal operations in Moderate to harsh
environmental conditions
• Gulf of Mexico, North Sea, North Atlantic, South China Sea,
Brazil, Australia, New Zealand
227 34
Internal turrets
Advantage: unique solution in harsh environmental conditions
35
Internal turrets
Advantage
• Unique solution in harsh environmental
conditions
• Make easy tandem loading operation
• Need less assistance vessels for tandem
loading operation (1 to 2 vessels)
• FPSO hull and mooring system support less
environmental loads
• Mooring system is lighter than the spread
mooring system
• SPM buoy for tanker loading is not needed
• Can be a disconnectable system
228 36
Internal turrets
Drawbacks
• A maximum of 50 risers. Limited number
of risers and umbilicals, compare to
spread mooring system
• A maximum of 15 + swivels
• Fluid, gas swivels Electrical power and
control swivels are needed, with rotating
pieces, seals, transmitters and control
equipment…
• Risk of leakage
• Heavy maintenance on the turret and
swivels, spare parts…
• Internal turret takes a large volume
inside the hull. Less volume for the
storage
37
229 38
Mooring lines
description
39
Anchor mooring
3 main types of anchors can be identified to moored a floating unit:
• The drag embedment anchor
• The pile
• And suction anchor
The type of soil will determine the type of anchor that can be used and how it
230 40
Drag embedment anchor
The drag embedment anchor has been designed to penetrate into the seabed
The holding capacity is generated by the resistance of the soil in front of the anchor
The anchor is very well suited to withstand horizontal forces but cannot handle
vertical forces (release mode)
41
Pile
The pile is a hollow steel pip which is hammered or vibrated into the seabed
The holding capacity of the pile is generated by friction of the soil along the
pile and lateral soil resistance
It can thus resist both vertical and horizontal forces
231 42
Suction anchor
The suction anchor is a steel pipe of which its top is closed
On top of the pipe a pump is installed which is capable of
lowering the pressure inside the pile. This way the pile is
pressed into the seabed by the hydrostatic head of water
on top of the pile
Like the pile; the holding capacity of the suction anchor is
generated by friction of the soil along the anchor and
lateral soil resistance
It can also thus resist both vertical and horizontal forces
43
Mooring line
Mooring lines are usually constructed out of one or more parts of 3 different
materials:
• Chain
• Steel wire rope
• Or synthetic fiber rope
The characteristics of each material are used in their best way
Mooring lines are usually constructed out of one or more parts of 3 different
materials:
• Chain (shallow water 500 m)
• SWR Steel Wire Rope (deep water < 1500 m) with chain at both ends
• Or synthetic fiber rope (very deep water > 1500 m) with chain at both ends
232 44
Mooring line
Chain: friction resistance Chain: friction
Steel wire (light)
on the ground resistance on the
hawse pipe and use of
a chain stopper
45
Mooring line (chains)
Chain is the most common product used for mooring lines.
2 different types of chain with or without stud:
• Studless chain is better suited for permanent moorings
• And studlink chain
• Weight, breaking strength and stiffness as functions of nominal diameter D
233 46
Mooring line (chains)
Cheap system as widely distributed in the maritime world
Poor torsion resistance
Important weight penalizing for the deep sea operation
Wear and degradation: corrosion, external abrasion, fatigue resistance
Corrosion problems and fatigue: safety factor required > 10
On deep sea, mixture: chains, nylon, chains is used
47
Mooring line (steel wire rope)
Weight, breaking strength and stiffness as functions of nominal diameter D
Wear and degradation: corrosion, external abrasion, fatigue resistance much better
than chain
Steel wire rope has a lower weight and a higher elasticity than chain, for the same
breaking load
This can be an advantage in deeper water, when using longer lines
234 48
Mooring line (steel wire rope)
Dalia mooring
49
Mooring line (synthetic fiber rope)
Because of offshore activities moved into deeper water, an lighter product was
developed; synthetic fiber rope. Light material for deep water application
235 50
Aramid Kevlar Polyethylene
Dyneema
Polyamide Nylon
Polyester
Polypropylene
Polyester appears to be the “best” fiber for permanent mooring applications
51
A primary advantage of Synthetics is their lightweight
Lightweight lines are easier to handle and reduce topside weight
Another advantage of Synthetics compared to steel is the very large number of
synthetics with a wide range of material properties. Compared to steel it is easier to
design a synthetic fiber rope that will match the mooring requirements. Better usage
of the material
Synthetic ropes can be used as a lightweight insert in a catenary mooring
Their real potential lies in taut moorings: low weight and low elastic modulus with
good durability characteristics
The main disadvantage of these materials is that they are easy to damage. Being less
tough than steel wire rope, synthetic rope shows the damage it receives
Sensitive to wear after contact with the ground and if contact structures
236 52
(125 kg/m) = apparent weight in water
144 kg/m = actual weight in air
Girassol CHAIN 81 mm R3 S
Loading
buoy
Length
