AL SABAH INDIAN PRIVATE SCHOOL

SHARJAH

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to

all those who gave me the possibility to complete this
report. Special thanks of gratitude to Principal sir “Mr.
SreeKumar Kesavankartha” and Vice principal “Mrs.
Sandhya Jatheesh” for providing me with all the facilities
and I would also like to extend my gratitude to my
Physics teacher “Mrs. Ezhil Roja” for her time and
guidance throughout the project and experiments. Her
support and care have helped me to complete this project
on time.
Last but not the least, my heartiest thanks to all my
friends and family for helping me directly or indirectly to
finish this project work
S.N
CONTENT
O

1 INTRODUCTION

2 THEORY

3 EXPERIMENT

4 CONCLUSION

5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

What is battery voltage?

 

Battery voltage is defined scientifically as the difference

in electrical potential between the positive and negative
terminals of a battery, created by either an excess or lack
of electrons. In other words, it is the pressure pushing
electrons from one point to another.

There are different voltages for different kind of

electrical systems, ranging on the low end from 12-48
volt direct current (DC) systems to 110V, 220V and
higher in alternating current (AC) residential
applications.
How Batteries Generate
Voltage??

Batteries generate voltage through a chemical process

involving anodes, cathodes, an electrolyte, a separator, and
a circuit. The circuit serves to connect the anode and the
cathode, enabling electrons to move from the anode to the
cathode, thus generating voltage. 
The difference in charge between the anode and the cathode
creates the electrical potential difference, or voltage, which
powers the circuit. This electricity will then flow between
the battery terminals from the negative terminal to the
positively charged terminal via any wires placed between
them from which you can connect switches, breakers and
electronic appliances and devices directly. 
 Types of Batteries and Their
Voltages:

Lithium Batteries
A lithium battery is the premier battery technology
considered a high energy density battery ideal for powering
all sorts of RV and marine electronics. A 12-volt battery
will boast a normal maximum voltage of 13.6 volts when
fully charged. And even after discharging 10% of their
nominal capacity, they still have 13.4 volts at resting
voltage (a loss of only 0.2 volts). Lithium batteries have a
higher battery capacity and deliver constant voltage when
there is a battery discharge to decide in the circuit. These
batteries are favored due to their superior energy density
when compared to other battery technologies such as the
traditional lead-acid battery. 

 
Lead-Acid Batteries
Lead-acid batteries are prevalent in various applications,
such as automotive and marine starter batteries, and
typically have a nominal voltage of 12.7V when fully
charged. While they do not offer the same energy density
as lithium-ion batteries, they have been a reliable source
of power for over a century.

Objective:
The objective of this experiment is to compare the
performance of batteries from different
manufacturers under varying voltage conditions.
 Experiment

Aim:
Determine the performance of batteries from
different manufacturers

Material Required:
 Battery holders
 Voltmeter
 3 Batteries ( A,B & C) of different
manufacturer (1.3v)
 A stable power supply
Procedure
1. Carefully unpack and inspect each battery to
ensure they are in good condition and free from
any visible defects.
2. Place each battery securely in its respective
battery holder. Make sure the positive and
negative terminals are correctly aligned.
3. Connect a voltmeter in parallel to the battery
terminals. The voltmeter will be used to measure
the battery's voltage.
4. Connect a load device (resistor) in series with
the battery. The load device simulates a practical
load on the battery.
5. Connect the setup to a stable power supply,
ensuring the voltage input is adjustable and
controllable.
6. Measure the voltages with the power supply
at the lowest.
 Result:
 Battery A (DURACELL) exhibited a consistent
voltage drop as the input voltage increased
beyond the manufacturer's recommended
voltage
 Battery B (ENERGIZER) showed relatively
stable voltage levels across all tested voltages.
 Battery C (EVEREADY) experienced a sharp
decrease in voltage as the input voltage
exceeded the recommended level.

Conclusion:
In conclusion Battery B would be the safest
to use as it showed a stable level across all testes
voltage. Battery A & C showed higher
variations when tested.

Bibliography:
 https://www.enduropowerbatteries.com/
blogs/how-to/what-is-battery-voltage

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7-
ghrTqA44

 https://www.britannica.com/technology/
battery-electronics