LA SALETTE OF ROXAS COLLEGE, INC.

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

S.Y. 2021 - 2022
TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
COMPUTER
Information Systems and System
Development 10
Q3 WEEK 1 AND 2 MODULE 1
WEE
CONTENT STANDARD PERFORMANCE STANDARDS LEARNING COMPETENCIES
K
Information Systems and The learners are able to identify the LC1: Describe information systems are and 1 &2
System Development types of information systems found in why they are needed.
organizations, and learn about the LC2: Discuss who uses information systems in
activities performed during the system a typical organization.
development process.

LC3: Identify and describe the activities 3&4

involved in the program development life cycle
(PDLC).
Program Development and LC4: Recognize what constitutes good
Programming Languages program design and list several tools that can
be used by computer professionals when
designing a program.
LC5: Explain what a database is, including 5&6
common database terminology, and list some of
the advantages and disadvantages of using
Databases and Database databases.
Management Systems LC6: Explain the roles of individuals who
design, implement, use, and administer
databases.

7&8
LC7: Identify the basic components of a
database.

LC8: Identify functions, categories of

Information Management
applications that use databases and their key
characteristics. List some of the advantages and
disadvantages of using databases.

Expected Skills
1. Identify several types of information Systems commonly found in organizations and describe the purpose of each.
2. Explain the individuals responsible for System development.
3. Identify and describe the different steps of the system development life cycle (SDLC).
4. Discuss several approaches used to develop systems.
5. Discuss some of the activities involved with debugging a program and otherwise ensuring it is designed and written properly.
6. List some tools that can be used to speed up or otherwise facilitate program development.
7. Describe several languages used for application development today and explain their key features.
8. Identify some basic database classifications and discuss their differences.
9. List the most common database models and discuss how they are used today.
10. Understand how a relational database is designed, created, used, and maintained.
11. Describe some ways databases are used on the Web.

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 LA SALETTE OF ROXAS COLLEGE, INC.
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
S.Y. 2021 - 2022

MAKE MEANING AQUISITION

CONTENT STANDARD

E.Q Why are information LC1: Describe what information

systems important to you as a
student?
E.U The learners will be able to
understand how Information
Systems (IS) make their life
simpler.
systems are and why they are
needed.
LC2: Discuss who uses information
Information Systems and System systems in a typical organization.
Development LC3: Identify and describe the
Program Development and activities involved in the program
Programming Languages development life cycle (PDLC).
LC4: Recognize what constitutes
Databases and Database Management
good program design and list several
Systems tools that can be used by computer
professionals when designing a
program.
LC5: Explain what a database is,
including common database
terminology, and list some of the
advantages and disadvantages of
using databases.
LC6: Discuss some basic concepts
UNIT: 3 Information and characteristics of data, such as
Systems and System data hierarchy, entity relationships,
Development and data definition.
LC7: Describe the problem-solving
steps.
LC8: Explain how to gather data and
information from different sources.

The learners are able to

identify the types of
information systems found
in organizations, and learn
about the activities
performed during the
system development
PERFORMANCE TASK process.
  TRANSFER GOAL

PERFORMANCE
Create a system project STANDARD
The learner will be able to
proposal. Identify and describe the
different steps of the system
development life cycle
(SDLC).

LESSON: INFORMATION SYSTEMS

The lesson opens with a discussion of information systems—systems that support the information needs of companies.
We discuss how information systems are used by different levels of employees in an organization, and we look at the most
common types of information systems. From there we turn to the process of system development, beginning with the
computer professionals who develop systems and their primary responsibilities. We then look at the system development
life cycle—the activities that are typically followed when developing a new system. A system is a collection of elements
and procedures that interact to accomplish a goal.
A football game, for example, is played according to a system. It consists of elements (two teams, a playing field,
referees, and so on) and procedures (the rules of the game) that interact to determine which team is the winner. A transit
system is a collection of elements and procedures (people, buses or trains, fares, and schedules, for instance) designed to
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 LA SALETTE OF ROXAS COLLEGE, INC.
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
get people from one place to another. An information system (IS) is a collection of elements (people,
hardware, software, and data) and procedures that interact to generate information needed by the users in an organization.
Information systems manage and process data from the time it is generated (such as data resulting from orders,
documents, and other business transactions) through its conversion into information.

Explore: Let’s begin the module by performing the activity below in order to check your prior knowledge
about the lesson.