MBL
140 m
6130 kN
Taut mooring line
Weight 144 kg/m (125 kg/m)
Total 20,1 t (17,5 t)
CHAIN 81 mm R3
POLYESTER LINE 130 mm Dia Length 1,06 m
Length 13 m MBL 5490 kN
MBL 5788 kN Weight 144 kg/m (125 kg/m)
Weight 14 kg/m (3,6 kg/m) Total 144kg (125 kg)
Total 182 kg (47 kg)
Item to be used as sample CHAIN 81 mm R3
for polyester line ageing follow‐up Length 1,06 m
POLYESTER LINE 130 mm Dia Total 1,3t (1,1 t)
Length 602 m
Total 8,4 t (2,2 t) CHAIN 81 mm R3
POLYESTER LINE 130 mm Dia Length 291 m
Length 1237 m Total 42 t (36,4 t)
Total 17,3 t (4,5 t)
Suction
anchor
53
Mooring line
Mooring lines can mainly be used in two different ways:
• The catenary mooring
• Or the taut leg mooring
237 54
Girassol: catenary and taut leg mooring
Off‐loading buoy
FPSO 1 nautical mile
‐ 450 m
‐ 690m
55
Catenary mooring line
With a catenary mooring, the last part of the mooring line is resting on the seabed
The main advantage is that therefore the anchors only need to withstand a horizontal
force
The drawback is that the system has a quite large footprint
In deeper water the weight of the lines starts to play a role so this type of mooring is
not suited for very deep water
238 56
Catenary mooring line
Dalia mooring system
Horizontal
Pile + bottom Anchor water
Mooring line Total length Wire rope Fairlead chain distance
chain depth
fairlead anchor
P1 2200,5 m 327 m 1811 m 62,5 m 1716 m 1334 m
S6 1970,5 m 327 m 1681 m 62,5 m 1470 m 1274 m
57
Taut leg mooring line
With taut leg mooring the footprint is a lot smaller because the lines are under
constant tension in a straight line from the fair leaves to the anchors
Disadvantage is that the anchors thus need to handle a vertical force as well as a
horizontal force
This type of mooring is better suited for very deep water
Movement of the unit is reduced
Need anchors resistant to vertical forces
239 58
Example of field layout: BONGA
The BONGA Field is in 1000m WD SPM located approximately 1
mile distance from FPSO
1000m SPM
0,54NM location
500m
0,27NM
FPSO Gas export line
location
Safe approach tracks
Discretionary approach tracks
Prohibited approach tracks
The unit is a 360,000 dwt FPSO with the 22,000 tones topsides facilities
The unit is moored on a fixed heading of 185 degrees true
The unit is spread moored to 12 suction pile anchors
FPSO and SPM are moored with a passive spread mooring system using a combination of steel wire rope
and chain and suction pile anchors
59
Example of field layout: DALIA‐GIRASSOL
GIRASSOL
Radius 500m
500m
240 60
Chain stopper jacks and fairlead
Chain stopper
Fairleads
61
Chain stopper jacks and fairlead
Chain stopper
• for chain connection
• for line tension adjustment
• to change location of links chain who
support wear and tear
Fairlead
For line heading changing
241 62
Chain stopper jacks
RamWinch type chain stopper
Simple deck‐mounted chain stopper
63
Fairlead
Underwater mooring line guide
242 64
Tanker Loading Operation
Tanker Loading Operation ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0
Outlines
Loading program
Vessel nomination
Preparation before loading (authorities)
Preparation before loading (affiliate)
Preparation of the offloading/loading plan
Loading ‐ Surveillance
End of loading
Commercial documents
Distribution of the commercial documents
Samples management
Verification of lay‐time
243 2
1. Loading program
The tanker loading program is based on the production forecasts forwarded to
Trading and partners at the end of month M‐2
The program depends on the partners’ loading rights
The program depends on availability of the facilities (storage, offloading, etc.)
The final program drawn up by Trading reaches the terminal on the 10th of month M‐
1
• The offtake tankers are generally not known at that date
• The program could, may be adjusted (difficult for partners’ program changes)
3
2. Nomination of the vessels
Vessels proposed by trading (D‐15). Terminal consulted. Vessels are approved by
vetting department
Vessel nominated by mail with documentary instructions for the load:
• Name, characteristics
• Date of acceptance, date of arrival
• Quantity to be loaded
• +/‐ 5% halted by the vessel as a rule or the terminal if the latter does not have the required quantity
available.
• Or max. Q not to be exceeded (bank letter of credit)
• Cargo destination
• Number of parcels
• List of documents and addressees
• Nomination of the cargo inspectors
• Shipping agent
244 4
3. Preparation BEFORE loading (administrative)
Transit service: receives from the terminal the information needed to complete the
shipment request to be given to the customs service (name, date, estimated
quantity)
Customs service: signs the shipment request, which authorizes loading
Immigration and health service, and harbormaster's offices appointed: for vessel
clearance
Shipping agent:
• Contact with the terminal, gives ETA of ship at 72 h, 48h and 24h
• Contact with the vessel, ensures the administrative formalities for the vessel, its crew (mail,
shift changes, victualling, medical care, etc.)
• Handles summons for: authorities, cargo inspectors…
Cargo inspectors (2 for terminal and vessel)
5
4. Preparation BEFORE loading (affiliate)
Marine Logistics service: for assistance; mooring crew, pilot, tug, workboat…
Laboratory: cargo quality control before loading, and official analyses of cargo
samples
