Information Discovery and Delivery

Criteria for adoption of e-books in libraries in the context of the paradigm of cloud computing
Charles Rodrigues, Angel Freddy Godoy Viera,
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Charles Rodrigues, Angel Freddy Godoy Viera, (2018) "Criteria for adoption of e-books in libraries in the context of the
paradigm of cloud computing", Information Discovery and Delivery, Vol. 46 Issue: 3, pp.161-172, https://doi.org/10.1108/
IDD-02-2018-0006
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 Criteria for adoption of e-books in libraries
in the context of the paradigm
of cloud computing
Charles Rodrigues and Angel Freddy Godoy Viera
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil

Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to propose criteria and indicators for the adoption of e-books in libraries in the context of the cloud computing
paradigm.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper carried out bibliographical and documentary research and the application of a questionnaire.
Sampling focused on five library managers and five e-book vendor managers.
Findings – A proposal is presented containing a set of three criteria and their respective indicators. The technology platform criterion consists of
seven indicators: patron data privacy, patron data security, availability of services, accessibility of information in e-books, interoperability of the
technology platform, digital preservation and portability of e-books. The criterion for the acquisition of e-books involves three indicators: forms of
Downloaded by Eastern Kentucky University At 21:24 24 January 2019 (PT)

commercialization, acquisition models and selection of e-book titles. The criterion for the circulation of e-books is divided into two indicators:
unlimited and limited use. In the unlimited use mode, there are no limits on the use of e-books. In limited use, there are 11 levels of permissions:
available copies, number of loans under each license, duration of the license, interlibrary loan, reading only in digital format, reading online via
streaming only, download on the patron’s device, content printing, loan according to the patron’s identity, reservation services and renewal services.
Practical implications – This paper provides a set of criteria and indicators that can aid in the construction of policies and the development of
collections, programs and projects directed toward the use of e-books in libraries.
Originality/value – This paper contributes socially by presenting a proposal that can support policies of evaluation and development of collections,
projects, programs and actions around the adoption of e-books in different types of libraries.
Keywords Libraries, Electronic books, Collection development, E-book - criterion and indicators, E-book 2013 adoption,
Library - Paradigm of the clouds computing
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction
E-books are already realities in the collections of libraries
throughout the world. The adoption of e-books involves,
among other factors, control of the content acquired by
libraries exercised by vendors based on digital rights
management (DRM) via a technology platform. This control
imposes certain restrictions that affect rights that have
historically been present in the relations between libraries and
their users.
The introduction and growth of the use of e-books have
changed the relationships among users, libraries, publishers
and distributors. The full effect of this transition will likely be
felt over several years. In addition, libraries are immersed in
facing the challenges of this change (Besen and Kirby, 2012).
In this scenario, the lack of criteria and indicators for the
adoption of e-books in libraries in the context of the cloud
computing paradigm (PCN) is identified as the central problem
of this research.
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on
Emerald Insight at: www.emeraldinsight.com/2398-6247.htm
This problem reveals two subjacent issues: the need to adapt
libraries to the technological context of the PCN and how
libraries can proceed to adopt e-books to meet the demands of
the PCN.
Thus, this research aims to propose criteria and indicators for
the adoption of e-books in libraries in the context of the cloud
computing paradigm.
This article is structured as follows: Section 1 contextualizes
the research theme, defines the problem and objectives and
describes the structure of the research. Section 2 presents the
application of cloud computing in libraries. Section 3 describes
the design, the universe and the research sample, as well as the
collection of the data and the data analysis. Section 4 presents
the proposal of the criteria and indicators for the adoption of
e-books in libraries. Section 5 discusses how libraries can adopt
and use the criteria in practice and presents the implications for
research and suggestions for future research, and, finally, in
Section 6 conclusions of the research are provided.
Subsequently, the list of references and an appendix that
provides a checklist for the adoption of e-books are presented.

Information Discovery and Delivery

Received 26 February 2018
46/3 (2018) 161–172 Revised 11 May 2018
© Emerald Publishing Limited [ISSN 2398-6247] 22 May 2018
[DOI 10.1108/IDD-02-2018-0006] Accepted 3 June 2018

