Modulo 2 - PVT

PVT
Graduate Diploma Reservoir Engineering

PDVSA – SAN TOME
SEPTEMBER 13 – 17, 2010
Instructor : Alexis VILAIN
OIL AND GAS PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
AND PVT STUDIES
© 2010 - IFP Training

Alexis VILAIN
EP 20851_a_F_ppt_01 - Introduction to GDPEX P1 2
OIL AND GAS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. Generalities
2. Chemical composition of petroleum fluids
3. Pure components,binary mixtures and petroleum fluids
4. Oil and Gas main properties
5. Correlations to estimate hydrocarbons properties
6. Equations of state
7. Sampling
8. Oil PVT Study
9. Gas condensate PVT study
10. Water properties
OIL AND GAS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND PVT STUDIES
1.GENERALITIES

GENERALITIES
Goal of a PVT study
Determine characteristics (chemical and physical) of the reservoir
fluids so as to predict its behaviour when pressure and temperature
vary.
During the production process in the reservoir, fluids are depleted
at constant temperature.

GENERALITIES
Conclusions of a PVT study
Parameters for hydrocarbons in-place evaluation
Recovery-factor calculations
Fluid composition analysis
Phase behaviour during production
Input to reservoir numerical simulation

GENERALITIES
Who uses PVT data ?
Reservoirs engineers
- Understanding of the oil and gas behaviour in the reservoir
- Establish a coherent development plan
- Use for compositional simulation (equation of state)
Process engineers
- Choice of the separation process
- Surface separation optimization
GENERALITIES
THE PVT FLUID analysed must be the most representative of the
RESERVOIR FLUID.
Representativity guarantees an accurate production prediction,
exactness of the bubble or dew point, nature of the fluid in the
reservoir, amount of oil produced. Requirements are:
- acquisition of adequate volume of representative fluid
samples
- exact PVT data measurements with strict quality-
assurance/quality control (QA/QC)

The PVT cost is minimal in regard to economical benefits or losses
brought by the lack of knowledge of the fluid properties present
in the reservoir.
GENERALITIES
Consequences
Don’t hesitate to sample fluids for PVT analysis
Representativity of the sampling is essential
UNITS
Quantity Symbol Unit Conversion Factor
Pressure Pa Pascal SI unit (10-5 bar)
bar Bar 105 Pa or 14.5 psi
atm Atmosphere 1.01325 bars
psi Pound per square inch 0.06895 bar
Mpa Mega Pascal 10 bars
Temperature K Kelvin T(°K)=T(°C)+273.15
°C Degree Celsius T(°C)=T(°K)-273.15
°F Degree Fahrenheit T(°F)=32+1.8T(°C)
T(°C)=[T(°F)-32]/1.8
°R Degree Rankine T(°R)=T(°F)+459.67

Volume cu ft Cubic foot 0.02831 m3
bbl Barrel 0.158987 m3
UNITS
Quantity Symbol Unit Conversion Factor
GOR scf/STB scf/STB 0.17706 m3/m3
Salinity ppm part per million 10-3 g/m3
mg/l milligram per liter 10-3 g/l
Viscosity cp centipoises 1 mPa.s
mPa.s millipascal.second 1 cp
Pa.s Pascal.second Unit SI (1000cp)
Interfacial dyne/cm dyne per cm mN/m or 10-3N/m
tension mN/m milliNewton per meter 1 dyne/cm or 10-3 N/m
N/m Newton per meter Unit SI (1000 dyne/cm)
Compressibility bar-1 bar inverse 0.06895 psi-1
psi-1 square inch per pound 14.5 bar-1

GENERALITIES
Definitions
Reference conditions generally used throughout
Petroleum Industry
Standard Conditions
. Ps.c= 1.013 bara (ou 14.7 psia)

. Ts.c= 15.6 °C (or 60 °F)
2. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
PETROLEUM FLUIDS
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM FLUIDS
Petroleum fluids are mainly constituted of organic elements as
hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons contains only carbon and hydrogen
Also crude oils contains impurities as nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur
and heavy metals
Gas also contains H2S and CO2

. Crude oil analysis
constituent % mass
carbon 84 - 87
hydrogen 11 - 14
sulfur 0-2
nitrogen 0-2
oxygen 0-2
.Compositional analysis of the gas phase by
gas chromatography; N2, CO2, C1-C10
.Compositional analysis of the liquid phase
by gas chromatography up to C20+ (or C30+), often
(C11+, C7+) and/or distillation from C10 to
C20+
.Wax and Asphaltene %.

GENERALITIES
Conclusions of a PVT study
Parameters for hydrocarbons in-place evaluation
Recovery-factor calculations
Fluid composition analysis
Phase behaviour during production
Input to reservoir numerical simulation
GAS CHROMATOGRAM

MAIN FAMILIES OF HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons
Aromatics
(ex. benzene, toluene, Aliphatics
xylene)
Saturated
Unsaturated
(or Alkanes)
Normal Alkanes Iso-alkanes Cycloalkanes
Alkenes Alkynes

(ex. methane, ethane, (ex. iso-butane) (or Naphthenes)
(ex. ethylene) (ex. acetylene)
propane) (ex. cyclohexane)
Structure of reservoir fluid hydrocarbons
a) Normal alkanes

Structure of reservoir fluid hydrocarbons
b) Iso- and cyclo-alkanes, aromatics
CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM RESERVOIR FLUIDS
Saturated (or Alcanes)
Normal Alcanes (ex. methane,ethane propane ...)
Iso-Alcanes (ex. iso-butane)
Cyclo-Alcanes (ou naphtenes) ex. cyclohexane
Aromatics
Benzene
Asphaltenes (ex naphtalene, anthracene)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons as
Alcenes (ex. ethylene)

Alcynes (ex. acethylene)
are practically absent of petroleum crude and natural gas and
result of chemical conversion.
COMPOSITION OF A PETROLEUM FLUID
Cut Component Molar fraction Cut Component Molar fraction
H2S hydrogen sulfide 0.000 C9 iso nonanes 0.242
N2 nitrogen 0.075 aromatics in C8 0.134
CO2 carbon dioxide 1.536 cyclanes in C9 0.180
C1 methane 77.872 n nonane 0.146
C2 ethane 7.691 C10 iso decanes 0.348
C3 propane 3.511 aromatics in C9 0.094
C4 iso butane 0.469 n decane 0.095
n butane 1.267 C11 undecanes 0.427
C5 iso pentane 0.343 C12 dodecanes 0.315
n pentane 0.581 C13 tridecanes 0.295
C6 iso hexanes 0.391 C14 tetradecanes 0.239
n hexane 0.304 C15 pentadecanes 0.229
C7 iso heptanes 0.338 C16 hexadecanes 0.166
benzene 0.201 C17 heptadecanes 0.168
cyclanes in C7 0.423 C18 octadecanes 0.134
n heptane 0.154 C19 nonadecanes 0.070
C8 iso octanes 0.367 C20+ eicosanes plus 0.685
toluene 0.150
cyclanes in C8 0.239
n octane 0.121