Safety: installation, inspection of safety equipment, particularly on a jetty and for
tandem loading
Security: put in place security instruction and procedure
Maintenance: checks on electrical consumption, pump units
Works: adaptation of works. Hot works, tank inspections suspended
245 6
5. Preparation of the offloading/loading plan
Examination of the tanker information sheet: this is sent by the pilot and contains
loading rate, total deadweight, number and diameter of lines, quantity required,
mooring system…
Choice of terminal tanks to be offloaded: quality and quantity control (API ‐ BSW ‐
Salt ‐ temperature), tanks selection according to hull stresses
Define inspection operation programs on the terminal
Measure tanks parameters and take tank samples
7
Tank closed measurement system (U.T.I.)
UTI: Ullage ‐ Temperature ‐ Interface
246 8
Tank closed measurement system (sampler)
9
5. Preparation of the offloading/loading Plan
Examination of the tanker information sheet: this is sent by the pilot and contains
loading rate, total deadweight, number and diameter of lines, quantity required,
mooring system…
Choice of terminal tanks to be offloaded: quality and quantity control (API ‐ BSW ‐
Salt ‐ temperature), tanks selection according to hull stresses
Define inspection operation programs on the terminal
Measure tanks parameters and take tank samples
Define estimated loading time: for final tanks parameters measurements
Transmission to the vessel of the terminal’s parameters (offloading rate,
temperature, density, quantity)
Confirm final loading stop order: loading to be stopped by terminal or by tanker
247 10
6. Loading ‐ Surveillance (1/2) at the terminal
Surveillance of the volume, pressure and offloading rate parameters
Efficient working of the metering and sampling units (performance factors
0.9 < pf < 1.1), periodic checks, time sheets recorded
Quantities regularly loaded compared with those of the vessel
Surveillance of the tanks including those not involved in the loading operation. Tank
atmosphere control, pressure
Surveillance of the load lines, manifold, buoy, hoses, drop lines
Surveillance of the hawsers, always in tension
11
Hawser tensioning
Tandem
hawser
248 12
6. Loading ‐ Surveillance (2/2) on board the tanker
Verification of the manifold, chain stoppers, mooring points of the emergency fire
lines, towing wires before approach of the vessel
Verification of the indications in the “safety checklist”
Participation in tank checks/inspection
Surveillance of deballasting quality (simultaneous loading and deballasting
operations)
Surveillance of the mooring lines, fire lines, buoy and tug position.
Surveillance of tank change proceedings (risk of pressure hammer effect)
Surveillance for leak of the manifold, of the vessel, the hoses, and the buoy
Surveillance of weather conditions
13
7. End of loading (1/2)
End of loading as agreed with the vessel
• If Q to be loaded is +/‐ 5% in principle: stopped by the offtake vessel or the terminal for lack
of product within the limits indicated
• If max. Q not to be exceeded (letter of credit): stopped by the terminal
Disconnection of the loading hoses
Collection of parameter readings at terminal: from the metering units with the
inspectors and other authorities
Collection of sampling at terminal: from the sampler unit with the inspectors and
other authorities
Tank checking operations at terminal: tank parameter measurements, temperature,
oil/water interfaces, trim, list) with the inspectors and other authorities
Calculation of commercial standard quantities net oil in barrels at 60°F
249 14
7. End of loading (2/2)
Operations for checking the vessel tanks, trim and list by the: crew, inspector,
customs officer and terminal representative
Terminal samples: analysis, distribution, identification, sealing
Cargo tanks on the terminal: maintained on stand‐by until completion of
comparison/approval of volumes loaded (checks always possible if major differences)
Unmoor and un‐mooring operations: take place as soon as possible, once the
hoses/loading arms have been disconnected, for safety reasons
15
8. Commercial documents and samples (1/2)
Time: between 3 and 6 h from end of loading to remittal of the documents and
samples to the master
Documents issued by the terminal for each parcel loaded (partners)
• Bill of lading 3 originals + copies
• Quality‐quantity certificate originals + copies
• Time sheet "
• Receipt for samples "
• Ullage reports (on tanker) "
• Distribution of the documents "
• Master’s acknowledgement of receipt of documents "
• Product quality safety sheet
250 16
8. Other commercial documents (2/2)
Inspectors:
• Slops reports
• Tank inspection reports (ullage reports)
• Vessel's Experience Factor (VEF) of tanker
• Tanker & terminal calculation sheets
• Letters of protest
Tanker:
• Notice of readiness
• Calculation sheets
• Letters of protest
Shipping agent:
• Cargo manifest
Customs:
• Certificate of origin of the crude
• D6 declaration of definitive export
Misc.:
• Certificate of rental of port services
• Vessel information sheet on arrival
• Loading telex (trading, partners, etc.)
• Terminal calculation sheets
17
9. Documents dispatching before vessel departure
Signature of the documents by the master and inspectors: special precautions for the
3 originals of the Bill of Lading B/L
Distribution of the documents