ACTIVITY 1
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER: 5 COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the graphic organizer by selecting the words from the word bank and writing them in the
appropriate box. Do this on your LAS

Britannica IS Components Facebook Lecture Notes Link Google Drive Lecture Notes Link

t.ly/Ktn5 t.ly/VEJn https://t.ly/tCiK

End of Explore

Firm Up: Your goal in this section is to learn and understand the key terms and concepts of Information Systems and
System developments

LC1: Understand what information ACTIVITY 2

systems are and why they are needed. MATCHING TYPE
LC2: Discuss who uses information
systems in a typical organization. INSTRUCTIONS: The worksheet includes a list of terms related to
INFORMATION SYSTEMS and SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT, with the key
terms given on the left and descriptions on the right. Match each term with the
description that it most closely matches. You will not use all descriptions. Each
description can be used only once. Write your answers on your LAS.
Facebook Lecture Notes Link Google Drive Lecture Notes Link

t.ly/VEJn https://t.ly/tCiK
KEY TERMS DESCRIPTION/DEFINITION
1. System B. A type of system used to create electronic documents.

2. Information System O. A system used to track and manage inventory.

3. Digital ecosystem
Y. A system used to generate information to support users in an
4. System Development organization.
R. A type of information system that processes and records data
5. Office System
created by an organization’s business transactions.

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6. Document Processing System
7. Transaction Processing
System
8. Inventory System
9. Computer-aided design
(CAD).
10. Computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM)
11. System development life cycle
(SDLC).
12. System Analysis
13. System Design
14. System Acquisition
15. System Maintenance
End of FIRM UP
Deepen: Your goal in this section is to intensify your knowledge and understanding of Information Systems
and System developments.
LC1: Understand what information
systems are and why they are needed.
LC2: Discuss who uses information
systems in a typical organization.
Video Link
https://youtu.be/gNmrGZSGK1k
LA SALETTE OF ROXAS COLLEGE, INC.
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
N. A general term applied to the use of computer technology to
automate manufacturing functions.
C. The phase of the system development life cycle in which the
current system and identified problems are thoroughly examined
to determine what should be done.
L. The collection of people, goods, services, and business
processes related to a digital element.
D. The phase of the system development life cycle in which
hardware, software, and other necessary system components are
acquired.
M. A type of system in which hardware, software, and other
resources are used to facilitate communications and enhance
productivity.
I. The phase of the system development life cycle in which a
model of the new system and how it will work is formally
established.
S. The phase of the system development life cycle in which minor
adjustments are made to the finished system to keep it
operational until the end of the system’s life or until the time
that the system needs to be redesigned.
X. A collection of elements and procedures that interact to
accomplish a goal.
A. The process consisting of the six phases of system development:
W. A general term applied to the use of computer technology to
automate design functions.
E. The process of designing and implementing a new or modified
system.
ACTIVITY 3
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER: THE SDLC
INSTRUCTIONS: Watch the video of how information systems are made
on this link: t.ly/935A, then create a Software Development Life Cycle
diagram based on the video you watched. Do this on your Learning
Activity Sheet.
Video QR Code Sample Template
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S.Y. 2021 - 2022

End of DEEPEN

What exactly is an information system? information system, an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing
data and for providing information, knowledge, and digital products. ... Information systems are used to run interorganizational supply
chains and electronic markets.
Process Questions
1. Why Information Systems Are Important for Business Today
2. What is the importance and the necessity of SDLC?

Transfer: Your goal in this section is to apply what you have learned in this lesson.

LC1: Understand what information systems are and why they are ACTIVITY 4
needed. Ethics in Action
LC2: Discuss who uses information systems in a typical
organization.
INSTRUCTIONS: For this project, form an opinion about the ethical ramifications of making smarter and more
capable robots. Prepare a one-page summary to discuss your position.

Smart Robots Robotics research is continuing to make smarter and more capable robots. For instance, NASA
researchers have developed a way to make a crew of robots work together to grasp, lift, and move heavy loads across
rough, varied terrain. The software allows the robots to “share a brain” so that each robot knows what the rest are doing
and they can work together, such as to determine how to maneuver around a rock or other obstacle. But can robots get
too smart? Is it ethical to continue to replace human laborers with robots? Does it make a difference if the jobs are
dangerous? What steps should our society take to ensure that robots cannot become physically dangerous or otherwise
pose a risk to human beings? If robotics technology evolves to the point where robots can look and act like human
beings, is it ethical to create robots that might be mistaken for human beings?