ASPHALTENICS CRUDES
• Asphaltenes are the components of crude oil with maximum molecular
weight (up to several hundreds of atoms). Their concentration varies from
0 to 15% by weight.
• Their structurre is highly aromatic, but aliphatic structures and
hetero-atoms (oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur) are also present.
• In reservoir conditions, asphaltenes are solubilized in the crude oil.
• When thermodynamic conditions change (depletion,gas injection...)
asphaltenes may gather in larger and larger clusters. This process, called

floculation, is responsible for solid deposits in wells or pipes..
PARAFFINIC CRUDES
• Pour point : the lowest temperature, expressed as a multiple of
5°F, at which the liquid is observed to flow when cooled under
prescribed conditions.
• Cloud point : temperature at which paraffin wax begins to solidify
and is identified by the onset of turbidity as the temperature
is lowered. © 2010 - IFP Training
3. PURE COMPONENTS
BINARY MIXTURES &
PETROLEUM FLUIDS

PURE COMPONENTS PROPERTIES
Physical properties of petroleum fluids are function of
=> PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE and COMPOSITION.
= >PURE COMPONENTS PROPERTIES
- Phase notion
- Vapor pressure curve
- Diagram Pressure-Volume (Clapeyron diagram)
- Continuity of liquid and gaseous state
- Isothermal compressibility
- Isobaric compressibility
BINARY MIXTURES PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES OF BINARY MIXTURES
- Pressure-Temperature Relationship
- Pressure-Volume Relationship
- Composition influence of the mixing
- Retrograde condensation

Pure components properties
a pure component is characterized by one equation of state f(P,V,T) = 0
P-T CURVE
Pressure
Pressured
Liquid
Solid Superheated
Vapor or Gas
Triple Point
Pure component properties :
a pure component is characterized by one equation of state f(P,V,T) = 0
C
Pressure
Liquid
Vapor

Temperature
PURE COMPONENTS DEPLETION
OIL GAS
Psat P2 = Psat P3 = Psat P4 = Psat P5 = Psat
P -V CURVE PURE COMPONENTS
T1 T2 T3
Pressure
L
C
V
P sat
Bubble point dew
point
L+V

Volume
Binary mixtures Properties
. Diagram P-V
. Diagram P-T
. Composition influence of mixing
P -V CURVE MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEM
T1 T2 T3
Pressure
L
CC
V
Bubble
P sat point
Dew
L+V point

Volume
P - T diagram for C2/n-C7 mixture with 96,83 mol % ethane (from
Standing26)
Pc
Pressure, psia

Tc
Temperature, °F
P-T diagram for the C2/n-C7 system at various concentration of C2

PETROLEUM FLUIDS
Petroleum fluids properties
• Crude oil • Different gases
- saturated oil - dry gas
- undersaturated oil - gas condensate
- wet gas
PETROLEUM FLUIDS / BUBBLE POINT - DEW POINT
Saturated fluid :
One phase fluid at P and T conditions under study but which forms two
phases if a P and T variation occurs (inside the phase envelope).
In most cases, penetration inside the phase envelope creates a new
phase, minor, with a different composition and density, while the
preexisting phase is almost unchanged.
Bubble point :
Thee pressure at which the first gas bubble appears (out of solution).
Example : opening of a champagne bottle.
Dew point :
The new phase is a liquid phase (mist or tiny droplets).

Example : condensation of water vapor when breathing out in cold air.
PETROLEUM FLUIDS
Saturated oil
Pressure
Critical point
C
Tres, Pres
Separator

Tc
Temperature
PETROLEUM FLUIDS
Undersaturated oil
Pressure
Tres, Pres Critical point

C
Separator

Tc
Temperature
PETROLEUM FLUIDS
Dry Gas
Critical point
Pressure
C Tres, Pres P1
P2
Separator Tc
Temperature
PETROLEUM FLUIDS
Wet Gas
Tres, Pres
Critical point
Pressure
C
Separator

Tc
Temperature
PETROLEUM FLUIDS
Gas condensate
Tres, Pres
Critical point
Pressure
C
Séparateur

Tc
Temperature
PETROLEUM FLUIDS / PHASE ENVELOPE OF A MIXTURE
Pressure

Oil reservoirs with
dissolved gases Cricondenbar
Pcc Gas reservoirs without
retrograde condensation
ve
Pc ur Critical point
tc
in
po
le
bb Cricondentherm
Bu Liquid + gas
Dry gas
Zone : No or poor contribution of
100% dissolved gases
75%
50% 30% Zone : Appreciable contribution of
20% dissolved gases
e
urv

10% tc
5% poin Zone : Retrograde with liquid
0% Dew deposit in the reservoir
Zone : Dry or wet gas
Tc Tcc T
PETROLEUM FLUIDS / PHASE ENVELOPE OF A MIXTURE
Pressure Tc T2 Tcc
T1 T1 < Tc < T2 < Tcc
Gas Gas
RR2
Pc
R2
B1
Liquid
Liquid + vapor R1

Volume
TERNARY DIAGRAMS

TERNARY DIAGRAM
The petroleum mixture is reduced to three
components :
- a light component (like methane)
- intermediates (like C2 - C5)
- a heavy component (like C6+)
The phase behaviour of this three-component mixture
is represented through an equilateral triangle, called
the ternary diagram
TERNARY DIAGRAM
Lights
20% C6+
30% C2-C5
50% C1
M

Heavies Intermediates
TERNARY DIAGRAM
- each corner of the triangle corresponds to 100 %
of a single component
- each side represents two-component mixtures
- points within the triangle represents three-
component mixtures
Composition is plotted in mole fraction
For a ternary diagram the pressure and the
temperature are constant, only the composition
changes
TERNARY DIAGRAM
Lights
Dew point curve
G
Bubble point curve Critical equilibrium line
..
M
CP

Intermediates
Heavies L
TERNARY DIAGRAM
PHASE BEHAVIOUR
Inside the saturation curve the mixture is diphasic
On the left of the critical line and outside the
saturation curve the mixture is monophasic:
Gas at the top and liquid at the bottom
Equilibrium lines crossing the point M give the
composition of the gas phase (on the dew point curve)
and the liquid phase (on the bubble point curve) in

equilibrium.
COMPOSITION OF HYDROCARBON MIXTURES
Several formation fluids composition
(% mole)
Components Oil Oil Oil Condensate Condensate Wet Dry
gas gas gas gas
Nitrogen+CO 2.16
2 4.49 2.12 2.37 4.09 1.01 0.40
H2S - 3.45
Methane 30.28 50.12 63.91 64.19 73.80 88.54 94.32
Ethane 6.28 7.78 8.29 11.18 9.43 5.32 3.90
Propane 10.21 5.18 4.37 6.20 4.43 2.30 1.17
Isobutane 1.23 1.04 0.94 0.75 0.87 0.56 0.08
n-Butane 5.75 2.65 2.21 2.31 1.63 0.59 0.13
Isopentane 1.62 1.11 0.72 0.64 0.71 0.27
n-Pentane 2.71 1.43 1.15 1.03 0.66 0.23
C6 3.28 1.92 1.86 1.22 0.91 0.27
C7+ 36.58 20.83 14.43 10.11 3.47 0.91

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
PETROLEUM FLUIDS CLASSIFICATION
Difficulty to distinguish between oil and gas
Requirement to determine:
- fluid state in the reservoir
- fluid properties in-situ © 2010 - IFP Training
GRAVITY OF STOCK TANK OIL
Definition of API Gravity °API = 141.5/d -131.5
with d is oil specific gravity (oil density as referred to water
density at 60°F)
Condensate,very light oils : d ≤ 0.8 (more than 45°API)
Light oils 0.8 ≤ d ≤ 0.86 (33 à 45°API)
Black oils 0.86 ≤ d ≤ 0.92 (22 à 33°API)