• 2 copies for the master (1 for him + 1 for receiving agent)
• Copy for the inspector
• Copy for the customs service, shipping agent
251 18
9. Documents dispatching after vessel departure
Distribution of the originals and copies in observance of instructions from trading:
• Warning: if any mistake is found on a document after departure of the tanker, DO NOT
correct it. Inform trading which will issue instructions for correction as appropriate
Distribution of copies of documents for affiliate services: partners, transit…
19
10. Samples management
Samples dispatching
• 1 sealed 2 liters sample is handed over to the master
• 1 sealed 2 liters sample is handed over to the master for forwarding to the receiver of the
cargo
• 1 sealed 2 liters sample is kept for 3 months by the terminal. It will be claimed and used in
the event of dispute
Additional samples: if so instructed by trading
252 20
11. Verification of lay‐time (1/3)
Definition: the lay‐time allocated to the vendor at each loading/offloading terminal
shall be half the total lay time allocated in the World Scale, i.e. 72 h/2 = 36 h
Lay time
Tanker arrival Beginning End
• 6h after terminal opening time
Before its laycan • or at loading start if this is before
• or at 12h00 on the first day of the laycan
• 6h after terminal opening time
• or 6h after remittal of the N.O.R. On disconnection
Within the laycan • which takes place on arrival of hoses
• or at loading start if this takes place before the 6h
mentioned above
After its laycan At loading start
If delay in document handover of > 2 h after hose disconnection, lay time ends at
"Handover of documents" (not always accepted by the terminals)
N.O.R.: Notice Of Readiness, tendered by the master on arrival in the terminal,
specifying that the vessel is ready to load
21
11. Verification of lay time (2/3)
Time deductible from the lay time calculation
• Deballasting time if this is not done simultaneously with loading
• Waiting on vessel due to prohibition to load from the purchaser, the owner, the master or
the local authorities
• Waiting on entry and exit authorizations from the customs, immigration…, services
• Tanker delay in attaining its loading point, piloting, mooring or hose connection point where
delay is not imputable to the terminal
• Tanker delay in loading: low loading rate, rate reduced for technical reasons on the vessel,
and generally any loss of time attributable to the vessel
253 22
11. Verification of lay‐time (3/3)
Time deductible from the lay‐time calculation
• Any interruption in loading for poor weather conditions
• Half the delay resulting from an incident incurred on the equipment used for loading
(pumping systems, load line, metering, etc.)
• Delay due to inspection operations ordered by the purchaser(s), or the vessel, and
undertaken on the terminal or aboard the vessel
• Delay due to waiting on tide, daylight, tugging
• Force majeure: strike, fire, explosion, natural disasters, war, embargo, requisition of products
• Delay due to loading priority given to another vessel for the purpose of local markets
All such events must be notified via the time sheet and/or in a letter of protest
23
254
Lifting documents
25
Distribution of documents
255 26
Bill of lading
27
Quantity and quality certificate
256 28
Certificate of origin
29
Cargo manifest
257 30
Ullage report
31
Time sheet
258 32
Receipt for documents and samples
33
Dry certificate
259 34
Notice of readiness
35
260
F(P)SO Offshore Tank Parameters
Measurement
F(P)SO Offshore Tank Parameters Measurement ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0
Calculation method: by measuring F(P)SO tank parameters
The method of calculating volume applies API “Manual of Petroleum Measurement
Standards”:
• Chapter 12: Calculation of Petroleum Quantities.
• Section 1: Calculation of Static Petroleum Quantities.
• Part 1: Upright Cylindrical Tanks and Marine Vessels.
and chapter 17: Marine Measurement
• Section 1: Guidelines for Marine Cargo Inspection.
261 2
Vapor control gauging stations
Hermetic valve 2” permit to measure: de level, temperature, interface and take
samples… without gas releasing to atmosphere
3
Portable electronic gauging tapes
3 functions UTI:
1. Ullage Trimode stainless steel UTI
2. Temperature probe can be used with
3. Interface corrosives and non‐corrosives
262 4
Portable electronic gauging tapes
Re ading inde x
In a same operation, it performs the following PROBE
measurements for each tank:
• Filling level of the tank: ullage
• Temperatures at pre‐selected levels
He rm e tic valve
(temperature)
• Level of oil/water (interface) Top of tank
GAS
The electronic gauging tapes is used through ULLAGE
the hermetic 2” valves Le ve l of Liquid
OIL
Temperature measurement
Inte rface le ve l
WATER
5
Sampler ‐ Sampling
The hermetic valve 2” permit to take samples, without
releasing of gas to atmosphere.
Samples are taken in upper part, middle, lower part of the
tank, as the temperature and depending of filling level of the
tank.
The number of samples taken at each level may be double to
obtain a large enough representative sample of the tank.
Number of
Height of liquid Location
measurements
height > 4.5 m 3 upper 1/6, middle, lower 5/6
3.0 m < height < 4.5 m 2 upper 1/6, lower 5/6
height < 3.0 m 1 middle
263 6
Portable hermetic probe for tank bottom
It is used both when there is considerable TANK BOTTOM PROBE