161
 Adoption of e-books in libraries
Charles Rodrigues and Angel Freddy Godoy Viera
2. literature review
2.1 The application of cloud computing in libraries
Cloud computing has changed the way people read and write,
how they store and transfer data, and how they interact with
library services. It has also affected several areas of the library
environment, such as technology platforms, acquisition
processes and the circulation of e-books.
The following provides some highlights in reference to
questions related to the technology platform for e-books.
Web sites, portals and online public access catalogs have
become more important because they act as intermediaries
between libraries and users. Because of the possibility of remote
access, there is no need for users to physically go to a library
building, as contact can occur via technology platforms instead
of face-to-face.
Another aspect is content synchronization. Because there are
several different platforms for both personal and mobile
computer devices, and because many consumers have more
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than one device that often run on different operating systems,
the ability to synchronize content has become a very convenient
option for users. For example, it would be very advantageous if
each device knew what the user did on his or her other devices
and could recreate the same context on another device, such as
if a user could stop reading a book on a certain page on one
device and continue reading where the user left off on another
device (Hoivik, 2013).
The application of cloud computing can also help to
integrate information resources. One of the most relevant
concepts in cloud computing is the integration of hardware,
computing and storage capacity. With cloud-based services,
users can access information and services from anywhere, using
any device, without worrying about operating complicated
systems (Yubin et al., 2014).
With the adoption of cloud computing in libraries,
obsolescence, privacy and provisioning have become
increasingly important in short and long-term planning. The
advantages of cloud computing must be understood in light of
new services, storage facilities, accessibility and solutions to
obsolescence. A disadvantage for libraries is data security, since
in their contracts with suppliers, it is libraries’ responsibility to
ensure the reliability and security of the services provided and
the data involved. Libraries must also consider what types of
processes or information for which they want to rely on the
cloud (Silva and Mucheroni, 2013).
In the context of cloud computing, interoperability consists
of having the same application run over a heterogeneous
combination of platforms and providers while maintaining
consistent global functionality (Silva, 2013).
Mavodza (2013) finds that the proliferation of metadata
standards has caused interoperability problems between
different libraries. Another relevant issue is the possibility for
users to search in several languages, which requires translation
resources to overcome foreign language barriers. The borderless
nature of information means that standardization and
interoperability are areas of recurrent and essential concern for
achieving practical solutions to access, protection, information
security and the knowledge pool (Mavodza, 2013).
Included in this discussion are questions about intellectual
property control, data protection, the privacy laws imposed by
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various governments and variations in the application programing
interfaces (APIs) in the cloud provided by different providers to
end users. Privacy, security, anonymity, telecommunications
capacity, government oversight, reliability and accountability,
among other factors, are of great concern in the context of the use
of cloud computing (Mavodza, 2013).
In relation to the process of e-book acquisition, one of the
possibilities offered by cloud computing for libraries is
improvements in resource acquisition and service positioning
through data processing capacity based on collected data.
Massive amounts of business data can be analyzed, processed
and stored, and valuable information can be extracted to
customize the products and services provided by libraries.
The main implications of cloud computing in procedures
related to e-book selection concern the ability to integrate
supplier and library catalogs to assist the process of title
selection. In addition, in cases where the technology platforms
of the suppliers are used, it is possible for users to consult titles,
suggest them to libraries or even buy them using the same
interface and login as the library.
With regard to the circulation of e-books, some other
possibilities have been noted. Small or geographically isolated
libraries can benefit from the use of cloud computing because
they can gain physical access to distant content and facilities to
develop collaborative work with little concern about the
configuration of complex computing systems and other
infrastructure (such as software, programs and applications), as
such support can be provided remotely by specialized
companies (Tritt and Kendrick, 2014). However, a power
network, stable broadband and properly trained people are
essential for satisfactory results.
Another application is the possibility of creating a worldwide
network of libraries whose resources can be distributed in the
cloud with global mobile access. Data can be stored on servers
in the cloud so that anyone can access it on any type of device,
anytime, anywhere (Hoivik, 2013).
However, for users, it is necessary to develop
uncomplicated ways to access data or information,
irrespective of geographic boundaries. If users can access
information in a borderless context, legal issues that were
previously addressed locally must become concerns on an
international scale. Thus, given that cloud computing is not
restricted to the boundaries between countries, one problem
with international cloud hosting is that the applications and
data are subject to the laws and policies of the host country.
Similarly, not all applications in one country can be hosted in
another because of limitations on exporting computing system
technology (Mavodza, 2013).
In addition to what has been described above, cloud
computing also reflects an opportunity to rethink library
services and user access to informational content. Libraries
need to make the services they have traditionally offered
available through mobile technologies in a friendly manner, and
cloud computing also provides libraries an opportunity to
introduce new service models rather than simply providing the
same services in a different format. Libraries need to rethink
what they promote and why, including new services or new
versions of services that address the behaviors of mobile users
(Bomhold, 2014).
 Adoption of e-books in libraries
Charles Rodrigues and Angel Freddy Godoy Viera
3. Materials and methods
The research was conducted in Brazil from July to December
2016.
Because the research represents an empirical treatment of a
social phenomenon, this study is considered social research,
and by its nature, it is understood to be applied research. In
relation to the approach used, it is characterized as qualitative
research. With regard to the objectives, it is exploratory and
descriptive research.
For the data collection, the following methods were used:
bibliographic research, documentary research and the
application of a questionnaire.
With regard to the bibliographic research, articles were
searched for in Base de Dados Referenciais de Artigos de
Periodicos em Ciência da Informação (BRAPCI), BENANCIB,
Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA), Sciencedirect,
Scopus and Web of Science (WoS). To find dissertations and
theses, Banco de Teses e dissertações da CAPES, Biblioteca
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Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD), Bielefeld
Academic Search Engine (BASE), Europe E-theses Portal
(DART), Library and Archives Canada, Networked Digital
Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) and ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses (PQDT Open) were used.
With regard to the documentary research, institutional
documents available at the sites of the participating libraries
and e-book providers were searched, as well as information on
the norms, standards and legislation from the documents of
class associations, such as Associação Brasileira de Normas
Técnicas (ABNT), the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE), the American Library Association (ALA),
the National Library of Australia (NLA) and the International
Organization for Standardization ISO/IEC.
The questionnaire was applied to two social groups relevant
to the e-books environment: library managers and the
managers of e-book vendors. The sample for this research
included ten participants: five managers of libraries and five
managers of e-book vendors.
In the analysis and interpretation of the data, we used the
technique of content analysis. The development of this study
followed the three steps proposed by Bardin (1977): pre-
analysis, analytical description and inferential interpretation.
In the pre-analysis, which took place during the
bibliographical and documentary survey to develop the criteria,
indicators and items for the questionnaires, the content was
categorized based on conceptual alignments to structure the
present research.
The questionnaires were constructed to facilitate the
understanding, analysis and comparison of the data. Thus, the
central aspects of the research and the issues in common among
them were divided into criteria related to their respective
indicators. In this way, it was possible to analyze and interpret
the same phenomenon based on the different perspectives of
the vendors of e-books (publishers and distributors) and the
buyers (libraries).
In the stage of the analytical description, the criteria and
indicators were analyzed, and the bibliographic and documentary
research was used to find the necessary support. In the inferential
interpretation phase, the questionnaires were applied, the
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bibliographical and documentary research were solidified, and
the structuring of the proposed criteria and indicators for e-book
adoption in libraries took place.
4. Results and discussion
In this section, the results of the application of the questionnaires
and the proposed criteria and indicators for the adoption of
e-books by libraries are presented and discussed.
4.1 Perceptions of the managers of e-book vendors and
library managers of the adoption criteria and indicators
During the analysis of the responses to the questionnaire,
difficulties understanding some of the issues were observed.
This may indicate that these themes are not commonly
discussed internally in these institutions.
With regard to privacy and security aspects, when libraries
buy directly from publishers and host e-books on proprietary
platforms, users’ data such as their profiles and their e-book
usage behavior are the responsibility of the libraries. When
purchases occur indirectly through distributors and e-books are
hosted on the distributors’ platform, users’ profile data from
libraries are not necessarily shared; however, all movement and
usage behavior can be monitored by the distributors.
In relation to accessibility of the information in e-books, the
users must have adequate equipment that supports the
resources and technical knowledge for their installation and use.
Regarding the interoperability of the technological
platform for e-books, it is recommended that e-book formats
and DRM schemes be interoperable; that the ecosystems
include functionalities for exporting/transferring e-books;
that the ecosystems remove legal restrictions on the export/
transfer of e-books; and that the ecosystems abstain from
claiming exclusive rights to distribute and sell e-books.
With regard to the digital preservation and obsolescence of
e-book formats, long-term e-book preservation concerns and
actions as well as changes in present-day format structures are
the responsibility of the e-book providers. The EPUB format
has been adopted, and its technical characteristics have
extended and improved the reading and use of e-books.
The ways in which e-books have been commercialized vary
based on the results of negotiations. Access signatures are
offered as well as sales of property. Another finding is that there
is some flexibility among the vendor companies when
negotiating with libraries for the sale of their e-books; that is,
they are willing to discuss time periods and the value of licenses
as well as different uses of e-books, among other issues.
The questionnaire responses indicate that there are no
standards or norms in relation to the formulation of sales prices
for e-books. The amount charged is related to the type of work,
the amount acquired, the distributor’s commercial strategy and
the libraries and users’ use of the platform and services.
The responses also indicated that libraries can actively
negotiate when building their e-book collection. The negotiations
with the vendors of e-books reflect the search for benefits and
conformities related to the needs of users and the financial ability
of the organizations to grow in a sustainable way.
There are contradictions regarding the jurisdiction for
disputes regarding the contracts between libraries and the
vendors. In the case of the participating libraries, all contracts
 Adoption of e-books in libraries
Charles Rodrigues and Angel Freddy Godoy Viera
are subject to Brazilian laws; however, the e-book vendors
presented different points of view. All stated that their
organizations follow Brazilian laws, but they also follow
international laws.
With regard to the selection of e-book titles, the following
situation was observed. For library managers, the selection of
package titles prevails over the selection of individual titles. In
libraries that select individual titles, a comparison was made
between the real demand and repressed demand in the
acquisition process. E-book vendor managers offer both forms
of title selection. Package selection is accomplished through
promotional activities that were previously undertaken by
publishers. However, there are still situations that depend on
negotiations between libraries and publishers.
In relation to the circulation of e-books, the levels of
permission for the use of e-books in libraries are indicated in the
commercial agreements between the libraries and their
vendors. Nevertheless, there has been little in-depth discussion
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regarding what can and cannot be done with e-books. This
situation suggests that the levels of restrictions and permissions
regarding the use of e-books in libraries are still in the process of
development because it is still a recent phenomenon for
vendors.
Figure 1 Overview of the context of the research proposal
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4.2 Proposed criteria and indicators for the adoption of
e-books in libraries
The results are organized under three criteria: the technology
platform, the acquisition of e-books and the circulation of
e-books, each of which is divided into indicators. Figure 1
depicts the context of the research proposal.
The criteria and indicators detailed below are considered
desirable elements in the process of adopting e-books in
libraries in the context of the PCN.
4.2.1 Technology platform criterion
This criterion includes seven indicators that aim to structure a
technology platform for e-books that integrates several
technical characteristics so that libraries can meet the needs of
users as well as the library managers in the context of the PCN.
4.2.1.1 Privacy of the data. Privacy of the data refers to
everything that the individual does not want to be public
knowledge and information that is reserved only for members
of the individual’s particular circle of existence. Privacy of data
must be ensured as required by the laws in force and
contractual terms.
For this indicator, a document published by the American
Library Association’s (2015) Intellectual Freedom
Committee0020 entitled “Library privacy guidelines for
 Adoption of e-books in libraries Information Discovery and Delivery
Charles Rodrigues and Angel Freddy Godoy Viera Volume 46 · Number 3 · 2018 · 161–172