Heavy oils 0.92 ≤ d ≤ 1 (less than 22°API)
BASIC DATA CHARACTERIZING WELL EFFLUENT
1 - Production data
- A.P.I. Gravity
if SG >0.8 (A.P.I.<45°) OIL
if SG <0.8 (A.P.I.>45°) CONDENSATE
- Gas-Oil Ratio
GOR < 500 m3/m3 OIL
GOR < 2800scf/STB
500 < GOR < 1000 m3/m3 OIL OR GAS CONDENSATE
2800 < GOR < 5600 scf/STB
GOR > 1000 m3/m3 GAS CONDENSATE

GOR > 5600 scf/STB
BASIC DATA CHARACTERIZING WELL EFFLUENT
2 - Chemical composition
- heavy oil C1 < 20% C7+ >40%
- black oil 20% < C7+ < 40%
- light oil C1 – C5 > 60% 13% < C7+ < 20%
- volatile oil/rich condensate 8% < C7+ < 13%
- gas condensate C7+ < 8%

- wet gas C1 > 80%
CLASSIFICATION OF OILS AND HEAVY OILS
GRAVITY VISCOSITY UNDER
RESERVOIR
15 ° C CONDITIONS
sp gr API° (mPa.s)
15 ° C
_
LIGHT OIL < 0.87 > 31.1
_
MEDIUM-GRAVITY OIL 0.87 < sp gr < 0.92 31.1 ≥ API°≥
≥ 22.3
HEAVY OIL > 0.92 < 22.3 < 10 000
_ _

NATURAL TAR > 10 000
_
EXTRA-HEAVY OIL >1 < 10
GAS
O OTres, Pres
Pressure
GAS
O CONDENSATE
OVOLATILE OIL
BLACK
OIL
O

critical
point
Temperature
4. OIL & GAS
MAIN PROPERTIES
MAIN OIL PROPERTIES
Surface conditions
Reservoir conditions
200 m³ gas
1 m³ oil
0,8 m³ oil
Formation volume factor (FVF) :
Bo = 1/0.8 = 1.25 m³/m³
Gas oil ratio :

GOR = 200/0.8 = 250 Sm³/m³
MAIN OIL PROPERTIES
Surface conditions
GOR
Rs
Dissolved gas Gas
Oil
Oil
MAIN OIL PROPERTIES (BO, RS, CO)
Formation Volume Factor
Vo Volume of oil in reservoir P, T conditions
Bo = V = Volume of stock tank oil in standard conditions
std ref
Solution gas/oil ratio (Rs)
Vg std Volume of gas in standard conditions
Rs = =
Vstd ref Volume of oil in standard conditions
Rs quantifies the amount of gaseous components which are dissolved in the
oil at reservoir conditions.
Compressibility (Co)
1 ∂V
Co = - ( )T

V ∂P
Co quantifies the volume changes arising from pressure depletion at
reservoir temperature, above the bubble point pressure.
Average oil compressibility is often assumed constant (valid except for
volatile oil at high pressure)
and then:
Bo = Bob [ 1 – Co (p-pb)]
Oil compressibility varies between
1 * 10-4 bar -1 black oil 7 * 10-6 psi -1
4 * 10-4 bar -1 volatile oil 30 * 10-6 psi -1
MAIN OIL PROPERTIES
VOLATILE OIL
Volatile oils are light oils where the liquid recovered in surface
comes from one side of the oil phase and from the other side by
liquid condensation of the gas phase.
For a volatile oil
- gravity sto > 35° API
- Bo > 1.5 v/v and Co ≥ 30 * 10-6 psi -1
- 1,000 < Rs < 3,000 scf/STB

- the bubble point is close to the critical point
- oil behavior cannot be represented by traditional black oil PVT
MAIN OIL PROPERTIES
DEFINITIONS FOR OIL
Bo =f(P)
Bo
VOLATILE OIL
1.9
1.6
BLACK
1.3 OIL
P (barg)
1.0
100 200 300 400 500
MAIN OIL PROPERTIES
DEFINITIONS FOR OIL Rs = f(P)
Rs ( m3/m3)
300
VOLATILE OIL
200
BLACK OIL
100
P (barg)

100 200 300 400 500
MAIN OIL PROPERTIES
Viscosity
The viscosity varies with the pressure, temperature and quantity of dissolved gas. In the
reservoir, the following prevail for the hydrocarbon liquid:
Order of magnitude: from 0,2 cP (very light oil) to 1 P, called heavy oil above 1 P, up to
about 100 P.
µo (cP)
1,5
1 30°API
0,5

45°API
100 200 300 400 P (bar)
MAIN GAS PROPERTIES
Surface conditions
200 m³ gas
1 m³ gas
0,2 m³
condensate
Formation volume factor :
Bg = 1/200 m³/m³
Ratio condensate/gas :
CGR = 0.2/200 = 0.001 Sm³/m³

GOR = 1/CGR = 1000 Sm³/m³
MAIN GAS PROPERTIES (Bg)
Formation Volume Factor dry gas
Vg Volume of gas in reservoir P, T conditions
Bg = Vgstd ref = Volume of dry gas in standard conditions
MAIN GAS PROPERTIES / GAS SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Gas Specific gravity is defined as ratio of gas density to that of air
at standard conditions (60°F, 1 atm).
MW
Gravity =
MWa
Where MWa is the molar mass of air (28.97 g/mol)
The molar mass could be determined from gas composition

MAIN GAS PROPERTIES
Molecular weight from Production data
R gas liquid ratio produced at standard conditions
ρgas gas density at standard conditions
ρoil oil density at standard conditions
Moil molecular weight of the stock tank oil
Mass of the mixture for 1m3 sto R x ρgas + ρoil
Number of moles of the mixture R/23.6 10-3 + ρoil / Moil
Molecular weight gas condensate or wet gas
R x ρgas + ρoil
Mgas = ----------------------------------
R/23.6 10-3 + ρoil / Moil

Specific Gravity γ ( air =1) = Mgas / 28.97
MAIN GAS PROPERTIES / COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
Compressibility factor : Z
for a perfect gas : PV = nRT
for a real gas : PV = ZnRT
Bg = V = Pcs ZT / P Zcs Tcs
Vc
E = 1 / Bg
Definition : m = nM et ρ = m/V

ρ = PM/ZRT
MAIN GAS PROPERTIES (Bg)
Formation Volume Factor dry gas
Vg Volume of gas in reservoir P, T conditions
Bg = Vgstd ref = Volume of dry gas in standard conditions
Formation Volume Factor wet gas
Vg Volume of gas in reservoir P,T conditions
Bg = =
Vgstd equ Volume of dry gas + equivalent gas vol of liquid in std
Equivalent gas volume is the number of moles of liquid multiplied by the molar volume
or:
Vl * ( ρoil / Moil ) * 23.6

and
Vg std equ = Vl [R + ( ρoil / Moil ) * 23.6]
EP 20851_a_F_ppt_01 - Introduction to GDPEX P1
4173
MAIN GAS PROPERTIES / GAS RICHNESS
GAS RICHNESS
Calculation in metric units : g/m3
m
C3+ (g/m3) = Σ yiMi * 1000/23.6
i=3
m
C4+ (g/m3) = Σ yiMi * 1000/23.6
i=4
m
C5+ (g/m3) = Σ yiMi * 1000/23.6
i=5