References and Website Links used in this Lesson:

 Parker, C. S., & Morley, D. (2015). Understanding computers: Today and tomorrow. Ft. Worth, TX: Dryden
Press.
 Wempen, F., Hattersley, R., Millett, R., & Shoup, K. (2014). Computing Fundamentals. Wiley.
 Kendal/Hunt Introduction to Computer Information System, 1st Edition
Websites
1. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-importance-and-the-necessity-of-SDLC
2. https://www.britannica.com/list/5-components-of-information-systems
3. https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/040315/what-difference-between-mis-management-information-
system-and-information-technology.asp

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Information and Communications Technology (ICT-G10)

NAME: __________________________________________________________________ Score: ______________

GRADE/SECTION: ______________________________________________________
EXPLORE
ACTIVITY 1: GRAPHIC ORGANIZER: 5 COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS

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 LA SALETTE OF ROXAS COLLEGE, INC.
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S.Y. 2021 - 2022

HARDWARE

PEOPLE SOFTWAR
E

5 COMPONENTS OF
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
PROCEDURES
DATA

WORD BANK
Information System Personnel Computer Peripherals Guidelines

Processed Information Operating System End Users

Computer Systems Organized Facts Application Software

User Manuals

FIRM UP
ACTIVITY 2: MATCHING TYPE
Write the letter of your answer inside the box below each number.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

DEEPEN
ACTIVITY 3: GRAPHIC ORGANIZER: THE SDLC

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BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
S.Y. 2021 - 2022

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 LA SALETTE OF ROXAS COLLEGE, INC.
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
S.Y. 2021 - 2022

INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND SYSTEM

DEVELOPMENT
This lesson opens with a discussion of information systems—systems that support the information needs of companies. We discuss
how information systems are used by different levels of employees in an organization, and we look at the most common types of
information systems. From there we turn to the process of system development, beginning with the computer professionals who
develop systems and their primary responsibilities. We then look at the system development life cycle—the activities that are typically
followed when developing a new system. The chapter closes with a discussion of the different system development approaches that
can be taken.

What is an information system?

A system is a collection of elements and procedures that interact to accomplish a
goal. A football game, for example, is played according to a system. It consists of
elements (two teams, a playing field, referees, and so on) and procedures (the rules of
the game) that interact to determine which team is the winner. A transit system is a
collection of elements and procedures (people, buses or trains, fares, and schedules,
for instance) designed to get people from one place to another. An information
system (IS) is a collection of elements (people, hardware, software, and data) and
procedures that interact to generate information needed by the users in an
organization (see Figure 10-1). Information systems manage and process data from
the time it is generated (such as data resulting from orders, documents, and other
business transactions) through its conversion into information. Typically, information
systems are computerized, although they don’t have to be. The information that
information systems provide is used to support a wide variety of activities, from day-
to-day transactions to long-term strategic planning.

An emerging type of system is the digital ecosystem, which is the collection of people, products, services, and business processes
related to a digital element. For instance, the Apple digital ecosystem consists of Apple hardware, software, and online services.

The Need for System Development

Businesses typically use a variety of information systems. These systems are created and modified in response to changing needs
within an organization and shifting conditions within its surrounding environment. When problems arise in an existing system or when
a new system is needed, system development comes into play. In general terms, system development is the process of analyzing a
work environment, designing a new system or modifying the existing system to fit current needs, acquiring any needed hardware and
software, training users, and getting the new or modified system to work.

Enterprise Architecture
Enterprise architecture is a conceptual blueprint that defines the structure and operations of an enterprise (a business, organization,
government agency, or other entity). It provides a detailed picture of an organization, its functions, and its systems, as well as the
relationships among these items. The goal of enterprise architecture is to determine how an organization can most effectively achieve
its current and future objectives. With the complexity of today’s systems, enterprise architecture allows managers to better organize
and maximize the use of information technology (IT) resources, as well as make informed decisions with fewer mistakes. Experts
agree that developing an enterprise architecture is not easy and requires a great deal of time and effort. The first step is usually to
examine the existing systems and functions to identify gaps, overlaps, and other possible issues. Enterprise architecture development
is usually viewed as a long-term process, but, after it is in place, it is a valuable tool.