e-book lending and digital content vendors” was used for
orientation and is summarized in Table I.
These guidelines can be used to protect to establish
procedures for obtaining, using and storing data and
information collected from users on technology platforms to
respect their privacy rights when using e-books in a library.
4.2.1.2 User data security. User data security refers to the
preservation of confidentiality and the integrity, availability,
authenticity, accountability and reliability of information.
For this indicator, chapter 3 of the Presidential Decree n°
8.771, 2016 (Decreto, 2016) was used for orientation and is
summarized in Table II.
It is recommended that both libraries and e-book vendors
that offer content hosted on a technology platform respect these
guidelines.
4.2.1.3 Availability of services. Availability of services refers
the probability of obtaining a service quickly. To be considered
a highly available service (99.999 per cent), the downtime
should be less than 5.25 min per year (Endo et al., 2017).
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For this indicator, some measures for vendors are
recommended based on Endo et al. (2017) and are summarized
in Table III.
This indicator has direct implications for the operability of
the other indicators within the Technology Platform Criterion,
since it provides methods that help in the selection of e-book
vendors who guarantee adequate physical and technological
structures to provide the services offered by the library in ways
that are protected, secure, interoperable, portable and
continuous.
4.2.1.4 Accessibility of the information in E-books. The
accessibility of information in e-books refers to offering e-books
to a wide range of people with different sensory conditions,
including blindness and low vision, deafness, learning
disabilities, photosensitivity and combinations of these factors.
The idea behind accessibility is to enable the user, regardless of
their condition, to access information successfully.
This indicator is based on Lazzarin (2014), Costenaro
(2015), Mello (2015), Gunn (2016) and Google (2017).