MAIN GAS PROPERTIES / GAS SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Definitions for gas :
Gas Specific Gravity :
(γγ air =1) = ρgas/ρ
ρair = Mgas/Mair
ρgas = Mgas/Vmolar
Vmolar = 23.645 l (1 atm, 15°C)
Vmolar = 23.694 l (1 atm, 60°F)
Vmolar = 379.4 scf/lbm mol (1 atm, 60°F)
Mair = 28.9784
ρair =28.97/23.645 =1.225 kg/m³
MAIN GAS PROPERTIES / GAS RICHNESS
GAS RICHNESS
Calculation in british units :
GPM = gallons per thousand cubic feet
m
Σ yiMi/ρi] * (28.3 / 3.785) / 23.6
GPM (C3+) = [Σ
i=3
m
GPM (C4+) = [Σ
Σ yiMi/ρi] * (28.3 / 3.785) / 23.6
i=4
m
Σ yiMi/ρi] * (28.3 / 3.785) / 23.6
GPM (C5+) = [Σ
i=5

PURE COMPONENTS PARAMETERS
Characteristic properties of
pure compounds
1°/ This list is far from containing
all hydrocarbons present in the
light fraction of crude oils and
natural gases (more than 250
individual hydrocarbons can
be identified by gas
chromatography)
2°/ Beyond C10, hydrocarbons
decompose before their critical
point can be properly
investigated. Then critical
parameters are extrapolated.

5. CORRELATIONS

CORRELATIONS
Knowledge of the fluid properties in PRESSURE and TEMPERATURE
(P.V.T. properties) is required for reservoir evaluation
P.V.T.properties of petroleum fluids are obtained:
- from empirical laws
- from P.V.T. analysis (laboratory)
- by calculation from an equation of state (matching)
CORRELATIONS
From experimental data obtained from a great number of fluids,
various authors have established useful correlations concerning
hydrocarbons fluids.
– Bubble point pressure
– Volumetric Factor
– viscosities
– densities
– compressibility Factor
Using little experimental data, one can obtain relatively precise
figures concerning fluid properties (whether it is oil or gas).

• PVT coherence (measures) can be checked using correlations.
CORRELATIONS
Black oil correlations are usually based on regional fluid
data as for example North Sea, Middle East or Egypt
these correlations should not be used outside the range of
data for which there were derived.
EOS matched against PVT data are used for reasonable
extrapolation outside the data range
CORRELATIONS OF OIL PROPERTIES
DETERMINATION OF OIL PROPERTIES FROM EMPIRICAL LAWS
based on GOR, gravity of stock-tank oil, gas gravity
1. Bubble point pressure
STANDING correlation
LASATER correlation
GLASO correlation (for North Sea oil)
VAZQUEZ and BEGGS, etc…
2. Oil Formation Volume Factor

STANDING, LASATER, GLASO, VAZQUEZ and BEGGS
correlations, etc..
CORRELATIONS OF OIL PROPERTIES
3. Oil density
from Bo by calculation
4. Compressibility
VAZQUEZ and BEGGS correlation for Isothermal oil
compressibility
5 . Viscosity

CARLTON BEAL and, CHEW and CONALLY correlations
STANDING CORRELATION / BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE
Pb = 18.2 ( A – 1.4 )
A = (Rsb/dg)0.83 10 (0.00091 Tr - 0.0125 χ API )
with :
Pb bubble pressure (psia)
Rsb solution GOR at bubble point (scf/STB)
dg gas gravity (air=1)
Tr reservoir temperature (°F)

χ API gravity of sto (° API)
Pb and GOR
GOR = 350 dg = 0.75
T = 180°F
ρo = 30 API
Pb = 1900 psi
STANDING CORRELATION OIL FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR
Bo = 0.9759 + 0.00012 A1.2
avec :
A = Rs (dg/do)0.5 + 1.25T
Rs solution GOR , (scf/STB)
dg gas gravity (air = 1)
do gravity of sto (water = 1)
T temperature (°F)

OIL FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR
GLASO CORRELATION / BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE / FVF
Bubble point pressure:
log pb = 1.7669 + 1.7447 log A – 0.30218 (log A)2
where A = (Rs/γg)0.816 (T0.172 / γAPI0.989 )
Oil formation volume factor:
log(Bob – 1) = - 6.585 + 2.9133 log A – 0.2768(logA)2
where A = Rs(γg/γo)0.526 + 0.968 T with
pb psia
Rs solution GOR , (scf/STB)
γg gas Specific Gravity (air = 1)

γo gravity of sto (water = 1)
T temperature (°F)
OIL DENSITY
⇒ OIL
. determination of density of saturated oil at reservoir
conditions knowing the Bo.
ρg × Rs + ρost
ρo (p,T) = ----------------------------
Bo
. ρg being gas density at reference conditions (SG * ρ air)
. ρost sto density in kg/m3
. Rs solution gas oil ratio in m3/m3 at ref cond
. ρo (p,T) density at p and T in kg/m 3
Average oil compressibility is often assumed constant (valid except for
volatile oil at high pressure)
and then:
Bo = Bob [ 1 – Co (p-pb)]
And
ρo = ρob [1 – Co (pb-p)]
oil compressibility varies between

1 * 10-4 bar -1 black oil 7 * 10-6 psi -1
4 * 10-4 bar -1 volatile oil 30 * 10-6 psi -1
OIL COMPRESSIBILITY
⇒ OIL
determination of undersaturated oil compressibility
- Vazquez and Beggs correlation for instantaneous oil
compressibility
Co = A/p
A = 10-5 (5 Rsb + 17.2 T – 1.180 γgc + 12.61 γAPI - 1.433)
with Co psi-1 Rsb scf/STB T °F p psia
then Bo = Bob (pb/p)A
Other correlations are available for Co (SPE Feb 2007)
OIL VISCOSITY
⇒ OIL
.determination of oil viscosity at reservoir conditions
- Carlton Beal and, Chew and Connaly correlations
. dead oil viscosity at reservoir temperature
. saturated oil viscosity
. undersaturated oil viscosity
- Schlumberger chart
- Lohrenz relationship for both phases (used in

compositional reservoir simulation)
OIL VISCOSITY
« Beal » dead-oil (stock-tank-oil) viscosity correlation including data in « Frick » (from
Standing)
Oil viscosity, cp

Oil gravity, *API
OIL VISCOSITY
Live-oil (saturated) viscosity as a function of dead-oil viscosity and solution gas/oil ratio
(from Standing33, after Beal72 correlation)

MAIN GAS PROPERTIES
⇒ CRITICAL POINT : that state of pressure and
temperature (Pc) and (Tc) at which the intensive
properties of liquid and gas are identical.
⇒ REDUCED VARIABLES =
Pr = P/Pc reduced pressure
Tr = T/Tc reduced temperature © 2010 - IFP Training
MAIN GAS PROPERTIES
Determination of Z:
Experimental : P-V analysis of a mass of gas m at T (m known)
Calculations and charts
These methods are based on the law of corresponding states.
A chart has been prepared giving Z, based on studies of many gases, as a
function of :
-Pseudoreduced pressure = absolute pressure / absolute pseudocritical
pressure
-- Pseudoreduced temperature= absolute temperature /
absolutepseudocritical temperature