trim and when measurement using the 3
functions tape is impossible. Indeed, under
these conditions, measurement using the 3
functions tape gives an interface ullage
value which is higher than the last value HERM ETIC VALVE
TOP OF TANK
shown on the gauging table for the tank
GAS
(with zero trim). LEVEL OF LIQUID
For shallow water of a few cm, not OIL
measurable with the 3 functions tape, it is
used to determine the depth of water from
this weighted probe covered with water
detection paste.
The probe at the bottom of the tank is WATER
INTERFACE LEVEL
used through the tank 2” hermetic valve.
He ight of w ate r
7
Measuring the tank temperature
The measurements are made using a portable 3‐function
electronic probe. ISO 4268 standard is applied.
The number and locations of measuring points depend on the
level of liquid in the tank.
Temperatures must be measured immediately after
measuring the level. Read each measurement and record it to
the nearest 0.1°C.
When the temperature is read at several levels, the average
of the temperatures recorded, rounded to the nearest 0.1°C,
must be used as the average temperature of the tank
contents.
264 8
Measuring the tank temperature
Number of
Height of liquid Location
measurements
height > 4.5 m 3 upper 1/6, middle, lower 5/6 Re ading inde x
3.0 m < height < 4.5 m 2 upper 1/6, lower 5/6
height < 3.0 m 1 middle
Herm etic Va lve
Top of TANK
GAS
Le vel of Liquid
1/6
OIL U p p er temp eratu re level
1/2
Middle temperature level