Table I American library association privacy guidelines

Guidelines Main recommendations
Agreements, ownership of user data and Agreements between libraries and vendors should address appropriate restrictions on the use, accumulation,
legal requirements retention and dissemination of user data
Transparency in privacy policies Library users should be notified about the vendor’s privacy policies when accessing a product or service
User consent The vendor should offer users a choice regarding the amount of personal information that can be collected
about them and how it can be used
Access to personal data Users should have the right to access their personal information and contest its accuracy
Data integrity and security It is recommended to implement and develop actions such as the following: securing user data; the encryption
of all transactions; the anonymization of the data used for analysis; user data retention policies; sharing of user
data; government requests; and procedures in relation to personal information in cases of the sale, merger or
bankruptcy of the company
User’s device Privacy protections must extend to the user’s device, including the Web browser or any applications provided
by the provider
Audit and notification Vendors must conduct regular privacy audits to ensure that all operations and services are in compliance with
their policies
Source: Prepared by the author (2018) based on American Library Association (2015)

Table II Security standards and secrecy of records, personal data and private communications
Guidelines for safety Establish strict control over access to data by defining access privileges and responsibilities of the people who will access the data
standards Provide authentication mechanisms for accessing records
Create an inventory for access to connection logs and applications
Use records management solutions through techniques that ensure the inviolability of data, such as encryption or equivalent
protection measures
Follow recommended technical and operational procedures and the standards of the Internet Steering Committee
Retain the least possible amount of personal data, private communications, and connection logs for access to applications
Personal data Data related to the identified or identifiable person, including identification numbers, locational data or electronic identifiers
Treatment of personal All operations carried out with personal data, such as the collection, production, reception, classification, use, access,
data reproduction, transmission, distribution, filing, storage, disposal, evaluation or control of information, modification, transfer,
diffusion or extraction
Data format The data should be kept in an interoperable and structured format to facilitate access resulting from a court decision or legal
determination
Communication with Information about the security standards adopted by application and connection providers should be made available in a clear
users and accessible way to any interested party
Source: Prepared by the author (2018) based on Decreto (2016)

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Table III Measures to mitigate failures

Measures Description
Monitoring This is a crucial mechanism for verifying the condition of cloud infrastructure applications and their physical and virtual resources.
Monitoring systems can activate fault alerts, diagnose problems and suggest routines to avoid failures
Geodistributed These systems send replicas of data to multiple data centers around the world, thereby increasing protection against disasters and
storage failures. Cloud vendors that offer distributed storage rely on synchronization mechanisms to enable efficient failovers
Disaster recovery Cloud providers need a disaster recovery plan to minimize downtime in case of disruption. These plans should address infrastructure,
storage and applications as well as failover processes for physical and virtual machines
Source: Prepared by the author (2018) based on Endo et al. (2017)

