E-payment in Integrated Public Transport Modes:

Case Study of Public Transports in Greater Jakarta

Sri Bramantoro Abdinagoro, Mohammad Hamsal

School of Business Management
Bina Nusantara University
Jakarta, Indonesia
sabdinagoro@binus.edu, mhamsal@binus.edu

Abstract—Jakarta Capital Regional Government has MRT/Subway + Train

determined that the provision of public transport is one of the Mass Public
Transport LRT/Monorail
answers to solve urban traffic problems, such as congestion, the Development
BRT/Busway
use of private vehicles (motorcycles) are constantly increasing.
There are three main options of public transportation, i.e. BRT Motor Vehicle Uses Restriction

(busway), LRT and MRT (rail-based). Seeing the current Macro

Traffic
Road Pricing/ERP
Transportation
situation, the public transport operators in large numbers as well Scheme
Restriction Parking Control

as e-payment services providers need to collaborate. Therefore, Park and Ride Facilities

not only integrating important transportation modes, integrating ITS

the e-payment system is also important. This study proposes the Network Road Widening/FO/UP
conceptual thinking about the factors that affect the successful Capacity
Enhancement Road Network Development
integration of e-payment in public transport in Greater Jakarta. Sources:
Province Regulation No. 12/2002 Pedestrian Development
Governor Regulation No. 103/2007
Keywords—public transport, e-payment, integrated modes
Fig. 1. Macro Transportation System of DKI Jakarta
I. INTRODUCTION

Public transportation in Jabodetabek
Jakarta administration has set a policy that encourages the
use of public transport to overcome the problem of congestion
in the city of nation's capital. In the design of the Macro
Transportation System (MTS), one of the strategies is the
development of mass transportation (Fig. 1). This strategy
integrates all modes of mass transit, such as the MRT /
Subway, Train, LRT / Monorail and BRT / Busway.
Currently the mass transit that has operated is BRT /
busway which began operating in 2014 under the name of
Transjakarta with ticket prices are set by the local government.
The payment system for Transjakarta done via e-money card
issued by the six banks (Bank DKI, BCA, BNI, Bank Mega,
BRI, Bank Mandiri) and in the future it was likely to increase.
Commuter transport modes in an integrated manner has
also been started since 2000 (www.krl.co.id), and continues to
change either the route or payment systems. Commuter current
payment system, made through the card (card) daily, multi-
trip, and e-money card from the bank BCA, BNI, BRI, Bank
Mandiri, and will increase again.
The mode of transport MRT construction was started in
2013, and is expected to operate in 2018. The payment system
is in the process of designing, planning and also integrating
with other modes of transport, so in addition to its own issued
cards, e-money cards from other banks can also be used.
Integration is not only the use but also includes a mode
trasnportasi territory. Not only in Jakarta, but also in Bogor,
Tangerang, Depok, and Bekasi. To maintain the integration of
public transport services, the President issued Presidential
Decree No. 103/2015 of Jabodetabek Transportation Agency
business as a legal basis.
Looking ahead, in the provision of integrated transport
services, the payment system is not only limited to the main
service ticketing system (fare), but also includes the support
services such as parking space and more.
II. PUBLIC TRANSPORT’S E-PAYMENT SYSTEM
A. Integrated Transaction Payment
Integration in payment system is also required in order to
create an integrated transport infrastructure as a whole.
Nowadays, countries around the world are moving towards
cashless transactions for their transport payment (e-ticketing),
in this case using smart card. As shown in Figure 1, compared
to the other countries, such as Australia, Singapore, and South
Korea who have utilized noncash payment instrument for
transactions, Indonesia has just started its cashless journey.

978-1-5090-3352-2/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE 16-18 November 2016, Aston Tropicana Hotel, Bandung, Indonesia
2016 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech)
Page 261