The pseudocritical pressure and temperature of a given gas (different
from the critical pressure and temperature) are obtained by calculation
from the composition, or by chart from the specific gravity.
GAS COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
⇒ PSEUDO-CRITICAL PROPERTIES FROM KNOWN COMPOSITION
m Ppc = pseudo critical pressure
Ppc = Σ yi Pci Tpc = pseudo critical temperature
i=1 Pci = critical pressure of i constituent
Tci = critical temperature of i const.
yi = molar fraction of i constituent
m m = number of constituents
Tpc = Σ yi Tci
i=1
If not available pseudocritical properties of C7+ are obtained from Matthews correlation.
TcC7+ = 608 + 364 log(MC7+ - 71.2) + (2.450 logMC7+ - 3.800) logγC7+
pcC7+ = 1.188 - 431 log(MC7+ - 61.1)+[2.319-852(logMC7+ -53.7)](γC7+-0.8)

⇒ PSEUDO-CRITICAL PROPERTIES FROM CORRELATIONS
1. From Sutton correlation, derived for Associated gas and gas
condensate
- for Associated gas:
TpcHC = 120.1 + 429 γgHC – 62.9 γg2HC in °R
and ppcHC = 671.1 + 14 γgHC - 34.3 γg2HC in psia
- for gas condensate:
TpcHC = 164.3 + 357.7 γgHC – 67.7 γg2HC in °R

and ppcHC = 744 – 125.4 γgHC + 5.9 γg2HC in psia
⇒ PSEUDO-CRITICAL PROPERTIES FROM CORRELATIONS
Associated gas is defined as gas liberated from oil:
- high gravity
- rich C2-C5
- low C7+ (except for low separation presure and volatile crude
oil)
Gas condensate being:
- rich in C7+
2. From Standing correlation as represented in the following chart
GAS : Determination of Tpc AND Ppc

⇒ GAS
.determination of gas compressibility factor Z
by Standing and Katz chart
- determination of Tpc
- determination of Ppc
- calculation of Tpr and Ppr
.or by Hall and Yarborough equations or Dranchuk and
Abou-Kassem (DAK) which are digital representation of
the Standing and Katz chart

Standing & Katz
Compressibility factors for natural gas near atmospheric pressure (McKetta et al. 4-83a)
⇒ GAS
.determination of gas compressibility factor Z when
nonhydrocarbons are present, as N2, CO2 and H2S.
The correlation derived by Wichert and Aziz allows to calculate
pseudocritical properties of the mixture that
will give reliable Z factors from the Standing correlation.

GAS VISCOSITY
Oil & Gas journal, May 1949
6. EQUATIONS OF STATE

EQUATIONS OF STATE
Equations of state : f(P, V, T, n) = 0
. ideal gas law : (Mariotte, 1650) PV = nRT
. equation of state for real gas : PV = ZnRT
. cubic equations of state
Van der Waals P = RT/(V-b) - a/V2 (1873)
Redlich-Kwong P = RT/(V-b) -a/V(V-b)T½ (1949)
Soave-Redlich-Kwong P = RT/(V-b) - a(T)/V (V+b) (1972)
Peng-Robinson P = RT/(V-b) - a(T)/(V2+2bV-b2) (1976)
EQUATIONS OF STATE
Cubic equations of state :
These equations are called « cubic » because volume determination at
fixed pressure and temperature needs to solve a third order polynomial
equation.
Simple cubic equation of state
Z3 + UZ2 + VZ + W = 0
with
Z = PV/RT and U, V, W depending of two constants A and B.
A = aP/R2T2 and b = bP/RT

EQUATIONS OF STATE
Acentric factor ω :
Reflect the deviation from the law of corresponding states of the vapor
pressure curve for pure substances
ω = - 1 - log10 (Pvap/Pc) for Tr = 0.7 (defined by Pitzer)
the vapor pressure curve becomes:
log10 (Pr) = -7/3 (1+ ω) [1/Tr-1]
Originally represented the nonsphericity of a molecule, at present it is
used as a parameter supposed to measure the complexity of a molecule
with respect to geometry and polarity. It increases with molecular weight
and polarity.
Mixing rule for mixture
DEFINITION of ACENTRIC FACTOR
Critical 1
point 1/Teb 1/0.7 1/Tr
0
log(Patm/Pc)
ω=0
-1
-1- ω
(ω = 0) Ideal behaviour

log 10 (Pr)
-2
EQUATIONS OF STATE
Van der Waals equation of state
P = RT/(V-b) - a/V2
or (P+ a/V2) (V-b) = RT
a : attraction parameter, the pressure exerted on the walls (cell) is reduced
by the attraction between molecules
b : repulsion parameter or covolume,volume occupied by the molecules
reducing the total volume available
a and b are determined from the law of corresponding state and are
function of Pc,Tc and Vc.
writting at the critical point

Van der Waals EOS can also be expressed in reduced parameters
(Pr + 3/Vr2) (3Vr - 1) = 8 Tr
EQUATIONS OF STATE
Redlich-Kwong : the second term is made dependent of temperature
by 1/T½
Soave-Redlich-Kwong : α correcting factor dependent of composition
a = α * 0.42748 R2Tc2/Pc
α depends of m and Tr
m depends of ω
Peng-Robinson : very similar to SRK

m expression is slightly different
EQUATIONS OF STATE
Parameters of the Peng-Robinson equation (for a pure
component)
P = RT/(V-b) - a(T)/(V2+2bV-b2)
b = 0.077796 RTc / Pc
a(T) = α * 0.457235 R2Tc2/Pc α ={ 1 + m [1-(T/Tc)½]}2
m = 0.37464 + 1.54226 ω - 0.26992 ω2 for ω ≤ 0.49
m = 0.379642 + 1.48503 ω - 0.164423 ω2 + 0.016666 ω3 for ω > 0.49
EQUATIONS OF STATE
Mixing rule : previous equations were developed for pure components
n n
for mixtures a = Σ Σ xi xj (1-kij) (ai.aj)½
j=1 i=1
n
b = Σ xi bi
i=1
kij = binary interaction coefficient, between ith and jth component,
independent of pressure and temperature. It is equal to zero for

HC/HC interactions, except C1/C7+, and different from zero
between HC and non HC and between non HC together.
EQUATIONS TO STATE
VOLUME TRANSLATION
Peneloux shift :
Purpose : improve the computation ol liquid densities, which are poorly predicted by
classical cubic equations of state, without changing vapour-liquid phase equilibria. Gas
density is little affected.
- If V is the molar volume computed from the equation of state the corrected volume is :
Vcorr = V -c where c is the volume translation (cm3/mol)
-For a monophasic mixture of composition, xi
c = Σ xi c i
i
where ci is the volume translation of component i

-Correlations are available for ci determination
APPLICATION TO PHASE EQUILIBRIA
EQUATIONS TO STATE
zi = component i mole fraction in the mixture
L = liquid fraction
V = vapour fraction
xi = component i mole fraction in the liquid
yi = component i mole fraction in the vapour
ki = component i equilibrium ratio
L+V=1
Σ xi = Σ yi = 1 or Σ ( yi- xi) = 0 ki = yi / xi
i i i
zi = (1-V) xi + V yi

xi = zi / [1+V(ki-1)]
yi = ki xi = ki zi / [1+V(ki-1)]
Σ ( yi- xi) = Σ zi(ki-1)/[1+V(ki-1)] = 0 Rachford-Rice equation
EQUATIONS OF STATE
APPLICATION TO PHASE EQUILIBRIA
Step by step procedure
- Estimate k values
- Solve the Rachford-Rice equation for V
- Calculate x and y
- Compute EOS for the mixture
- Compute components fugacity coefficients in each phase from the EOS
and check the equal fugacity constraint
- If convergence is not reached update the k values

