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:

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5
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;
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;1'
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D'
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9

S
T;

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# ' ii
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∈ Ν ∗

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9

1;
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1
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ε B;
F
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@

<! − # !< δ ⇒! ' & − ( !< ε
5
9F
F '
2
;
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→ #
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+3
 ∀ε > ∃δ > ! ∀ ∈
2-@ ' & = ( ⇔ 
→ #
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%

3
(
+ −
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−
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'

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= 4 !";

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;
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δ ;.;.'
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C;
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+ −
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2-@ =
→ −
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δ
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:
4
4
'

; ε ; 9;1'
'

δ
:
2-@ − $ =
ε C.;.;
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→
M$ δ @*CM.;.
$ δ MC;..
$ δ C;..@

δ C =

?

7 "
H

7>"
− 2-@ ' & =
(- .
6 14 F
1 ' & =
→
−
−

; 4 1
21
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−

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− ' + &' − &

= = + ;1 ≠
− ' − &
& G
' $ ' & = + ;
F
$ ' & #
j

; 2-@ $ ' & = 2-@ ( + ) = $ ' & = + =
→

→

−
= $ ' & ;1 ≠ ;

F
−
 − 
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→  −  →

−
9
; 4 F
' & = '
4

j 1

−
#

1
-
BB
# !
% C

4
$.
:

;
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2-@ =
→
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:
#./+D;
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%C
4
#./+;
2-@ = →
(- . 2-@ = @
→−
BB

E#
%

E#
4
:
2-@ ' & = (
2-@ $ ' & = - ;
"
→ →
2-@6 ' & ± $ ' &5 = 2-@ ' & ± 2-@ $ ' & = ( ± -
→ → →
(- .:
#./+
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'
;
"3
2-@6 ' & + $ ' &5 = 2-@' − & + 2-@'− + & = + '−& = −
→ → →
6BB

!%
!4
:
2-@ ' & = (
2-@ $ ' & = - ;
→ →
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→ → →
( )( )
(- .:
#./+
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'
;
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→
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→
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→
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!% !4
:
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2-@ $ ' & = - ; - ≠
→ →
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= →
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 
→
(- .:
#./+
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'
;
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 ' &  2-@ ' − &
→
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→ $ ' &
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→
6BB
# !

. /%2

4
:
2-@ ' & = (

1 4;
[ ]
→
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→
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→
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(- .:
#./+; C;

'

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$
→

[ →
]
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%

# !%2
R
%
4
:
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#1 ;
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→ → →
:
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1
9X.;
" 2-@ ' & = 2-@ ' & = (
→ → →
(- .:
#./+F; C;

'

"3
2-@ ' & = 2-@' − & =
→ →
:
#./+@,; C;

'

"3
2-@ ' & = 2-@' −# & = − $ = −

→ →
&1 7 .9
;
;

2-@ ' & = ( ; 2-@ ' & = (
' & = ' &
" ( = (
→ →
(-@
$7

=
4 ' 11
' '
3
B 2-@ − $ =
→
=B 2-@ + − =
→
B 2-@ + =
→−
−
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→ −
−
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→ +
' +
B 2-@ =
' → ' +
− +
B 2-@ =
→ − −
− #
?B 2-@ =
→$ −$
− #
B 2-@− +
=
→

+ − + −
B 2-@ =
+ → + − #+ +
+
cB 2-@ =
→− +
− #
B 2-@ =
→− + $ +
$
$$
= 2;'
F
#./;
; 9; ε

δ X.;1
' ' ε X. F

<! − !< δ ;
" ! ' & − ( !< ε & ! '
!"
F
"; ''

'
B 2-@
→
+ = ; ! ε C.;
=B 2-@

→ −
= ; ! ε C.;..
$7

' !/
'
1
& ! '

!/
+ = 4 1 ε
1 4

'
A δ B
B 2-@ + =
→
=B 2-@ − =
→−

@
'G
F

2-@ ' & = (

→

=
;1F

F
F
4
'
#./ F
' 4
G
1L2'
F '
'

1F F
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!/

2=
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1

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1
;

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- ' 2 12 @
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.
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'

A2B
'

;

F ' 2
'
. 1

F
' ; 4
'
A2B
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@

4
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2-@ =

→ +

2-@ = −
→ −

!"; #'

SMT'
R'

#'
1
S@S'
R
F
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4 R'
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D
D

B .
:
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4 =
A
; B7 ";
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#./ F '
$

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1
'
9;

4
3 2-@ ' & = (
; ∀ε > ; ∃δ F

→+

< − < δ
" ! ' & − ( !< ε
;
4
'
A2B1'

' "1L2'

F F
'
'
F

4
'
2

1L2'
A 'F
B;
"

4

2-@ ' & = (

→ +
D
D

(3 .
:
# !"F

'
'
'

'

4 =
A ;
B7 ";
'
#./ F '