Fig. 2. Noncash Payment Growth around the World
Basically, noncash payment utilization is more benificial
than cash due to several reasons shown in Table 1. The
government, in this case Bank Indonesia, has also realized
these advantages. In August 2014, Bank Indonesia launched
Non-Cash National Movement to create “less cash society”
within the country
TABLE I. ADVANCED OF INTEGRATED TRANSPORT E-TICKETING
Easy to Use • Enables commuters to carry one card for
use on all transit modes
• Facilitates the multi-modal travel
behaviour
Improve Boarding • Allows faster boarding and help to reduce
trip times
• Just takes 150 milliseconds to complete
the transaction
Travel Data • Collects authentic data about travel
Collection pattern and behaviour
• Data can be used to inform transport
policy and the planning of service
Demand • Allows the operator to offer discounts to
Management commuters for specific trips
• Can balance demand and increase
patronage in off peak periods
Reduce Revenue • Allows faster revenue reconciliation with
Pilferage recorded data on travel patterns
• Equips authorities to detect and deter fare
evasion
Multiple Use of • Integrates with other transport service like
Smart Cards parking, tolls and taxis
• Promotes cashless economy by
integrating with convenience stores
modes and the transfer between them. Further, the system can
be extended to other areas like retail stores, library or tourist
sites. For an integrated fare collection system, interoperability,
common specifications and identical commercial structures
are important to introduce.
Other than smart cards, there are other modes of cashless
transaction: NFC (Near Field Communication), mobile wallet
application, and Smart Tags. Nevertheless, smart cards are still
the most common form of transport e-ticketing, which is being
used around the world. Smart cards are able to store enough
information to process monetary transactions and card
holder’s details for security purposes. There are two categories
of smart cards that can be used for public transport e-ticketing:
a single purpose transit pass and an electronic purse (e-purse)
card.
To implement successful integrated e-ticketing, there is a
need to setup common goal and policies for all public
transport operators. Moreover, the key factors required for
transport e-ticketing integration are:
• Government authority with statutory control over all
modes of transport and mandates to setup Common
Clearing House
• High-level of coordination and co-operation between
all public transport providers and the suppliers
• Need to identify and establish common technology
platform for all key stakeholders, instead of compulsion
to use old technology
• It is important to ensure that the cost of technology
should be economical for all modes of transports and
shared by all stakeholders
• There should be integrated tariff for seamless transport
for the passengers and gives discount to consumers for
use of multiple modes
Also, there are five critical success factors for Smart Card
adoption in transportation system [17], which are:
o Network goods leverage
o Co-opetition Management (co-operative & competition)
o Standardization tors
o It is a system not a product
o Contactless requirement
Based on cases in other countries, e-ticketing system are
implemented as result of the government effort, corporate
effort, or the combination of both. Figure 3 shows the mass
transit ticketing market in Asia Pacific, including the role of
government and corporate of each country.

Public transport operators around the world have adopted

new electronic media replace paper-based tickets to introduce
electronic ticketing (e-ticketing) systems. They are
implementing multimodal transportation ticketing system or
Integrated Transport e-ticketing, combining all modes on a
single ticket using smart card and/or other technologies. E-
ticketing can be used as a tool to facilitate the combination of

978-1-5090-3352-2/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE 16-18 November 2016, Aston Tropicana Hotel, Bandung, Indonesia
2016 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech)
Page 262