The intention of this indicator is to present guidelines for
characteristics and standards related to the accessibility of the
information in e-books. Table IV presents a summary of some
software for screen readers and speech synthesizers.
These recommendations can be used when choosing a
technology platform for e-books so that the user can enjoy the
possibilities that the digital environment offers. They make the
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managing a collection of e-books; rationales for ICT
investments through the sharing, reuse and exchange of data
and information between different suppliers and libraries; and
ease of use for e-books by users of a library because of the
standardization of procedures.
4.2.1.6 Digital preservation. Digital preservation refers to a
series of management procedures necessary to ensure the

practice of reading more accessible and enjoyable for people usability, authenticity, discovery, and accessibility of long-term
with a physical disability. content.
4.2.1.5 Interoperability of the technology platform. This indicator is based on National Library of Australia
Interoperability of the technology platform refers to the ability (2003), Johnson et al. (2012), Suca (2012), Kirchhoff (2011)
of two or more systems or elements to exchange and use and Kirchhoff and Morrissey (2014).
information. This ability – promised but not guaranteed – is There are different examples of approaches for the
achieved in conjunction with a particular set of standards and sustainable preservation of e-book content, as summarized in
allows heterogeneous equipment, often built by multiple Strategies and technical procedures, metadata and collaborative
vendors, to work together in a networked environment. initiatives for preserving e-books:
For this indicator, the report produced by teachers Christoph 1 Strategies and technical procedures:
Bläsi and Franz Rothlauf was used for orientation.  preservation of the bit sequence;
In this report, the authors noted that the ecosystem of an  preservation of technology and the digital object;
e-book is formed by the vendor’s platform, readers, formats,  migration;
distribution channels, production tools, terms and conditions. To  emulation and encapsulation;
ensure that the customer/user/library is able to use the e-books  hardware and software preservation;
anywhere, at any time, and on any device, the authors  preservation of metadata with the use of open
recommend that e-book formats and DRM schemes should be standards and protocols;
interoperable, that ecosystems should include functionalities for  creation of repositories that allow access and retrieval
exporting/transferring e-books, that ecosystems remove legal of data;
restrictions on the export/transfer of e-books, and that ecosystems  modelo digital Rosetta stone; and
should refrain from granting exclusive rights to distribute and sell  core component technical specification.
e-books (Bläsi and Rothlauf, 2013). 2 Metadata:
These recommendations can provide greater integration  metadata encoding and transmission standard;
between libraries and their suppliers; agility in the process of  preservation metadata: implementation strategies;

Table IV Software for screen readers and voice synthesizers

Screen Readers/Voice
Synthesizers Description
TalkBack Screen reader developed by Google for the Android operating system. Among other settings, one can choose the mechanism and the
language and adjust all speech preferences (high or low)
Mecdaisy This is a set of programs that allows the user to transform any text format available on one’s computer into spoken text based on the
international DAISY standard. The tool provides a voice synthesizer in addition to other features and instructions for use
Dorina Daisy Reader DAISY 3.0 standard digital book reader. It is available in three languages (Portuguese, Spanish and English), and it allows the user to
Mais (DDReader1) listen to narration recorded in MP3 or through the synthesized voice
DosVox This is an operating system that includes text editors, games, browsers, a screen reader, a speech synthesizer and various utilities
that is executable in Windows and Linux environments. The system has more than 80 programs
Job Access With Operating system executable in the Windows operating system that has a series of features: two multilingual synthesizers;
Speech (JAWS) a proprietary voice synthesizer; voice support for software installation; an OCR feature, which allows access to text in PDF extensions;
and voices for more than 30 different languages
Source: Prepared by the author (2018)

