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net/publication/327063557

SigPloit: A New Signaling Exploitation Framework

Conference Paper · July 2018


DOI: 10.1109/ICUFN.2018.8436820

CITATIONS READS
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2 authors, including:

Marianne A. Azer
National Telecommunication Institute, Egypt
106 PUBLICATIONS   653 CITATIONS   

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Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Cyber Security Attacks Against Industrial control Systems View project

Survey and taxonomy of information-centric vehicular networking security attacks View project

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