Business Intelligence (BI)

While enterprise architecture provides an overall picture of an organization, business intelligence (BI) is the process of gathering,
storing, accessing, and analyzing data about a company in order to make better business decisions. For instance, BI can help a
business identify its most profitable customers and offer them products at the right prices to increase sales, or BI can be used to
optimize inventory systems in order to decrease costs while ensuring products are available as needed. Typically, information systems
are used to support BI, often in conjunction with sophisticated analysis and modeling tools to analyze data—a process referred to as
business analytics (BA).

Business intelligence systems are often used in conjunction with data stored in a data warehouse, which stores data for an entire
enterprise (a data mart stores data that is similar to the data stored in a data warehouse, but it is usually smaller and stores data related
to a particular subject or department). Data warehouses and data marts typically contain data from a variety of sources, including data
from product sales and other business transactions, activities performed via the company Web site (called clickstream data), customer
surveys, marketing data, and so on. Data mining—the use of intelligent software to find subtle patterns that may not be evident
otherwise—is often used with data warehouses and data marts to identify patterns and relationships among data. Data mining can be
used to identify processes that need improvement; it can also be used for customer profiling—a useful sales and marketing tool to help
companies match customers with products they would be likely to purchase.

Users of Information Systems

Some information systems are very specialized and are used by just one individual or department in an organization; others are more
general purpose and may be used by nearly all employees. Systems that are used by an entire enterprise are referred to as enterprise
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S.Y. 2021 - 2022
systems. Systems that link and are used by multiple enterprises—such as a business and its suppliers and other business
partners—are often called inter-enterprise systems.

While some information systems may be used by all levels of employees, others are designed for management decision making.
Information systems can provide managers with efficient access to the information they need when making decisions. However, in
order to do this, information systems must be set up to deliver the correct information to the manager at the right time. Managers are
usually classified into three categories (executive, middle, and operational), based on the job functions they perform and the types of
decisions they make. These positions are often pictured as a management pyramid (see Figure 10-3) to illustrate their usual ratio and
hierarchical ranking—executive managers are fewer in number and at the top of the pyramid, and operational managers are greater in
number and near the bottom of the pyramid.

➤Executive managers—include the highest management

positions in an organization, such as the president and chief
executive officer (CEO); they use information systems to make
relatively unstructured, long-term strategic decisions.
➤Middle managers—include managers who fall between
executive managers and operational managers; they use
information systems to make moderately structured, tactical
decisions.
➤Operational managers—include supervisors, office managers,
foremen, and other managers who supervise nonmanagement
workers; they use information systems to make highly structured,
operational decisions geared toward meeting short-term
objectives.
➤Nonmanagement workers—include office workers,
accountants, engineers, and other workers; they use information
systems to make the on-the-job decisions necessary to perform
their jobs.
➤External users—include individuals outside an organization,
such as customers, suppliers, and other types of strategic
partners; they use the organization’s information systems to
obtain the information needed in the context of their relationship
with that organization.

Types of Information Systems

There are many different types of information systems in use today. While some information systems are unique and others vary
somewhat from company to company, they can usually be grouped by their basic functions into one of six categories summarized in
Figure 10-4 and discussed next.

Office and User Productivity Support Systems

Computers are widely used to increase productivity and facilitate communications in the office. The combination of hardware,
software, and other resources used for this purpose is collectively referred to as an office system or an office information system.
Office systems are used by virtually all employees. Some examples of office systems are described next.

Document Processing Systems

The cornerstone of most organizations is the document— memos, letters, reports, manuals, forms, invoices, and so forth.
Consequently, a major focus of office systems relates to the electronic creation, distribution, and storage of documents—
sometimes referred to as document processing. Although the predicted paperless office has yet to materialize and some in the
industry are not sure it will anytime soon, most business documents today are stored digitally. Document processing
systems include the hardware and software needed to create electronic documents, as well as to convert printed documents
into electronic form so they can be processed or archived electronically.

Transaction Processing Systems (TPSs)

Virtually every organization carries out a number of routines, structured business transactions, most of which involve some form of
tedious recordkeeping. These operations, such as payroll and accounts receivable, inspired some of the earliest commercial
applications for computers. Because these systems involve processing business transactions—paying employees and recording
customer purchases and payments, for instance—they are called transaction processing systems (TPSs). TPS transactions are
typically processed in real time; that is, data in the system is updated as the transactions are entered. This contrasts with batch
processing, in which a set (or batch) of transactions are collected over a period of time and then processed all together (such as each
evening) without any interaction with the user. While batch processing is still sometimes used for large routine tasks, such as printing
payroll checks and invoices, most TPSs today use real-time processing.