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 Adoption of e-books in libraries
Charles Rodrigues and Angel Freddy Godoy Viera
 machine readable cataloging; and
 metadata ONIX.
3 Collaborative initiatives for preserving e-books
 open archival information system;
 portico;
 Hathi trust;
 digital preservation coalition; and
 controlled for lots of copies keep stuff safe.
Source: Prepared by the author (2018).
For this indicator, two aspects stand out: the need for
technical knowledge among the employees and collaborators of
the libraries regarding the procedures involved in preserving an
e-book collection and the need for libraries to act in a
collaborative way by creating initiatives in groups, thus
enabling greater exchanges of experiences and the division of
operational costs.
4.2.1.7 Portability of e-books. The portability of e-books
refers to the ability to use software components in various
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hardware or software environments. More specifically, it is the
ability to move data or applications in various cloud
environments at low cost and with minimal disruption.
This indicator is based on Suca (2012), Mezgár and
Rauschecker (2014), Petcu and Vasilakos (2014) and Open
Group (2017).
The main types of cloud computing portability to consider
are data portability, application portability and platform portability.
Data portability enables the reuse of data components in
different applications. Application portability enables the reuse of
application components in traditional cloud computing
services and computing platforms, which requires a standard
interface used by the support platform. There are two types of
platform portability: reuse of cloud platform components (IaaS
services) and non-cloud infrastructure (platform source
portability) and reuse of packages containing applications and
data with the support platforms (machine image portability).
The main recommendation for libraries regarding the
portability indicator for e-books is to verify users’ permission to
access their e-books on different electronic devices in addition
to a cloud reading app, even if it is necessary to “download” the
software for reading on different electronic devices. Thus, it will
be possible for users to access their content on different
technology platforms.
4.2.2 Criterion of acquisition of E-books
This criterion is intended to guide the e-book purchase process.
It is divided into three indicators: forms of commercialization,
acquisition models and selection of titles.
4.2.2.1 Forms of commercialization. For this indicator, two
issues related to e-book acquisition are discussed: purchasing,
whether direct or indirect, and licensing through perpetual
purchase or by subscription, as summarized in Table V.
For the manager of a library, the decision regarding the
commercialization of an e-book is fundamental in the
development of a collection, with consequences for the budget
of the institution as well as the access of users to the sources of
information.
4.2.2.2 Acquisition models. The acquisition models include
the six models most common in the literature, as summarized
in Table VI.
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Table V Forms of commercialization
Forms of commercialization Literature
Mode of purchase
Direct: occurs without Ball (2005), Walters (2013a, 2013b)
intermediaries, directly from and Simon (2014)
the publishers
Indirect: occurs through
intermediaries, such as
distributors or aggregators
Purchase of the licensing
Perpetual: ownership of the Ball (2005), O’Brien, Gasser and
e-book is acquired continuously Palfrey (2012), Walters (2013a,
By subscription: a subscription 2013b), Maceviciute et al. (2014),
is required to access a Simon (2014), Valentin Ruiz (2014)
collection offered by the and Bailey et al. (2015)
distributor
Source: Prepared by the author (2018)
For library managers, it is important to know the characteristics
of these models, even in an early stage. Understanding these
characteristics will aid in the negotiation process for trade
agreements.
4.2.2.3 Selection of titles. The selection of titles refers to the
way in which the titles that make up the library’s collection are
selected, which should be aligned with the nature of the library
(public, specialized, university, among others) and the needs of
its users. In the literature, two types were mentioned: selection of
titles by package and by individual titles. Table VII summarizes
this indicator.
The selection of e-book titles is an important indicator for the
decisions of library managers, as it may impact a library’s collection
and the fulfillment of the informational demand of its users.
4.2.3 Criterion of circulation of e-books
This criterion refers to the movement of e-books among the
users of a library. This movement is conditioned to the levels of
use permissions, which are stipulated in the terms agreed to in
trade negotiations.
This criterion is divided into two indicators of content use
modalities: unlimited use or use with permission levels (11 levels).
Table VIII summarizes the characteristics of the indicators of
this criterion.
Faced with so many issues, to decide when to buy an e-book or
a printed book and what levels of permissions should be present
in trade agreements with suppliers, it is important to conduct
studies on the profiles of the users and their use of e-books.
5. Implications for practice and research
This article provides library managers and e-book vendors with
important insights for decision-making in their particular
environments.
For the library environment, this research provides criteria
and indicators that can aid in the construction of policies for the
development of the collection, as well as programs and projects
directed to the use of e-books in libraries.
For the environment of e-book vendors, the criteria and
indicators presented allow vendors to recognize the elements in
their organizational structure that can allow them to improve
 Adoption of e-books in libraries Information Discovery and Delivery
Charles Rodrigues and Angel Freddy Godoy Viera Volume 46 · Number 3 · 2018 · 161–172

Table VI Characteristics of acquisition models

Acquisition models
Demand Driven Acquisition (DDA), also called Patron Driven Acquisition (PDA): the
catalog of e-book vendors is available to users who can make purchases from the
library. Users are also allowed to select e-books without mediation by the library.
The acquisition is formalized through a number of requests
Pay-Per-View: the vendor charges a library for the use of e-books. Thus, the library
is billed or debited from a prepaid account amounts based on the number of uses
Consortium: a negotiation carried out jointly by several libraries with the aim of
reaching agreement with suppliers on fair commercial contracts to maximize
financial investments
Self-publishing: through a platform, authors can self-publish books and original
texts and trade them without mediation by a publisher
Open Access: enables free access to the content of an e-book, although there may
be some restrictions on its use. Through this model, many titles are available to
the public
Streaming Reading: technology that sends multimedia information through the
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Literature
Lu and Chambers (2013), Maceviciute et al. (2014), Valentin Ruiz
(2014), Bailey, Scott and Best (2015), Zhang et al. (2015), Sinder
(2016), Conyers et al. (2017) and Davies (2017)
Besen and Kirby (2012), O’Brien, Gasser and Palfrey (2012),
Walters (2013a, 2013b), Maceviciute et al. (2014), Simon (2014)
and Sinder (2016)
Besen and Kirby (2012), Lu and Chambers (2013), Horava (2013),
Maceviciute et al. (2014), Rodrigues (2014) and Valentin Ruiz
(2014)
Laquintano (2010), Cordon-García et al. (2014), Thomlison and
Bélanger (2015) and Waldfogel and Reimers (2015)
Gama and Garcia (2009), Owen et al. (2008), Rodrigues (2014),
and Simon (2014)
Cordon-García et al. (2014)

transfer of data using computer networks. The books are read online through
cloud computing