'

1

F
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4
3 2-@ ' & = (
; ∀ε > ; ∃δ
→−
F

< − < δ
" ! ' & − ( !< ε
;
4
'
A2B1'

' "1L2'

F F
'
'
F

4
'
2

1L2'
A 'F
B;
"

4

2-@ ' & = (

→ −

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; " ? '
F
!"
?
=

1 ' 'K
; 4
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A2B 1'
"

12
'

F '2
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S T

;'G
F
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-"
→
9

1

F

2
=
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1 ;
4
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A2B'
4

'

F '2
'
;

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4

;'
1
'

'
2
'
1

F
'
1
'

2-@ ' & = ( ⇔ 2-@+ ' & = ( = 2-@− ' &

→ → →
 >
(- .
'

!" ' & = =
− <

b =
F
2-@ =
2-@− = −
→ + →

"" ;'G
F
2-@
→

-

$$
+56+7:
$)& !
=!' ' !/
= 2;

3
 ≤ ≤ 2-@ ' & =

→ −
' & = 
 # > 2-@ ' & =
→ +
2-@− ' & =

→
' & = +
2-@ ' & =
→+
$*& !
=!'
?

' ':

"
2 ;
'F
G"'
 − ≤
B %' & = 
C
 + >

 <

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C
 − >

 ' + ' <


B $ '' & =  ' =
C
 $ − ' ' >

$(PA4 1'k B 'R

1

l
'' F

1';4
6'

F

1
"AB
# +'
1
";
#F'

3
$
B #2-@ . =
→ −
=B #2-@ . =
→ +
B #2-@ . =
→
$,9

1

!"#'
V@);,W

3
B '& =
=B 2-@ ' & =

→ −
B 2-@ ' & =

→ +
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B '$& =
B72

1 CI
b F
B'
F
#G
G
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!"
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d1#4
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'

4 =

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;
2
14

1L1
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S
7; #./

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'

4
2-@ ' & = +∞
1
→
F F

X.;
2 δ X. F

<! − !< δ
" A2BX
$)

(- .
'

!" ' & =
' − &
9=
4
F

"
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!"; 1

' & = = = A'

!"B
' − &

6 4
!"
1 R'

R
F
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1 C;
;

l'
3
2 A2B

;
; $(
; ..
;. ....
;.. ......

P # 1 1
1
=
4 F
2-@ = +∞ ;
→ +
' − &

;4
'
#./

'
'

F '
12 R
'
'

l
F
' 3
2 A2B

;
;* $(
;, ..
;,, ....
;,,, ......

9=
4 F
2-@ = +∞ ;
;4
'
#./

→ −
' − &
'
'

F '
12 R
F
' '

9 ' 3
$*

;
F

2-@ = +∞ ;1 2-@+ = +∞ C 2-@− = +∞
' − & → ' − & → ' − &
→

;'G
F

-

;1F
#=
+ ∞ ' 4 F
"
'
'
"

=
@
'
F
+ ∞ #= 1

"

1"
'
4

G '
1
!/

D

. :
# !"'
'
'
'

4 =

'
;
2
14

1L1
- '

'

;#./'

'
'

4
2-@ ' & = −∞
1
→
'
U.;
2 δ X. F

<! − !< δ
"#./U
−
(- .
'

!" ' & =
' − &
9=
4
F

"
'# '
!" 6
4
!"
1 R'

R
F
' '1 C
l'
3
2 A2B
@
; @
; @$(
; @..
;. @....
;.. @......
−
P # 1 1
1
=
4 F
2-@ = −∞ ;
→ +
' − &

;4
'
A2B'

'
'

F '2
12 R
'
'

l
F
'
$(
2 A2B
@
; @
;* @$(
;, @..
;,, @....
;,,, @......
−
9=
4 F
2-@ = −∞ ;
; 4
'
#./
→ −
' − &
'

'
'

F '
12 R
F
' '

9 ' 3

;
F

− − −
2-@ = −∞ ;1 2-@+ = −∞ C 2-@− = −∞
→ ' − &
→ ' − &
→ ' − &

;'G
F

-
;1F
#=
− ∞ ' 4 = 2F
"
'

F
1 = !/

2
1 ' ;
A#BC <DE;
@' & = '−∞+∞& =

;1'
G
G

= 2;4 F

1

=!
B:

1 4F F
;
"3

2-@+ ' = +∞ ; 2-@− ' = − ∞
#1 ; + ∞
1
→ →
$,
'
;

F F
; 2-@ ' & = ; 2-@ $ ' & = ;'

→ →

"
= 23
$ ' &
B:
X.

' & → 14
1 4'
#./
" 2-@ = +∞
→ ' &
$ ' &
B:
X.

' & → 14

4'
#./
" 2-@ = −∞
→ ' &
$ ' &
6B:
U.