APPLICATION OF EQUATION OF STATE
EQUATIONS OF STATE
Data : Detailed composition from GC (10 to 200 components)
Experimental PVT data
Matching parameters : to reproduce PVT data
Tc heavy fraction
Pc heavy fraction
acentric factor
kij C1 - C7+
molecular weight heavy fraction
Simplified composition : 2 to 7 pseudo-components
ex : C1-N2, C2-CO2-C3, C4-C5, C6-C10, C11+ (5 comp)

C1-N2, C2-CO2, C3-C4, C5-C6, C7-C8, C9-C10,C11+ (7comp)
pseudo component properties calculated according to mixing rules
EQUATION OF STATE
FLUID MODELING
Reservoir Fluid modeling is necessary for Simulation studies
as :
- natural depletion: volatile oil
- gas injection: gas cycling, miscible gas injection
- composition changing with depth: compositional gradient
with rich gas condensate, near-critical fluids, highly volatile oil,
light oil etc…
- regional thermodynamic studies: geochemistry, oil migration, oil
degradation etc..
SATURATION PRESSURE GRADIENT
Saturation pressure - Depth
Depth
Dew point
Reservoir
pressure
Transition zone
Bubble point

Pressure
EQUATION OF STATE
FLUID MODELING
C7+ characterisation and component selection
C7+ is a mixture of paraffinic, naphtenic and aromatic compounds
and is a key parameter in fluid modeling and fluid behaviour
C7+ pseudocomponent selection will depend of the fluid type and the

production process
EQUATIONS OF STATE
CONCLUSIONS
. Cubic equations like Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong
used with volume translation are commonly used and give
good results after matching
. EOS matching against Experimental PVT data is indispensable.
. EOS as predictible tool without matching is of low value

7. SAMPLING
SAMPLING
Objectives :
The first requirement - and difficulty - in taking measurements is
that of obtaining a truly representative sample of the formation
fluid.
The fluid which gets into the production casing must be identical
to the formation fluid.
In any case, one has to know that the formation fluid is not

homogeneous on the full height of the reservoir.
SAMPLING
Representativity :
monophasic
only one layer per sampling
stabilized flow regime
→ pressure
→ GOR
→ flow rates, etc... © 2010 - IFP Training
SAMPLING
Different types of sampling :
Surface sampling :
Well flowed at an optimum rate for an extended period of time with a
stable producing GOR
all fluids are collected at the well head or the production line for one phase
flow (rarely), or in the separator, gas and oil, (most frequent case).
Gas and oil samples collected in the separator are recombined in the
laboratory in proportion to their flow rates.
For this purpose, we must have :

good precision of the measured flow rates, stabilized well production, oil
and gas sampling realized almost simultaneously
SAMPLING
Gas sampling
bottle
gas
Psep, Tsep
GORsep = Qgas/Qoil
Oil sampling
bottle
Psto, Tsto
GORsto © 2010 - IFP Training
Reservoir fluid Tank oil
Pr, Tr ambient conditions
SAMPLING
Surface sampling :
Essential data for the recombination :
- pressure and temperature in the separator
- gas flow rate at the separator (orifice meter)
- oil flow rate at the separator (oil meter)
- gas density and compressibility factor for the gas measurement flow
rate
- oil tank flow rate (shrinkage)

SAMPLING
Surface sampling of an oil saturated reservoir:
. bottom hole flowing pressure < bubble pressure
. liberation of gas in the reservoir should be minimized
. gas saturation should remain below the critical gas saturation
Recommendations
. sample the well initially
. produce the well with small drawdown

GOR should remain constant and minimum during sampling
SAMPLING
Different types of sampling :
Bottom hole sampling : one phase flow in the reservoir
- the reservoir fluid is under saturated
- bottom hole well flowing pressure is higher than bubble
pressure.
BHFP > Psat or Pb
To obtain a maximum bottom hole pressure :
- reduce the flow rate at the surface
- sample as soon as possible during the field life
- also applicable to dry gas reservoir

Proper wellbore cleaning to ensure absence of contamination
controlled by downhole fluid analysers
SAMPLING
Bottom hole sampling :
This type of sampling is preferred since it guarantees the best fluid
representativity being closer to reservoir conditions.
Disadvantage : high cost
Tools :
during drilling, typical DST tools used are :
MFE (multiple flow evaluator)
PCT (pressure controlled test system)
APR (annulus pressure responsive tool)

and also MDT (modular dynamic formation tester)
SAMPLING
Bottom hole sampling :
during production : tools are lowered in the string.
(wireline)
.SRS (Single-phase Reservoir Sampler)
Transfer :
In sample bottles (oil or gas), under pressure, for transportation.

SAMPLING GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIR
Bottom hole sampling is not recommended for gas condensate
or wet gas
. volume of fluid sampled gives low liquid recovery and
unrepresentative heavy components analysis
. possible segregation of the liquid at the well bottom
. liquid not totally recovered during transfer of bottom hole sample
Surface sampling
. sample the well initially
. produce the well with small drawdown to minimize formation
of a condensate ring near the well bore
. stabilize the well rate above minimum gas velocity
Difficulties encountered during surface sampling of gas condensate
. possible liquid carryover at the separator
. two different GOR can give the same dew point
SAMPLING : SUMMARY
Produced fluid Fluid flow and Sampling type
reservoir
characteristics Bottom hole sampling Surface sampling
Undersaturated oil GOR=GORi=Ct Well in production Stabilized well
with Pwf > Pb with Pwf>Pb
Saturated oil GOR > GORi To bean back To bean back to
Pwsi = Pb progressively. Well closed have GOR≈ GORi
and stabilized. Sampling at Stabilized flow rate
minimum flow rate. with ∆P min
Gas GOR=GORi=Ct Not recommended Minimum flow rate
possible ; compatible
with
- homogeneous flow

in the tubing - separator stability
SAMPLING
Fluid amount necessary :
For oil :
The sampling type is also dependent on the necessary fluid quantity
:
- bottom hole sampling enough for a normal PVT study
- not enough for a heavy fraction decomposition for which surface
sampling is necessary
For gas :
No bottom hole sampling, as the liquid fraction collected is

insufficient, again surface sampling is necessary
SAMPLING
FLUID QUANTITY TO SAMPLE
BOTTOM HOLE SAMPLING
minimum of 3 representatives samples
SURFACE SAMPLING
. Liquid
2 samples of 600 cm3 minimum
. Gas
GOR < 1500 scf/STB 2 bottles ( 20 liters)

1500 < GOR < 3000 scf/STB 3 bottles
GOR > 3000 scf/STB 4 bottles
SAMPLING : MOBILE PVT LABORATORY
Purpose : obtain PVT properties on site, analysing the sample
immediately after collection
Equipmet : HP cell, Gas chromatograph, viscosimeter
Physical properties obtained : bubble point at T reservoir, Rs,
Bo,reservoir fluid composition, oil API gravity, dead oil viscosity, viscosity
at T reservoir above Pb, oil mud contamination
Objectives :
- decision on testing
- obtain earlier PVT information

SAMPLING : DOWN HOLE ANALYSIS OF FORMATION
FLUID SAMPLES
Purpose : know nature of formation fluid, GOR and composition in down
hole conditions
Equipment : Wireline tool associated to MDT
Based on optical absorptions of crude oil in the Near Infrared Region(NIR)
Crude oils have two types of absorption :
- color absorption
- molecular vibration absorption