Fig. 3. Modes of Cashless Transaction
Market Penetration
EZ-Link Card- 230% Penetration - Singapore Octopus Card- 250% Penetration – Hong Kong
T-Money Card- 98% Penetration – South Korea
Touch ‘n Go Card- 30% Penetration – Malaysia Suica Card- 30% Penetration – Japan
Government Effort
Fig. 4. Mass Transit Ticketing Market in Asia Pacific (2010) [1]
A.1. E-Ticket Integration Efforts in India
Delhi Metro has implemented Automatic Fare Collection
system using Contactless Smart Card as multi-ride ticket in
2005. The contactless smart card compliant to Type A Mifare
Desfire (4Kbytes). Currently, DMRC is selling more than
20,000 cards per day and currently has around 6.1 million
cards in circulation (70% of travellers are smart card users).
Delhi Metro has introduced the smart card system in the city.
However, DMRC is not ready to make any change in technical
specification and allows other modes to integrate with its
system. Delhi Metro has also integrated its system with
Gurgaon Metro as they are using Thales Automatic Fare
Collection, which is very costly for bus operators. India faces
several challenges in implementing its integrated e-ticketing
system as shown in Table 2. This includes multiplicity of
authorities, institutional structure, unorganized market, which
more or less the same as the case in Greater Jakarta.
TABLE II. CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING E-TICKETING SYSTEM IN
INDIA
Multiplicity of Authorities Responsibility to plan, construct, operate and
manage different modes of transports are with
different agencies. There is no single agency.
978-1-5090-3352-2/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE 16-18 November 2016, Aston Tropicana Hotel, Bandung, Indonesia
2016 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech)
Page 263
Institutional Structure The government plays very critical role to facilitate
standardization and coordination among players,
which is missing in India.
Metro vs Bus Metro System has access to fund and can procure
technology from outside, whereas bus operators can
not adopt the same technologies.
Unorganized Market Bus Transport is still controlled by STUs and
Individual Operators. Further, most of the cities are
largely dependent on informal transport.
Transport Network Transport networks are complex and unorganized in
India. It is difficult to encompass every fare rate
possible for every service provider across an entire
network.
A.2. E-Ticket Integration Efforts in Singapore
Before 2009, e-payments landscape was driven by The
Land Transport Authority (LTA) with its EZ-link and The
Network for Electronic Transfers Singapore (NETS) with its
CashCard, both of which are non-interoperable [1] EZ-link
card dominated MRT ticketing, bus, and taxi fare collection
while CashCard for Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system,
retail payments, and private car park payment [1]. Infocomm
Corporate Effort Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) then facilitate the
development of a new standard for an interoperable platform
that would bring these two operators together. In 2002, EZ-
Cash project, a collaboration between EZ-link and NETS,
which supported by IDA and LTA [1]. This project was
commenced to develop Contactless e-Purse Application
(CEPAS), Singapore’s specification for e-money smart card.
In 2004, the CEPAS draft was released for public comment,
then for feedback and new development notifications in 2005.
Finally, the Singapore Standard Specification for CEPAS was
officially launched in 2006 [1]. Figure 5 shows the CEPAS
initiative in Singapore.
Both LTA and NETS were also contributed to CEPAS
Smart Cards deployment in the country. Various efforts for the
country to have a multipurpose-single-car, which include:
• Infrastructure Leverage as a result of
interoperability between EZ-link and NETS which
also reduced cost
• Cooperate with card vendors to meet operational
requirements (faster and could withstand operating
temperatures)
• Multiple easy access options for commuters to
replace their cards: having roving centres in schools,
extending ticket office hours, and enabling card
replacement at post offices, community centres, and
bus interchanges
• Top up channels expansion: self-service, auto top
ups, online top ups, mobile phone authorizations
• New backend system named Symphony for e-
Payments (SeP) needed for processing e-payment and
clearing settlements among the various parties.
• Partnerships with banks, taxi operators, and
merchants