Order Entry Systems

Whether by phone, by mail, via the Internet, or in person, many organizations handle some type of order processing on a
daily basis. The systems used to help employees record order data are called order entry systems. Two specific types of

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S.Y. 2021 - 2022
order entry systems are e-commerce systems (used for financial transactions performed over the Internet) and
point-of-sale (POS) systems (used for purchases that occur in person, such as at a brick-and-mortar store checkout counter or
in a restaurant.

Payroll Systems
Payroll systems compute employee taxes, deductions, and pay, and then use this information to issue paychecks. These
systems also typically prepare payroll reports for management and for tax purposes for federal, state, and local governments.

Accounting Systems
Accounting systems refer to the variety of systems in place to record the details of a company’s financial transactions (such
as payments and purchases) for accounting purposes. For instance, accounts receivable systems keep track of customers’
purchases, payments, and account balances and produce invoices and monthly account statements; accounts payable systems
keep track of purchases made and bills to be paid, and then issue checks when needed. Many accounting systems feed into a
general ledger system, which keeps track of all financial transactions and produces income statements, balance sheets, and
other accounting documents.

Integrated Enterprise Systems

Some types of systems in a business or other enterprise are designed to be integrated systems; that is, separate systems that are
designed to work in conjunction with other systems.

Inventory and Product Management Systems

Inventory management systems (sometimes called inventory control systems) are systems designed to help track and
manage inventory (see Figure 10-10). They can help optimize ordering to reduce costs and manage inventory in real time
during the manufacturing or order fulfillment process. Many are Web-based so they can be accessed using any device from
anywhere and can integrate inventory with sales from multiple channels, such as for businesses that sell products via multiple
online storefronts as well as via direct sales.

Design and Manufacturing Systems

The systems used to improve productivity at the product design stage and at the manufacturing stage are typically referred to as design
and manufacturing systems.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

The purpose of computer-aided design (CAD) is to reduce the time designers spend developing products. CAD software,
such as AutoCAD, is available to help design buildings, bridges, and other structures; design new products; design
mechanical and electrical systems; create landscape and interior designs; design 3D renderings of items to be printed using a
3D printer and so forth.

Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is used to help manage manufacturing operations and control the machinery used
in those processes. For instance, computers can open and shut valves as directed by their programs, shape and assemble parts
to create products, and control the robots (discussed shortly) used to carry out many manufacturing processes. CAM is widely
used today to build cars, ships, and other products; monitor power plants; manufacture food and chemicals; and perform a
number of other functions.

The System development Life Cycle (SDLC)

There are many specific tasks involved with system development. Although the arrangement and order of these tasks may vary from
organization to organization and project to project, system development typically involves six steps or phases, which make up the
system development life cycle (SDLC), as illustrated in Figure. The SDLC describes the development of a system from the time it is

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first studied until the time it is updated or replaced. As shown in Figure, each step results in some type of documentation
that carries forward to the next step in the cycle.

Preliminary Investigation
When a proposal for a new system or system modification is submitted, one of the first steps is to conduct a preliminary
investigation. The purpose of this investigation is to define and evaluate the situation relatively quickly, to see if it is worthy of
further study. The preliminary investigation typically examines the nature of the problem, possible solutions, and the approximate
costs and benefits of each proposed solution. In this phase, like all of the phases of the SDLC, the systems analyst plays an important
role

Documentation: Feasibility Report The main output of the preliminary investigation is the feasibility report, which
includes the systems analyst’s findings on the status of the existing system, as well as the benefits and feasibility of changing
to a new system. Feasibility is commonly measured using a few different perspectives, such as whether the organization has
(or can acquire) the hardware, software, and personnel needed to implement the new system; whether the new system would
fit well with the other systems in the organization; and whether the estimated benefits of the new system outweigh the
estimated costs. The feasibility report also contains the systems analyst’s recommendations about whether or not the project
should move on to the next stage in the SDLC: system analysis.

System Analysis
System analysis is the phase of system development in which the current system and identified problems are studied in depth and the
needs of system users are assessed. The principal purpose of this stage is to help the systems analyst study the current system and then
organize his or her findings in order to draw conclusions about the adequacy of the current system and to determine whether or not the
project should move on to the system design stage. The main activities conducted during system analysis are data collection and data
analysis.