SAMPLING : DOWN HOLE ANALYSIS OF FORMATION
FLUID SAMPLES
Tools developed on these techniques
Life Fluid Analyser (LFA) gives
- GOR
- gas detection by refraction index
Composition Fluid Analyser (CFA) gives
- weight % C1 , C2-C5 , C6+ , CO2 (eventually) © 2010 - IFP Training
SAMPLING : OIL BASE MUD DECONTAMINATION
OBM filtrate miscible with reservoir fluid and modify composition
fluid sampled by MDT
OBM composition
limited to C11 - C20
no aromatic compound
OBM Decontamination Procedure
- Scaling method : with reference uncontaminated sample
- Statistical method: with samples of different contamination levels
- Graphical method: based on regular trend of hydrocarbon molar

percentage versus carbon number
SAMPLING : OIL BASE MUD ECONTAMINATION
Obvious contamination between C12/C16
MDT decontamination
2.5
171
447
2
mole fraction (scaled)
83
653
1.5 857
429
1 167
651
0.5
0
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21

cuts
8. OIL PVT STUDY

PVT STUDIES
• Objectives
- compositional analysis
- volumetric properties and phase behaviour
- production simulation (from bottom to surface)
• High pressure equipment
- high pressure pumps
- oil PVT cell
- gas PVT cell (window cell)
- etc...
• Low pressure equipment
- gas meters
- vacuum pump

- gas chromatographs
- density meters
- etc...
OIL PVT STUDY - PROGRAMME
1. Quality control of samples
- opening pressure (surface sampling)
- saturation pressure (bottom or surface sample)
2. Compositional analysis
- gas analysis : gas chromatography (C9)
- oil analysis ( atmospheric sample)
. gas chromatography C11+ composition
. distillation simulated by chromatography: C20+
composition or atmospheric and subatmospheric

distillation
. density, paraffins content, naphtenes or aromatics
analysis
3. Physical recombination
- field GOR correction
4. Mass constant study
- P-V curve at reservoir temperature
. bubble point pressure
. relative volume
. specific volume (calculated)
. isothermal compressibility
5. Differential vaporization
- objective: simulate the initial liquid fraction remaining in
the reservoir
- realization: depletion and gas production at reservoir
temperature by successive pressure drops
- result: GOR cumulated, oil volume at each pressure step

6. Flash separation
- objective: obtain the highest recovery at stock tank
conditions
- realization: in one or several stages in a laboratory
separator
- result:
. GOR
. oil formation volume factor (Bo)
. stock tank oil gravity
. compositional analysis
SAMPLING AND RECOMBINATION
WELL SITE LABORATORY
Gas sampling
bottle
gas
Reservoir
Psep, Tsep fluid
GORsep = Qgas/Qoil
GORsep
Oil
sampling
bottle Psto, Tsto
GORsto Oil Gas
separator separator
Reservoir fluid Tank oil
Pr, Tr ambient conditions
GORsto

Oil tank Gas tank
MASS CONSTANT STUDY / OIL
OIL GAS
P1>P sat P2>Psat P3=Psat P4<P3 P5<P4
P1 Saturation pressure
P2 (at T reservoir)
P3

P4
P5
P - V CURVE
pressure
Volatile oil
P sat
P sat

volume
ONE STAGE FLASH SEPARATION
• OIL PVT STUDY
→ One stage Flash
Gas
Oil
Oil
Pi ,Ti
“standard conditions”
• GOR
• Formation volume factor (FVF) or Bo

• OIL and gas composition
DIFFERENTIAL VAPORIZATION
OIL GAS
gas gas
-
P1>P sat P2<Psat P2 P3<P2 P3
volume
V13
v12
v02

v03 P3 P2 Psat P1 pressure
DIFFERENTIAL LIBERATION
LIQUID DENSITY vs PRESSURE
0.850
0.800
Density (g/cm3)
CALCULATED
0.750
0.700
0.650
0.600
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure (psia)

ρos + Rs ρgs
ρo =
Bo
Surface (dead) oil density measured (gg/cc or Deg API)
DIFFERENTIAL SEPARATION
VISCOSITY OF LIBERATED GAS
0.026
0.024
0.022
Viscosity (cP)
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Pressure (psia)
DIFFERENTIAL SEPARATION
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR (Z), GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR (Bg)
OF LIBERATED GAS
1.000 0.20
0.990 0.18
Bg (cfRESERVOIR / scf)
0.980 0.16
0.970 0.14
Z (dimless)
0.960 0.12
0.950 0.10
0.940 0.08
0.930 0.06
0.920 0.04
0.910 0.02
0.900 0.00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure (psia)

n . R . T res Pst .T res
1/Z = Bg = .Z
Pres .Vres Pres .T st
TWO STAGES SEPARATION
• OIL PVT STUDY
→ Two stages separation
. at each stage :
- GOR
- Bo
- oil specific volume
- gas gravity (γγ)
. and globally :

- total GOR
- total Oil Formation Volume Factor
TWO STAGES SEPARATION
OIL PVT STUDY
→ Two stages separation
Gas
Gas
Oil
Oil Oil
1st stage 2nd stage

P1 , T1 P2 , T2 P3 , T3
9. GAS CONDENSATE
PVT STUDY

GAS CONDENSATE PVT STUDY PROGRAMME
1- Quality control of samples
. opening pressure, saturation pressure
2. Compositional analysis
. reservoir fluids composition up to C11+
or C20+
3. Physical recombination
. field GOR correction
GAS CONDENSATE PVT STUDY PROGRAMME (cont.)
4. Constant Composition Expansion (CCE)
. P-V relation at reservoir temperature
. dew point, liquid condensation vs pressure
5. Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)
. reservoir simulation of depletion at constant
volume and reservoir temperature
. pressure steps depletion :

- liquid condensation
- gas production and composition
CONSTANT COMPOSITION EXPANSION
•
•
+
P1>Psat P2=Psat P3<P2 P4<P3 P5<P4 P6<P5 P7<P6
oil

gas
CONSTANT COMPOSITION EXPANSION
Pressure
P1
C •
• P2=Psat
•
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7

Temperature
GAS CONDENSATE PVT STUDY
⇒ Validity of the recombination
- constant composition expansion : saturation pressure
- most often, gas condensates are saturated, in equilibrium with
an oil ring in the reservoir
- Psat = Pres : gas condensate saturated; production testing and
recombination are correct
- Psat > Pres : impossible ; example : commingle production from
2 zones, one of each being oil
- Psat < Pres : undersaturated gas condensate, influence of the

GOR, liquid deposit in the wellbore
CONSTANT VOLUME DEPLETION
OIL GAS
gas gas
Vsat v2 vsat v2
-

USE OF PVT FOR
RESERVOIR STUDY
PVT FOR RESERVOIR STUDY
LABORATORY GIVES : Bo Rs
– FLASH LIBERATION THROUGH SEPARATORS Bof, Rsf
– DIFFERENTIAL LIBERATION Bodif, Rsdif
BAD REPRESENTATION OF REALITY
SO COMPOSITE PVT

Bobf
Bo composite = Bod x
Bobd
Bod = Bo from Differential f(P)
Bobd = Bo Differential for P = Pbub
Bobf = Bo flash separator Liberation at P = Pbub
Assuming Bobf/Bobd = Cte in the pressure range
DIFFERENTIAL - COMPOSITE
OIL FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR (Bo) vs PRESSURE
2.000
1.900
1.800
Bo (reservoir b / stb)
1.700
1.600
ial
rent
1.500
diffe
1.400
1.300
osi te
1.200 com p
1.100
1.000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure (psia)