LTA
EZ-link farecard
(MRT ticketing, bus, and
taxi fare collection)
Infocomm Development
Authority Singapore
(IDA)
EZ-Cash project
to develop Contactless e-Purse
Application (CEPAS)
CEPAS draft was released for
public comment
The Singapore Standard
Specification for CEPAS was
Fig. 5. The CEPAS initiative in Singapore [1]
Currently, there are more than 10 million cards in
circulation and around 8 million transactions everyday are
made on the system, primarily for public transport fares. The
multipurpose smart cards offered a wide range of transactions:
bus, taxi, and rail payments, ERP and parking fees, and also
for retail purchases [1] Moreover, the other impacts of CEPAS
smart cards are: higher sales and transactions volumes, easing
of congestion in transit and roads, minimization of revenue
leakage, move from zonal fares to distance-based fares, and
lowered card and reader cost.
A.3. E-Ticket Integration Efforts in Hong Kong
The effort for e-ticketing system in Hong Kong was
initiated in 1994 through Creative Star Limited (renamed as
Octopus Cards Limited in 2002), a joint venture established by
five major public transport operators in Hong Kong: Mass
Transit Railway (MTR), Kowloon-Canton Railway
Corporation (KCRC), Kowloon Motor Bus (KMB), Citybus,
and Hongkong and Yaumati Ferry (HYF) to oversee the
contactless smart card system's development and
implementation [28]. In 1997, Octopus smart card system was
launched, enabled commuters to use one single card for
multiple public tranport modes (bus, taxi, subway, train, tram,
and ferry services) as well as small value payments in the
retail sector, access control for residential and commercial
buildings. Currently, there are four types of Octopus card as
shown in Table 3. The market penetration rate of Octopus card
reached 250% in 2010. It is the result of its highly-integrated
system.
TABLE III. TYPES OF OCTOPUS CARDS
978-1-5090-3352-2/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE 16-18 November 2016, Aston Tropicana Hotel, Bandung, Indonesia
2016 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech)
Page 264
1.On-Loan Octopus an Octopus the company lends to a customer
who needs to pay a refundable deposit that
covers the card and associated costs as well as
the negative value provision
2.Sold Octopus a specially designed Octopus the company sells
NETS to a customer which holds no deposit
CashCard
(ERP System, retail
payments, park payment) 3.Bank Issued a card or product with Octopus function issued
Octopus by an authorized bank or financial services
company
4.Octopus Mobile consists of both Octopus function and mobile
SIM telecommunication function for use on NFC
(Near Field Communication) enabled mobile
phones as tested by Octopus.
Source: Octopus (2015)
A.4. E-Ticket System in Seoul
T-Money card, South Korea’s smart card for transportation
fares payment was the result of both government and
corporate effort. It can be used mainly in Seoul and other areas
in South Korea. The market penetration rate of T-Money
reached 98% in 2010. With an integrated transportation
system in the country, T-Money can be used for multiple
public tranport modes, such as BRT, MRT, and taxi. Figure 6
shows the system operation of Seoul T-Money.
Fig. 6. Seoul T-money Conceptual Map of the System Operation
Source: Mezghani (2008)
B. E-Ticketing System in Jakarta
Although cash is still dominantly used for transaction
payment, government has started to encourage travelers and
commuters to use noncash instrument, in this case, electronic
money for their transport fares payment. However, Jakarta’s e-
ticketing system itself is yet to be integrated as it is still a
fragmented network with different types of e-ticketing system
for each public transport mode which run by different
operators.
B.1 Transjakarta E-Ticketing System
Transjakarta has implemented multiissuer e-money-based
ticketing system since January 22, 2013. There are five e-
moneys available for Transjakarta payment, which all are
issued by bank players.
 Electronic payment are available in all busway corridors • Lack of socialization of e-ticketing for public
since February 12, 2015 to boost noncash payment. The tariff transportation, therefore many passengers does not
for the e-ticket is Rp 40.000,00 which include Rp 20.000,00 know the e-ticketing system.
card fee and Rp 20.000 beginning balance. This amount can • Lack of product and service knowledge.
be used for 5-6 trips with ticket price Rp 2.000,00 from 05.00 • Unreliable tools: machine / card error, lengthy time
am – 07.00 am and Rp 3.500,00 from 07.01 am – 04.59 am. for card identification, problem in ordering ticket.