5/6
Lower temperature level
WATER
9
Measuring free water volume in the tank
The volume of free water in each tank is calculated from measuring the depth of
water or the interface level
Reading index
Hermtic valve Hermetic valve

Top of tank
GAS GAS
Level of liquid
OIL OIL
Interface level
NIVEAU INTERFACE
Hauteur Pied d'eau

WATER WATER
MEASUREMENT OF THE DEPTH OF WATER MEASUREMENT OF THE INTERFACE

USING A TANK BOTTOM PROBE USING A MULTIFUNCTION PROBE
265 10
Measuring free water volume in the tank
Measuring the ullage at the oil/water interface
• Ullage at the interface is measured by the 3‐functions tape
• The value read is given in the gauging table for the tank with zero trim and that the surface
of the interface wets all 4 walls of the tank
Measuring the height of free water
• The full interface is measured using the tank bottom probe, through the hermetic valve
• If the interface measurement is more than the level measurements given in the table, the
tank bottom probe which gives the height of free water shall be used
• The probe is coated with detection paste
11
Gauging and correction tables for each tank
The FPSO has 3 types of tables for each tank:
1. Trim correction table of the tank. It gives the correction in m to be applied at the ullage read
du to the FPSO.
2. Heel correction table of the tank. It gives the correction in m to be applied at the ullage read
due to the FPSO heel.
3. Gauging table of the tank. It gives the volume of liquid in m3, cubic feet and barrel at
temperature for ullage measured in cm, with zero trim and heel.
266 12
Tanks calculation example
13
Tanks calculation before loading
7 tanks
1. Fore Draft
2. Aft Draft
3. Trim
267 4. Heel 14
1. Fore Draft measurement
2. Aft Draft measurement
3. Trim calculation = (1) – (2)
4. Heel measurement
5. Tank ullage in m
6. Ullage corrected by trim and heel
(gauging/correction tables)
1. Fore Draft
6. Corrected Ullage cm
5. Ulage m
2.Aft Draft
3. Trim
4. Heel 15
7. TOV: total Vol. at T°C in m3 (6 and gauging table)
8. Free water height (interface) in meter (gauging table)
9. Free water m3 (8 and gauging table)
7. Tank total Vol. m3 8. Free water height m
9. Free water Vol m3
6. Corrected ullage cm
5. Ullage m
7. TOV Total Observed Volume = Total liquid volume in the tank at observed conditions (anhydrous oil + emulsion water + free water)
268 16
10. GOV: Gross Vol. at T°C in m3 (7‐9)
11. Average Temperature in °C
12. Density at 15°C gross oil, in vacuum t/m3
10. Gross vol. m3 11. Average T°C
5 6 9
7 8 12. Density at 15°C vacuum
10. GOV (Gross Observed Volume) = Volume of hydrated oil under conditions observed in the tank
11. Tank average T° = (T upper + T middle + T lower)/3
17
13. VCF: Volume Correction Factor (table ASTM 54)
14. GSF: Gross Standard Volume (15°C) in m3 (10 x 13)
15. Mass in vacuum in tones (12 x 14 )
10 11 12 13. Vcf 14. Vol brut standard
5 6 9
7 8 15. Empty mass
13. VCF = Volume Correction Factor: MV, tank T°C and ASTM 54 table