Composite Bo curve deduced from
composite Bo at Pb
Bobf
Rs composite = Rsfb - ( Rsid - Rsd ) x
Bobd
Rld
Dissolved Gas = Initial Gas Rsfb - Liberated Gas from differential x correction
Rsfb : GOR at P = Pbub from flash through separator
Rsid : GOR at P = Pbub differential liberation
Rsd : Dissolved gas during differential liberation f(P)
Avantage : Reservoir gas volume is honored (Sg)
Inconvenient : Rs < 0 possible at low pressure
DIFFERENTIAL - COMPOSITE
SOLUTION GAS (Rs) vs PRESSURE
1200
1000
Rs (scf / stb)
800
600
l
ntia
er e
400 diff
ite
pos
200 co m
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure (psia)

Composite Rs curve deduced from
composite Rs
PVT ‘‘ Black oil’’ 1 table composite
PVT ‘‘ Black oil ‘‘ 1 table diff for
reservoir
1 table separator for
wells
PVT ‘‘ Compositional ’’ Equation of State
from pseudo-
constituents
10. WATER PROPERTIES

WATER PROPERTIES
⇒ reservoir water are systematically associated with
hydrocarbons
. water from petroleum reservoirs
- interstitial water in the hydrocarbon zone
- aquifer water
. water production
- aquifer water
- injected water
- water dissolved in gas
WATER PROPERTIES
⇒ no downhole sampling, or very seldom (then
no PVT study)
⇒ water properties derived by correlations
⇒ water analysis at atmospheric pressure
. salinity
. chemical analysis
. density,

. Ph
. resistivity
WATER PROPERTIES
⇒ downhole sample under pressure
. bubble point pressure: Pb
. separation at standard conditions (flash)
→ GWR, Bw
. density
. compressibility
⇒ surface sample at Patm
. salinity
. ionic composition
. density
. pH
. resistivity
WATER PROPERTIES
• salinity
expressed in g/m3 or mg/liter or P.P.M.(g of solids by million g of
brine)
• ionic analysis
ions most often found :
Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, So4--, CO3--, HCO3-
graphical representation of water analysis.
• resistivity
• solubility of natural gas in water
• volumetric properties
- isotherm compressibility Cw = - 1/V.(dV/dp) T=cte

(close to 0.4*10-4/bar)
- density (depending of salinity)
- viscosity
RESERVOIR WATER ANALYSIS
DIAGRAMS OF WATER ANALYSIS
Stiff diagram
Scale : meg/liter

WATER PROPERTIES
⇒ IONIC COMPOSITION
cations : Na + }
K+ }
Ca 2+ }
Mg 2+ }
sometimes Sr 2+, Ba 2+, Fe 2+
anions : CO3 2- }
HCO3 - }
Cl - }
SO4 2- }
NO3 - }
EXAMPLE OF WATER ANALYSIS
WATER ANALYSIS
Water sample under atmospheric pressure
ph = 6.28 @ 20°C
Cations Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Iron
mg/l 43498.94 875 1681 307.0 19.0 0.05 38.0
meq/l 1892.08 22.38 84.05 25.27 0.43 0.00 1.36 2025.6
Anions Cl- HCO3- CO3,2- SO4,2- NO3-
mg/l 69450 842 2 2655 2
meq/l 1956.34 13.80 0.07 55.3 0.03 2025.6
TDS (total dissolved salts) 119370 mg/l (calculation)
TDS “ 107000 mg/l (measured)

WATER PROPERTIES
⇒ DEFINITIONS
Solubility of natural gas in water
Volume of gas dissolved (at s.c.)
Rsw =
Volume of water(s.c.)
for pure water Rs = f (P,T)
for formation water Rs = f (P,T,salinity)
Formation volume factor of water
Bw = Volume of water at res cond. / Volume of water at s.c.
Bw = f (P,T,Rsw)
SOLUTION GAS - WATER RATIO

Dodson & Standing
WATER PROPERTIES
⇒ DEFINITIONS
⇒ example : calculate solubility and water FVF for
salinity = 20 mg/l, T = 200 °F, P = 3000 psig
Rsw = 15.3 scf/STB pure water
Rsw = 15.3*0.92 = 14 scf/STB brine
Bw = 1.027 pure water
Bw = 1.032 brine
WATER PROPERTIES
Water Formation Volume Factor (Bw)
Water formation volume factor, bbl/bbl

Pressure, psia
Water-formation volume factor for pure water (dashedlines) and pure water saturated
with natural gas (solid lines) as a function of pressure and temperature (from Dodson
and Standing)
WATER PROPERTIES
⇒ DEFINITIONS
water compressibility
Cw = f (P,T,Rsw)
Cw = - 1/V (dV/dP)T
water density
ρ = f (P, T, salinity)
correlation or ρw (p,t) = ρw (patm,15°C) / Bw ( neglecting the gas
weight)
water viscosity
µ = f (T, salinity)
see corelation
WATER PROPERTIES
⇒ DEFINITIONS
example : calculate water compressibility and water density for
salinity = 20 mg/l, T = 200 °F, P = 3000 psig, Rsw = 14 scf/STB brine
Cw = 3.1 10-6 psi-1 pure water
Cw = 1.12 * 3.1 10-6 = 3.5 10-6 psi-1 brine
density =
ρw = 0.985 g/cm3 (correlation) or ρw = 1.013/10.32 = 0.980 g/cm3
viscosity = 0.32 cp (correlation)

WATER COMPRESSIBILITY
Effect of dissolved gas upon the compressibility of water (from Dodson and Standing)
DENSITIES OF NACL SOLUTIONS
gm/liter at standard conditions

Schlumberger, 1974
WATER DENSITY VS SALINITY
SATURATION
at 317,9 g/l sol
or 264.000 ppm
Water gravity @ 20°C/4°C

ppm
Water salinity
WATER VISCOSITY
Temperature, Twf : °C
Water viscosity, µwwf : Centipoises

Temperature, Twf : °F
Schlumberger, 1974
WATER - HYDROCARBONS SYSTEMS
• Mutual attraction between water and hydrocarbons is extremely
small
- low water solubility in hydrocarbon liquids
- water content in natural gas relatively low
- hydrates formation in natural gas
• Solubility of water in hydrocarbons liquid
not enough data to develop a correlation in P and T,
solubility reported for some hydrocarbons vs
temperature

• Solubility of water in natural gas
see correlation
SOLUBILITY OF WATER IN HYDROCARBONS LIQUID
Solubility of water in liquid
Mol fraction water in hydrocarbon liquid

Temperature, deg F
WATER CONTENT OF NATURAL GAS
Water content, lb H2O per million cu ft total gas
Water contents of
natural gas in
equilibrium with liquid
water © 2010 - IFP Training
Temperature, deg F
WATER - HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS
• Gas hydrates
Natural gas under presure in contact with excess water liquid might
form crystalline solids called hydrates.
Crystals like ice with density = 900 kg/m3
Framework : water molecules and in between void spaces occupied by
hydrocarbons molecules.
First five alkanes only give hydrates
Formation conditions :
up to T = 25°C and P = 800 bars according to the nature of the gas

See also the schematic phase diagram
WATER - HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS
• Gas hydrates
Inhibition :
- by mechanical treament to remove free liquid water.
- increasing the gas temperature or insulating the gas line to stay
above the hydrate formation temperature at that pressure.
- using an aqueous solutions of antifreezes, like methanol or glycol,
polymers to prevent crystallisation of hydrates or
antiagglomerate (AA)

Modulo 2 - PVT

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