Source: Prepared by the author (2018)

Table VII Selection of titles

Selection of titles Literature
Selection by package consists of choosing e-book titles from predefined combinations by vendors. Package-based Owen et al. (2008),
purchasing is more cost effective and can save the library time on selection, acquisition, and processing compared to Walters (2013a, 2013b),
individual title selection. Packaged e-books generate much less use per title than those that have been selected by Maceviciute et al. (2014),
individual titles Rodrigues (2014), Simon
Selection by individual titles reflects e-book titles that are chosen individually, one by one. Thus, the library can create (2014), Valentin Ruiz
a collection of materials more appropriate to its needs, facilitate the best use of its financial resources and have full (2014)
control over its purchasing decisions. However, the acquisition of e-books through the selection of individual titles is
very time consuming, since the person in charge has to determine if a book is available in e-book format, on which
platform(s) and the cost if purchased through different models
Source: Prepared by the author (2018)

Table VIII Indicators of the circulation of E-books criterion

Indicators Descriptions Literature
Unlimited use There are no limits on the use of e-books imposed by the access license, provided that the copyright is Gama and Garcia (2009),
respected Laquintano (2010), Besen
Use with There are limits only to available copies: the loan is limited to the number of copies purchased by the library and Kirby (2012, 2014),
permission There are limits to the number of loans for each license: there is a limit to the total number of times an e-book O’Brien, Gasser and
levels can be lent out Palfrey (2012), Kylin
There are limits to the duration of the license: there is permission for use for a period of time to be determined (2014), Maceviciute et al.
Interlibrary loan: these are specifications that allow loans between libraries (2014), Simon (2014), and
Reading in digital format only: e-book printing is not allowed Mello Júnior (2016)
Reading only online via streaming: downloading is not authorized for the user’s electronic device
Download on the user’s device: the user has the ability to download the e-book to the user’s own electronic
device
Content printing: library users are allowed to print an e-book
Loan according to the identity of the user: it is possible to loan the e-book to non-registered users
Booking services: it is possible to book an e-book
Renewal services: it is possible to renew an e-book that has been lent out
Source: Prepared by the author (2018)

168
 Adoption of e-books in libraries
Charles Rodrigues and Angel Freddy Godoy Viera
their services offered, thus more closely approximating the
services offered by e-book vendors and libraries.
The checklist presented in the Appendix of this article serves
to instrumentalize libraries in the process of e-book adoption. It
consists of a detailed set of criteria and indicators related to the
use of e-books in a library that should be evaluated with e-book
vendors at the time of purchase. The same instrument can serve
as a means for e-book vendors to verify whether their internal
procedures are in accordance with the criteria and indicators
needed for the proper use of e-books in a library.
Regarding the implications for the research, it was verified
that the interlocutions between the libraries, the computational
environment in the clouds and the society are evidenced. Thus,
the present study articulates the representation of e-books
associated with the expansion of computer networks (Internet)
and cloud computing. The massive use of information and
communication technologies based on binary encodings posted
in virtual environments in the cloud reveals the need to discuss
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the shift from the centrality of the information in the content
possession paradigm, which no longer has a local scope, to
remote access (the cloud). The representation of the time and
space for informational content has been questioned, and as of
the beginning of the twenty-first century, there appears to be
another element on the contemporary informational scene:
mobility.
Regarding suggestions for future research, there is a need for
in-depth discussions of the criteria and indicators presented in
this study, as well as the processes involved in classifying,
cataloging and indexing the e-books in a library.
Another pertinent point is the need for studies on the
adoption and usage of e-books by users in different types of
libraries.
Research on the aggregation of other resources to e-books,
such as hypermedia, links, videos, sound, animation, three-
dimensional images, translators and augmented reality, is
another potential avenue for future studies.
6. Conclusion
There is emerging research in library environments regarding
the need for changes in assessments of collections and
development policies in the context of the intensive use of
electronic devices, digital content and cloud computing. In
particular, this research proposed criteria and indicators that
can guide library managers in the process of adopting e-books.
The diversity of issues surrounding the digital environment is
the main challenge for libraries, publishers and suppliers. Thus,
we have sought to find viable licensing models that reconcile
the needs to cover publishers’ costs, reward authors and respect
intellectual property rights with the need to provide fast, easy
and cheap access to digital content. In this context, e-books
have increased the complexity of librarians’ work, and they
need to be aware of the changes in technology platforms and
the complicated contractual issues involving ownership and
access to digital content and collection management. Likewise,
vendors have used a wide range of approaches to continue to
offer e-books to libraries, similar to printed books.
Finally, it is important to emphasize that libraries play a
fundamental role in the continuous promotion of a reading
culture and in the formation of the habit of reading in today’s
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society. Thus, this research contributes to society by presenting
a proposal for the formulation of policies for the evaluation and
development of collections, projects, programs and activities
around the adoption of e-books in different types of libraries.
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Appendix. Checklist for adoption oF E-books Indicator: Digital Preservation

21. Use of technical strategies and procedures.

Company: <Vendor name, publisher, distributors/aggregators> a. Preservation of the bit sequence.