14. GSV = Gross Standard Volume = Volume of hydrated oil under standard conditions (15°C)
269 18
16. TOV (Total Observed Volume) 7 tanks at T°C in m3
17. Total Volume of free water 7 tanks in m3
10 11 12 13 14
5 6 9
7 8 15
16. Total Obs Vol 7 tanks
17. Total Vol of free water
16. Total Obs. Vol 7 tanks
17. Total Vol of free water
16. TOV (Total Observed Volume) = Total Volume of liquid in the tank under the conditions observed in the
tank (anhydrous Oil + emulsion water + free water)
17. Volume Total eau libre en m3 des 7 citernes
19
18. GOV: Gross Observed Vol. 7 tanks at 15C in m3
19. Average temperature 7 tanks
20. VCF Volume Correction Factor of oil 7 tanks at average storage T
10 11 12 13 14
5 6 9
7 8 15
16
16 17 19. Average T 7 tanks
17 20. VCF 7 tanks
18. GOV 7 tanks
18. GOV 7 tanks
19. Average T of 7 tanks. ∑(GOV X T°C) / ∑GOV
270 20
21. GSV: Gross Standard Vol. 7 tanks at 15C in m3
22. Mass in vacuum 7 tanks
10 11 12 13 14
5 6 9
7 8 15
16
16 17 19
18
17 20
22. GSV 7 tanks
21. GSV 7 tanks
18
21. GSF: Gross Standard Volume (at 15°C) in m3. ∑GSV tanks
21. GSV 7 tanks 22. ∑ oil mass in vacuum of 7 tanks 21
21. GSV: Gross Standard Vol. 7 tanks at 15C in m3
22. Mass in vacuum 7 tanks
10 11 12 13 14
5 6 9
7 8 15
21
16 18
16 17 19
18 20
17 22
23. TCV 7 tanks
23. TCV (Total Calculated Volume) = Volume of hydrated oil under standard conditions (15°C) +

21
Volume of free water under conditions observed in the tank
271 22
Tanks calculation after loading
At the end of the tanker loading, take parameters here under:
• Drafts to calculate trim and heel
• 7 tanks parameters (without oil sampling)
A similar previous calculation, carried out before loading, shall be now
carried out
1. Fore draft
2. Aft draft
3. Trim
4. Heel 23
Calculation of final report
272 24
25
273 26
Definitions
In the presence of free water, only the gross volume (oil + emulsion water) under
tank storage conditions (observed volume), is converted to standard conditions: 15°C,
by using the volume correction factor VCF for the tank in question.
Gross Volume averages: oil + emulsion water = hydrated oil.
The volume of free water in the tank is stored under tank storage conditions and is
never converted to standard conditions.
TOV (Total Observed Volume) = Total Volume of liquid in the tank under the
conditions Observed in the tank (anhydrous oil + emulsion water + free water).
TCV (Total Calculated Volume) = Volume of hydrated oil under standard
conditions (15 °C) + Volume of free water under conditions observed in the tank.
GOV (Gross Observed Volume) = hydrated oil Volume under observed conditions in
the tank.
GSV (Gross Standard Volume) = hydrated oil Volume under standard conditions
(15°C).
OFW (Observed Free Water) = Volume of free water under conditions Observed in
the tank. (this volume is not corrected). 27
Definitions
NSV Net Standard Volume = Volume of anhydrous oil under standard conditions:

15°C.
Density in vacuum (in t/m3) given by analysis of the official sample. This is the density
in vacuum of hydrated oil (anhydrous oil + emulsion water).
Density in air (in t/m3) of hydrated oil = Density in vacuum (in t/m3) ‐ 0.0011 (t/m3).
The Mass in air of loaded hydrated oil (in tons) = GSV loaded (in m3) x Density in
air (in t/m3) of hydrated oil.
The Mass in air of total loaded water (in tons) = Total vol. of water loaded (in m3) x
Density in air (in t/m3) of water. Considering the salinity of the water, Density in
vacuum of water is also taken at 1.0250 t/m3. Subtract 0.0011 t/m3 to obtain Density
in air.
This mass represents free water and water in suspension.
The Mass in air of water in suspension loaded (in tons) = Vol. of water in suspension
loaded (in m3) x Density in air of the water (in t/m3).
The Mass in air of anhydrous oil (Net) loaded (in tons) = Mass in air of hydrated oil
loaded (in tons) – Mass in air of water in suspension loaded (in tons).
274 28

CERT-12 Z01.0 Storage Transfer

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CERT‐12

Functions of a Terminal ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0

Atmospheric Pressure Positive pressure (with production or IG /FG during offloading)

10 years inspections (new gauging table needed) 5 years inspections (International Marine Classification)

Field B 100 kbls 226 kbls

Field B 94.2 (100) 226 kbls

FPSO Functions ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0

FPSO hull – Construction views

FPSO VI Offshore Nigeria Espadarte FPSO Offshore Brazil

FPSO: Floating ‐ Production ‐ Storage ‐ Offloading

BLOCK 17 – PAZFLOR FPSO

1st stage 2nd stage 3rd stage Contactor 151b/300b

1st stage 2nd stage Gas Injection to

De‐oiling Degassing Water re Inj

J Shaped Double Hull J Shaped Double Hull

Oil Tank Oil Tank Oil Tank

SBT SBT SBT SBT

PUMP ROOM Manifold

Tank Tank Tank

Location Suction well Installation

Other loading technologie – HiLoad principle

Crude Oil Storage ‐ Metering & Export ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0

LI: to avoid over flow and pump cavitation AI: to avoid explosive atmosphere O2 < 8%

0.22 P/V Breaker ‐ liquid filled

‐0.07 P/V breaker liquid filled

12.2m 12.2m 12.2m 292.8m 37.6m

HOSE SPRING SLEEVE CAPILLARIES HOSE SECTION

Volume: Vi = N/K with: (*) Helical blade turbine has a linearity of 0.25%

Vi = N/K (sep 1) => Vm = Vi x MF = N/K x MF (step 2)

N°1 WB N°2 WB Main N°4 WB N°5 WB N°6 WB Fore

Methane 5.0% 15%

Ethane 3.1% 12.45%

Propane 2.1% 9.5%

Butane 1.8% 8.4%

Hydrogen Sulfide 4.3% 46%

Methanol 5.5% 31%

Methanol tanks inerted with nitrogen, CO2 or inert gas

Air fan Fuel pump Inert Gas Deck water P/V

An analyzer measures continuously the O2 content at IGG outlet: O2 content < 5%

An analyzer measures continuously the O2 content at the outlet: O2 content < 5%

Sea water 147 Sea water 150

Atmospheric Storage Tanks ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0

Simple vent on chemical product tank

Double effect breathing valve with flame arrestor

Mooring of Floating Units ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0

6" GAS SWIVEL

LOCAL PRESSURISATION UNIT DRIVING SYSTEM

2x24" PRODUCT SWIVEL

BOTTOM PRIMARY SEAL

P1 2200,5 m 327 m 1811 m 62,5 m 1716 m 1334 m

S6 1970,5 m 327 m 1681 m 62,5 m 1470 m 1274 m

Tanker Loading Operation ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0

F(P)SO Offshore Tank Parameters Measurement ‐ JN20 ‐ Ver. 1.0

It is used both when there is considerable TANK BOTTOM PROBE

Middle temperature level

Lower temperature level

Hermtic valve Hermetic valve

Hauteur Pied d'eau

MEASUREMENT OF THE DEPTH OF WATER MEASUREMENT OF THE INTERFACE

7. Tank total Vol. m3 8. Free water height m

13. VCF = Volume Correction Factor: MV, tank T°C and ASTM 54 table

23. TCV (Total Calculated Volume) = Volume of hydrated oil under standard conditions (15°C) +

NSV Net Standard Volume = Volume of anhydrous oil under standard conditions:

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