Data Collection
The objective of data collection is to gather useful data about the system being studied. Some data-gathering tools that can be
used include reviewing documents that show how the system is intended to work, collecting copies of input and output

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screens and available reports, reviewing organizational charts to determine the people and areas of responsibility
in the part of the organization that the system is or will be located, sending questionnaires to users, and interviewing and
observing those who use the system or the information produced by it.
Data Analysis
Once data about the system is gathered, it then needs to be analyzed to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the
current system and/or the requirements for a new or modified system. The tools used in data analysis vary depending on the
type of system being studied and the preferences of the systems analyst;

System Design
System design focuses on specifying what the new system will look like and how it will work. This phase primarily consists of
developing the design and specifications for the new system and performing a detailed analysis of the expected benefits and costs.

Developing the Design and Specifications for the New System When designing a system, the systems analyst must take into
account a variety of factors. One important factor is input. The systems analyst needs to determine the data that will be input into the
new system and then usually creates a data dictionary (which describes the characteristics of all data used in a system) for the new
system. The data dictionary typically includes the type of each piece of data in a system and its allowable size, any restrictions on its
format (such as having to be within a certain numerical range or consisting of only certain letters of the alphabet), and who has the
authority to update that piece of data. User interface (UI) designs (see are also typically created to illustrate the input screens, output
screens, Web pages, and other items that users will use to interact with the new system; these designs should be compatible with all of
the devices that will be used to enter data into the system (such as computers, tablets, smartphones, and so forth).

System Acquisition
Once a system has been designed and the required types of hardware and software have been specified, the systems analyst must
decide where to obtain the necessary components.

This decision lies at the heart of the system acquisition phase. While hardware is usually purchased from outside vendors, software
can be developed either in-house or obtained from an outside vendor, depending on the needs of the company and whether or not the
company has the necessary staff and other resources for in-house development. This decision is referred to as the make-or-buy
decision.

System Implementation
Once the required new hardware has been purchased and the required software has been purchased or developed, the system
implementation phase can begin. This phase includes the tasks necessary to make the system operational, including getting existing
data ready to move to the new system (called data migration) and installing the new hardware and software. Before data is transferred
to the new system, however, the system should be thoroughly tested to ensure it is working properly. Often individual components of
the system are tested alone first, and then the complete system is tested. Test data that is realistic and includes incorrect data that
might accidentally occur during actual use (such as inputting a negative order quantity or leaving a required address field blank)
should be developed and used during the preliminary testing process to ensure that input errors are detected by the new system.

System Maintenance

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System maintenance is usually viewed as an ongoing process, beginning when the system is fully implemented and
continuing on until the end of the system’s life. One of the first activities that often takes place after the system has been implemented
is a post- implementation review. This is basically a follow-up evaluation that is used to evaluate the new system, including
determining whether or not it is meeting its intended goals and identifying any glitches in the new system that need to be corrected.

SUMMARY

What Is an Information System?

A system is a collection of elements and procedures that interact to accomplish a goal; a digital ecosystem is the collection of people,
goods, services, and business processes related to a digital element. An information system (IS) is a system used to generate
information to support users in an organization. System development is the process that consists of all activities needed to put a new
or modified system into place. System development may be required for many reasons. A comprehensive framework used to describe
and manage an organization’s business functions and systems is called enterprise architecture. Business intelligence (BI) is the
process of gathering, storing, accessing, and analyzing data about a company in order to make better business decisions; the process of
analyzing the data is called business analytics (BA). Data about a company and its customers is often stored in a data warehouse or
data mart, and data mining can be used to analyze that data for patterns and relationships. The vast amount of business data generated
today is often referred to as big data. Information systems are most often used by decision makers—typically, managers, such as
operational, middle, and executive managers. Managers usually manage the employees who are one level below them on the
management pyramid. Managers, nonmanagement workers, and external individuals may all need access to some information systems
to make decisions. Information systems used throughout an entire enterprise are called enterprise systems.

Types of Information Systems

Typically, many types of information systems are used in businesses and other organizations. Systems used to increase productivity
and facilitate communications in the office include office systems, document processing systems, document management systems
(DMSs), content management systems (CMSs), and communications systems. Transaction processing systems (TPSs) perform
tasks that generally involve the tedious recordkeeping that organizations handle regularly; common TPSs include order entry,
payroll, and accounting systems. These types of systems are most commonly used by operational managers. Enterprise-wide systems
include electronic data interchange (EDI), enterprise resource planning (ERP), inventory management systems, and product
lifecycle management (PLM) systems. Computers are widely used in industry to improve productivity at both the design stage—via
computer-aided design (CAD)—and the manufacturing stage—via computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). The ability of some
computer systems to perform in ways that would be considered intelligent if observed in human beings is referred to as artificial
intelligence (AI). Currently, the four main types of artificial intelligence (AI) systems are intelligent agents, expert systems, neural
networks, and robotics—the study of robot technology. Robots for military, business, and personal use are available today.