Users can top up their e-money with minimum amount of Rp
20.000,00. Other than Transjakarta payment, the e-money can Meanwhile, one of Jakarta’s transport operators, PT KAI
be used for other purposes in accordance with the bank’s Commuter Jabodetabek (KCJ) has initiated the utilization of
policy. NFC technology for its e-ticketing system. KCJ collaborates
with Sony FeliCa in developing the system so that KRL e-
ticketing can receive all types of electronic chips. This also
B.2 PT. KAI E-Ticketing System facilitates the integration of intermode because any type of
The e-ticketing system of PT. KAI consists of the Rail electronic ticket card that will be developed by the operator or
Card and Rail Box which was the result of a synergy between other institutions will be able to be identified by KJC. The e-
three BUMNs: PT. KAI, BNI, and PT. Telkom. The Rail Card ticket can be integrated with a mobile phone (using mobile
is a prepaid card issued by BNI and is a result of co-branding system applied to the NFC e-Wallet on the smartphone) and a
with KAI member card. It can also be used to shop at special bracelet produced by KCJ.
merchants with BNI prepaid logo. Meanwhile, Rail Box is a
train ticket vending machines provided by Telkom and placed In discussions with public transport operators, it is known
in large stations or in Malls. It only serve transactions using that they basically agree with e-payment system integration
Rail Card or BNI prepaid card. Rail Box operates for 24 hours. decision of the city government. From their point of view, as
long as the revenue from passengers counted clearly. From the
consumer side, the survey showed that consumers are
B.3 Commuter Line E-Ticketing System
basically want to be convenience payment with the card can
Jabodetabek Commuterline implements e-ticketing system be used in all transportation modes and all e-money provider.
for commuters using Commuter Electronic Ticketing That is, today almost all sides, both from operators and
(Commet) which consists of three types as shown in Table 4. consumers are still have egocentric trait.
The current fragmented network of e-ticketing system is an
TABLE IV. COMMUTER LINE E-TICKETING SYSTEM
obstacle to the public transport integration and immediate
o Used for one-way trip on the date of purchase actions are needed to overcome it. Learning from other
Secured o Rp 10,000 deposit (grace period) 7 days countries’ experiences in implementing e-ticketing system
Daily Ticket
(THB) beforehand, it is ideal to have a multipurpose card, one that
can be used across multiple public tranport modes. Not only
o Prepaid card is rechargeable and can be used for more
Multitrip card than one trip for transport fares payment, it can also be used for retail
(KMT) o Current balance at the destination station should be payments, parking, or other purposes. Therefore people are
above Rp 11,000. motivated using noncash payment, which support
o No obsolete date government’s program and the public transport integration
o Card fee Rp20.000 plus beginning balance Rp 13.000 itself.
o Flazz BCA, Mandiri e-Money, Brizzi BRI, BNI Tapcash,
Bank Issued Bank Mega
E-Money o Can be used for Transjakarta TABLE V. JAKARTA’S TRANSPORT MODES E-TICKETING SYSTEM
o Cannot be recharged at all stations in Jabodetabek KRL,
only at related merchants. Transjakarta KAI Commuter Line
III. ISSUES ON JAKARTA’S E-PAYMENT SYSTEM
E- E-Money Bank Rail Card & THB, KMT, E-
Based on the explanation of each e-ticketing system on Ticketing (BCA, BNI, BRI, BNI Prepaid Money Bank (BCA,
previous sub-chapters, the following Table 5 shows the Mandiri, Bank BNI, BRI, Mandiri)
comparison between three transport modes’ ticketing systems. DKI, Bank
Mega)
So far, the implementation of e-ticketing also has several
Fare Rp 2.000 – Rp Progressive rates
constraints. Based on the feedback from the travelers and 3.500
commuters, those constraints are:
• E-ticket rates are considered expensive (price Price Rp 40.000 Rp 20.000 – Card fee Rp20.000
(beginning Rp 500.000 + beginning
includes the cost of the card plus the initial balance), balance Rp balance Rp 13.000
especially by single-trip passengers or passengers 20.000) (Multitrip card)
with low frequency of usage.
Where to • Banks and • BNI branch • ticket counter at
• Unavailability of e-ticket for a single trip on Purchase their branch offices KRL station
Transjakarta, so passengers must still pay Rp 40,000 offices • BNI prepaid • Automatic ticket
for e-ticket. • Transjakarta card machines
ticket counter partnered • Related bank