Project name: b. Preservation of technology and the digital object.

Vendor Manager: c. Migration.

d. Emulation and encapsulation.

Criteria and Indicators e. Conservation of hardware and software.

f. Preservation of metadata with the use of open standards and protocols.
Technological Platform Criterion
g. Creation of repositories that allow access and retrieval of data.
Indicator: Privacy of the Data
h. Digital Rosetta Stone model (DRS).
1. Agreements, ownership of user data and legal requirements.
i. Core Component Technical Specification (CCTS).
2. Transparency in privacy policies.
22. Use of metadata.
3. User consent form.
a. Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS).
4. Access to personal data.
b. Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies (PREMIS).
5. Data integrity and security.
c. Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC).
a. Compliance with safety standards.
d. Metadata ONIX.
b. Use of data encryption.
23. Collaborative initiatives.
c. Anonymization of data.
a. Open Archival Information System (OAIS).
d. Policies for data retention time.
b. Portico.
e. Sharing of data.
c. HathiTrust.
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f. Government requests.
d. Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC).
g. Technical guarantee when the company is sold, merges or enters bankruptcy.
e. Controlled for Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe (CLOCKSS).
6. Privacy protection on users' devices.
Indicator: Portability of E-books
7. Realization of audits and notification.
24. Data portability is allowed.
Indicator: User Data Security 25. Application portability is allowed.
8. Guidelines on safety standards. 26. The portability of technology platforms is allowed.
a. Strict control over data access. 27. Access to different electronic devices is permitted.
b. Authentication mechanisms for accessing records. a. PC access.
c. Detailed inventory of access to records. b. Notebook access.
d. Records management by means of techniques that guarantee the c. Smartphone access.
inviolability of the data.
d. Tablet access.
e. Recommendation for technical and operational procedures and standards
of the Internet Steering Committee (CGIbr). e. Access on smartTV.
f. Retention policies for personal data. f. Access in e-readers.

g. Technical guarantee when the company is sold, merges or enters g. Access in reading app in the cloud.
bankruptcy.
Acquisition of E-book Criterion
9. Interoperable data format. Indicator: Forms of Commercialization
10. Communication with users (information about security standards adopted by 28. Licensing.
application and connection providers should be disclosed).
a. Perpetual.
Indicator: Availability of the Services
b. By subscription.
11. Measures to mitigate failures.
29. The price is fixed.
a. Application monitoring system.
a. In advance.
b. Geodistributed storage.
b. Variable according to the type of work.
c. Disaster recovery plans.
30. At the end of the contract, the library will be able to dispose of the content.
Indicator: Accessibility of Information in E-books
31. At the end of the contract, the library will lose access permanently.
12. Accessibility requires incorporating technology software.
Indicator: Acquisition Models
a. TalkBack.
32. Types of acquisition models of e-books.
b. Mecdaisy.
a. Demand Oriented Acquisition / User Oriented Acquisition.
c. Dorina Daisy Reader Mais (DDReader+).
b. Pay-Per-View.
d. DosVox.
c. Consortium.
e. Job Access With Speech (JAWS).
d. Self-publishing.
Indicator: Interoperability of the Technology Platform
e. Open Access.
13. Types of e-book formats used.
f. Streaming Reading.
a. PDF.
Indicator: Selection of Titles
b. EPUB3.
33. Selection process of e-book titles.
c. KF8 (Kindle Format 8).
a. Selection by package.
d. HTML5.
b. Selection by individual titles.
e. Others__________________________.
14. Use of proprietary formats.
(continued)
15. Use of propriet ary technology platforms.
16. Use of interoperable formats.
17. Interoperable DRM schemes.
18. Export / transfer features of e-books.
19. No legal restrictions on the export / transfer of e-books.
20. Absence of exclusive rights to distribute and sell e-books.

(continued)

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Circulation of E-books Criterion

About the authors
Indicator: Modalities of Use of the E-book
Charles Rodrigues PhD in Information Science from
34. License for unlimited use.
Federal University of Santa Catarina, (PGCIN-UFSC), Brazil
35. License for use with permission levels.
(2018), Librarian of the City Hall of Itajaí/SC. Charles
a. Permissions only on available copies or restriction on available copies.
Rodrigues is the corresponding author and can be contacted
b. Permission limited to the loan number of each license or restriction of
the number of loans for each license.
at: falecomcharles@yahoo.com.br
c. Permission limited to the duration of the license. Angel Freddy Godoy Viera PhD in Production Engineering
d. Permission for interlibrary loans. from Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil
e. Permission to read only in digital format. (2001), Professor in the Department of Information Science
f. Permission to read only online via streaming. of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Brazil.
g. Permission to download on the user’s device ( BYOD - bring your own device).
h. Permission to print the e-book.
i. Permission to lend according to the identity of the user.
j. Permission for reservation services.
k. Permission for renewal services.
Vendor Manager's Signature:
Library Manager's Signature:
Comments:
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