The System development Life Cycle (SDLC)

System development usually proceeds through six phases, which are often referred to collectively as the system development life
cycle (SDLC). The first step is to conduct a preliminary investigation. This investigation addresses the nature of the problem under
study, the potential scope of the system development effort, the possible solutions, and the costs and benefits of these solutions. By the
end of this phase, a feasibility report discussing the findings of the preliminary investigation is prepared. During the system analysis
phase, the main objectives are to study the application in depth to assess the needs of users and to prepare a list of specific
requirements that the new system must meet. These objectives are accomplished through data collection and data analysis. A number
of tools can help with analysis, including entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs), data flow diagrams (DFDs), decision tables, decision
trees, class diagrams, use case diagrams, and Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN). The system design phase consists of
developing a model of the new system and performing a detailed analysis of benefits and costs. Various tools, such as a data
dictionary and input/output diagrams, can be helpful during this phase. Security procedures to be used with the new system should be
included in the system design. Once a system has been designed and the required types of software and hardware have been specified,
the system acquisition phase begins. The make-or-buy decision determines whether the necessary components will be developed in-
house or purchased. Many organizations that elect to buy system components use a request for proposal (RFP) or a request for
quotation (RFQ) to obtain input and bids from vendors. Vendors submitting bids are commonly evaluated through a vendor rating
system and then, possibly, a benchmark test. Once arrangements have been made with one or more vendors for delivery of the
necessary hardware and software, the system implementation phase begins. This phase includes all the remaining tasks that are
necessary to make the system operational, including conversion of data, preparing any equipment to work in the new systems
environment, and training. System maintenance is an ongoing process that begins when the system is fully implemented and
continues until the end of the system’s life.

Key terms
>System. A collection of elements and procedures that interact to accomplish a goal.
>Information system (IS). A system used to generate information to support users in an organization.
>Digital ecosystem. The collection of people, goods, services, and business processes related to a digital element.
>System development. The process of designing and implementing a new or modified system.
>Enterprise architecture. A comprehensive framework used to describe and manage an organization’s business functions and
systems.
>Business intelligence (BI). The process of gathering, storing, accessing, and analyzing data in order to make better business
decisions. >Business analytics (BA). The process of analyzing data to evaluate a company’s operations.
>Data warehouse. A comprehensive collection of data about a company and its customers.
>Data mining. The process of using intelligent software to analyze data warehouses for patterns and relationships.
>Big data. The vast amount of business data generated today.

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 LA SALETTE OF ROXAS COLLEGE, INC.
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
>Enterprise system. A system that is used throughout an entire enterprise.
>Office system. A type of system in which hardware, software, and other resources are used to facilitate communications and enhance
productivity.
>Document processing system. A type of system used to create electronic documents.
>Document management system (DMS). A type of system used to store, organize, and retrieve documents once they have been
created in or converted to digital form.
>Transaction processing system (TPS). A type of information system that processes and records data created by an organization’s
business transactions.
>Inventory management system. A system used to track and manage inventory.
>Computer-aided design (CAD). A general term applied to the use of computer technology to automate design functions.
>Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). A general term applied to the use of computer technology to automate manufacturing
functions.
>System development life cycle (SDLC). The process consisting of the six phases of system development: preliminary investigation,
system analysis, system design, system acquisition, system implementation, and system maintenance.
>Preliminary investigation. The phase of the system development life cycle in which a brief feasibility study is performed to assess
whether or not a full-scale project should be undertaken.
>System analysis. The phase of the system development life cycle in which the current system and identified problems are thoroughly
examined to determine what should be done.
>System design. The phase of the system development life cycle in which a model of the new system and how it will work is formally
established.
>System acquisition. The phase of the system development life cycle in which hardware, software, and other necessary system
components are
acquired.
>System maintenance. The phase of the system development life cycle in which minor adjustments are made to the finished system
to keep it operational until the end of the system’s life or until the time that the system needs to be redesigned.

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