' & → 14
1 4'
#./
" 2-@ = −∞
→ ' &
$ ' &
6B:
U.

' & → 14

4'
#./
" 2-@ = +∞
→ ' &
+ +
(- .

' !" %' & = 1 →
− −
9=
4
'
!" 9 F
1#4
=

'
5./F ' → I
:
$ ' & = P + + ;
F
2-@ P + + =
→
:
' & = P − − ;
F
2-@ P − − =
→
2-@ ' & =

2-@ $ ' & = > ;#F
→ →
+ + + +
2-@+ %' & = 2-@+ = +∞
2-@ % ' & = 2-@ = −∞
→ → − − →− →− − −

1

7>
2-@ ( ) 2-@ $ ( ) %( ) 2-@ % ( )

GH GH #,2 GH GHIGH+GH
.
,H ,H #$2 ,H$H
!
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@] 0 #,2 @] $H,0+$H
M] M] #I2 M] ,HI,H+,H
@] M] #I2 @] ,HI$H+$H
M] 0J= #I2 M] ,HI0+,H0J=
M] 0K= #I2 @] ,HI0+$H0K=
G] = #I2 G]m.
!
0 G] #E2 = 0EG]C.
G] G] #E2 G]eG]
!
0J= =, #E2 ,] 0E=,+,]
,] =, #E2 ,] ,]e.MCM]
0J= =$ #E2 $] 0E=$+$]
,] =$ #E2 $] ,]e.@C@]
= = #E2 =E=
!
(-@
.

3
+
B 2-@ =
→ −
+
=B 2-@ =
→
−
B 2-@ =
→− ' + &
+ +
'B 2-@ =
→
+ − +
B 2-@ =
→ −

- ' 4 4
'
1
'

' !"
4
; 1
2
1; 4 ;
1#4
4 ' !"

12 '
1 I
9 1
'
!" 6 2
7 F
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1
1 #;=L

?

;#=∞ '1
1

'
4 4

''

D

. :
# !" '
'

4
' +∞&
'
#./ F '

'
'

9;

4

2-@ ' & = ( ;
1 ' ε X . ; " 1 F" 1
F
;
2
→+∞

δX.;δJ
F

Xδ
" ! ' & − ( !< ε

(- .
'

!" ' & = ;
F

4

+
; =
= 23

2 A2B
. .

;)
;(
$ ;((
;,.**
. ;,(.,(
.. ;,,,(..
... ;,,,,(.
.... ;,,,,,,
9=
4
F
R
'' F

'
'

#./
12 '

+; 2-@ =
→+∞ +

4 4
1 ' '
2
1 4
1
F
'
'

I9
4

4;F

!"I
D

. :
# !" '
'

4
' −∞ &
'
#./F ''

'
'

L;

4

2-@ ' & = - ;
1 ' ε X . " 1 F" 1
F
;
2
→ −∞

δX.;δK
F

Uδ
" ! ' & − ( !< ε

(- .
'

!" ' & = ;
F

4

+
1
F
; =
= 23
2 A2B
. .
@
@ ;)
@ ;(
@$ ;((
@ ;,.**
@. ;,(.,(
@.. ;,,,(..
@... ;,,,,(.
@.... ;,,,,,,

9=
4
F
R
'' F
'

'
'

#./
12

'
+; 2-@ =
→−∞ +
9 ' !" F G '

2
1 '

3
!&%(.
:

1 4F F
;
"

2-@ ' =
2-@ ' =
→+∞ →−∞
−
(- .

2-@
→+∞ +
=

;'4'
'
'

'1

'

21

' !"

− −
− = − =
2-@ = 2-@ = 2-@
→+∞ + →+∞ →+∞ +
+ +

7 .
:
1 '

'
H;
1' 4' '
n1'

'
' 1
!"'
6L5
$L 7
/
0 '/ & = / ≥
+/
'
+
_"
1 4
9 F

1' 4' '
F '
'
H

'
'

I
9F

'

/2-@ →+∞
0 '/ &
/
/ /
2-@ 0 ' / & = /2-@ = 2-@ = 2-@ = =
/ →+∞ →+∞
+/ / →+∞
+
/ / →+∞
+ +
/ / /
+; 1' 4' '

'
1 4
F '

'
H
'
'

4;

=

'
1' 4' '
2 1#4

+56+7:

3
−
B 2-@ 'B 2-@
→+∞ + →+∞ +
+ + −
=B 2-@
→+∞ −

B 2-@
→−∞ + +
$ − +  
B 2-@ B 2-@  + 
→+∞ + + →−∞
 
B 2-@
→−∞
:
1 = ' &
1
'
= G' '
1'

' '
F

+
4 '
1

11 = ;'
'

1
=

-
' #'
2-@
→+∞
' & I
$
7=
'
' '
1
' '
2# '

; F

'
;
'

'1
'
' ' '' ' '
'
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