978-1-5090-3352-2/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE 16-18 November 2016, Aston Tropicana Hotel, Bandung, Indonesia
2016 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech)
Page 265
 • Partnered merchants and its branches ACKNOWLEDGMENT
merchants • Customer Researchers would like to thank BINUS University which
Service at
railway
provides Research Grants in 2016 so that the research can be
station executed.
Where to • Ticket • ATM BNI • Ticket counter at
TopUp counter • BNI commuter
• ATMs and partnered station
bank branch merchants • Automatic ticket
offices • EDC at machines KRL REFERENCES
• Partnered railway • Related bank’s [1] Soh, C. dan Y. Chong. “EZ-Link and NETS E-Payment: Creating a
merchants station ATM, branch Standard and Building a Platform Innovation”. Nanyang Business
• Internet counters offices, and School Case, 2013.
banking partnered [2] ____________, Dinas Perhubungan dalam Angka 2013. Dinas
• Portable merchant Perhubungan Provinsi DKI Jakarta, 2014.
machines at • E-money Telco
[3] ____________, “130 Kopaja Siap Terintegrasi”. Kompas, 23 December,
promotional (XL Cash, T-
2015.
events Cash, and
Indosat [4] ____________, “Bus Pengumpan Mulai Beroperasi”. Kompas. 28
Dompetku) December, 2015.
[5] ____________, “Mudahnya Mengakses Info Commuter Line Melalui
Source: Safira (2015) Aplikasi ‘KCJ Train’”. UI Update. 6, 4. 17, 2015.
[6] ____________, “Angkutan Umum DKI Jakarta dan Permasalahannya”.
Kompas, 14 January. 27, 2016.
IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION [7] ____________, “Integrasi Angkutan Umum: Tambah Bus di ‘Jalur
Gemuk’”. Kompas. 2 January. 26, 2016.
Referring to the current conditions, the integration of [8] ____________, “Kereta Api Cepat Picu Peluang”. Kompas. 15 January,
transportation modes not only on the e-payment integration 2016.
but also to be supported by the physical integration of [9] ____________, “Kereta Cepat: Jalur Terintegrasi dengan Kereta
transport modes. The major obstacle is still high egocentric Ringan”. Kompas. 16 January. 18, 2016.
character both of transport operators and banking/payment [10] ____________, “Proyek MRT Berjalan Normal”. Kompas. 16 January,
operators. So that islands of information systems and 2016.
technology at each operator continues to grow. To integrate [11] Choi, S.; D. Collins; J. Ure; and P. Lovelock Mobile Payments in Asia
the e-payment system is needed strong government role and Pacific. KPMG., 2007.
make it as one of the tasks of local government. [12] Farhoomand, A. “MTR: Strategic Challenge of Entrenching Locally
While Expanding Globally”. Asia Case Research Centre, 2005.
Jabodetabek transportation continues to grow, with the [13] Goodall, W. and S. Dixon Transport in the Digital Age: Disruptive
current state of the multi-moda and multicard (e-money). The Trends for Smart Mobility. Deloitte. March, 2015.
problems are likely to occur is the integration of payment [14] Kusnandar, V. B. “Jakarta dalam Angka”. Bloomberg Business Week.
systems. Therefore, it is important there is an institution who 15-21 June. 4, 2015.
have a strong control and fully authority in doing so. [15] Lonergan, N. and J. Dharmapalan Global Money. Ernst & Young, 2009.
[16] Menon, N.; J. Wang; S. Narasimhan; H. Guedeney; and K. Kittikoun
Successful integration of e-payment is essential to provide Cash Displecement: The Final Threshold. AT Kearney, 2013.
customer satisfaction through the ease of using public [17] Mezghani, M. Study on Electronic Ticketing in Public Transport.
transportation. As tasks of local government, The Governor of European Metropolitan Transport Authorities. Final Report. May, 2008.
the DKI, could use the Presidential Decree No. 103/2015 of [18] Miller, R. J., Urban Mobility Redefined. Ernst & Young, 2015.
Jabodetabek Transportation Agency as leading coordinator [19] Mojica, C. H., “TransMilenio: The Battle over Avenida Séptima”.
and have a strong competent authorities. Harvard Kennedy School Case, 2011.
The main function of the governing body is to integrating [20] Osterwalder, A. and Y. Pigneur, Business Model Generation: A
Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers. John
the system mode of transportation is also a payment system Wiley & Sons, 2010.
integrator by building its own clearing house system. Thus, the [21] Prakasam, S. “Evolution of E-payments in Public Transport—
development of integration in terms of market penetration can Singapore’s Experience”. Journeys. November. 53-61., 2009.
refer to a similar approach to South Korea where government [22] Puhe, M.; M. Edelmann; dan M. Reichenbach, Integrated Urban e-
effort and corporate (transport and payment operators) effort Ticketing for Public Transport and Touristic Sites. Science and
to have the same portion (Fig. 6). Technology Options Assessment. January., 2014.
[23] Safira, B. H. “Marketing Strategy Development of Mobile Money
This is a preliminary research that indicates the resolution Services in Indonesia”. School of Business and Management. ITB,
of issues in e-payment integration of Jabodetabek mass Unpublished Thesis, 2015.
transportation system. There are many opportunities for [24] Shannon, B.; D. Cis; L. Mendonca; H. Pohl; J. Remes; H. Ritchie; and J.
further research, are like in field of more technical system Woetzel, How to Make a City Great. McKinsey & Company, 2013.
integration model; strategic organizational collaboration [25] Tuikka, T. and M. Isomursu (Eds.)). Touch the Future with a Smart
management; single e-card model of payment integration like Touch, VTT Technical Research. Finlandia, 2009.
to do by the Government of DKI Jakarta with JakartaOne [26] Vandycke, N. and L. Wright Cities at a Crossroads: Unlocking the
card’s name. Potential for Green Urban Transport. World Bank & Asian Development
Bank, 2013.

978-1-5090-3352-2/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE 16-18 November 2016, Aston Tropicana Hotel, Bandung, Indonesia
2016 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech)
Page 266
[27] Viswanathan, S. and D. G. Allampalli “SMRT Trains — Managing
Operations and Service Quality”. Nanyang Business School Case., 2014.
[28] http://www.octopus.com.hk/release/detail/2015/en/20150805.html

978-1-5090-3352-2/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE 16-18 November 2016, Aston Tropicana Hotel, Bandung, Indonesia
2016 International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech)
Page 267