Name: ________________________

AS Practice 2 Class: ________________________

Date: ________________________

Time: 86 minutes

Marks: 65 marks

Comments:

Page 1 of 30
 A cell has an emf of 1.5 V and an internal resistance of 0.65 Ω.
1. The cell is connected to a resistor R.

(a) State what is meant by an emf of 1.5 V.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The current in the circuit is 0.31 A.

Show that the total power output of the cell is approximately 0.47 W.

(1)

(c) Calculate the energy dissipated per second in resistor R.

energy dissipated per second = _______________ J s−1

(2)

Page 2 of 30
(d) The cell stores 14 kJ of energy when it is fully charged. The cell’s emf and internal
resistance are constant as the cell is discharged.

Calculate the maximum time during which the fully-charged cell can deliver energy to
resistor R.

maximum time = _______________ s

(2)

(e) A student uses two cells, each of emf 1.5 V and internal resistance 0.65 Ω, to operate a
lamp. The circuit is shown in the diagram.

The lamp is rated at 1.3 V, 0.80 W.

Page 3 of 30
 Deduce whether this circuit provides the lamp with 0.80 W of power at a potential
difference (pd) of 1.3 V.
Assume that the resistance of the lamp is constant.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(f) The lamp operates at normal brightness across a pd range of 1.3 V to 1.5 V.

State and explain how more of these cells can be added to the circuit to make the lamp
light at normal brightness for a longer time.
No further calculations are required.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 14 marks)

Page 4 of 30
 Horizontal escape lanes made of loose gravel have been constructed at the side of some roads
2. on steep hills so that vehicles can stop safely when their brakes fail.

The graph shows an engineer’s prediction of how the speed of an unpowered vehicle of mass
1.8 × 104 kg will vary with time as the vehicle comes to rest in an escape lane.

(a) Determine the force decelerating the vehicle 2.0 s after entering the escape lane.

force decelerating the vehicle = ____________________ N

(3)

Page 5 of 30
(b) Deduce whether a lane of length 85 m is long enough to stop the vehicle, assuming that
the engineer’s graph is correct.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Discuss the energy transfers that take place when a vehicle is decelerated in an escape
lane.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 6 of 30
(d) An alternative to an escape lane containing gravel is an escape lane that consists of a
ramp. An escape ramp is a straight road with a concrete surface that has a constant
upward gradient.

One escape ramp makes an angle of 25° to the horizontal and is 85 m long.

Deduce whether this escape ramp is sufficient to stop the vehicle.

Assume that any frictional forces and air resistance that decelerate the vehicle are
negligible.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(e) Discuss whether an escape lane containing gravel or an escape ramp would provide the
safer experience for the driver of the vehicle as it comes to rest.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Page 7 of 30
 (a) Describe the structure of a step-index optical fibre outlining the purpose of the core and the
3. cladding.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 8 of 30
(b) A signal is to be transmitted along an optical fibre of length 1200 m. The signal consists of
a square pulse of white light and this is transmitted along the centre of a fibre. The
maximum and minimum wavelengths of the light are shown in the table below.

Colour Refractive index of fibre Wavelength / nm

Blue 1.467 425

Red 1.459 660

Explain how the difference in refractive index results in a change in the pulse of white light
by the time it leaves the fibre.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Discuss two changes that could be made to reduce the effect described in part (b).

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 9 of 30
 Figure 1 is a diagram of a microwave oven.
4.
Figure 1

A student wants to use the stationary waves formed in the microwave oven to measure the
frequency of the microwaves emitted by the transmitter.

(a) Suggest how stationary waves are formed in the microwave oven.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Page 10 of 30
(b) The student removes the turntable and places a bar of chocolate on the floor of the oven.
He then switches the oven on for about one minute. When the chocolate is removed the
student observes that there are three small patches of melted chocolate with unmelted
chocolate between them. Figure 2 is a full-sized diagram of the chocolate bar.

Figure 2

Suggest why the chocolate only melts in the positions shown.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Calculate, by making suitable measurements on Figure 2, the frequency of the microwaves
used by the oven.

frequency = ____________________ Hz
(5)

(d) Explain why most microwave ovens contain a rotating turntable on which the food is placed
during cooking.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 11 of 30
 In a discharge tube a high potential difference is applied across hydrogen gas contained in the
5. tube. This causes the hydrogen gas to emit light that can be used to produce the visible line
spectrum shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

The visible line spectrum in Figure 1 has been used to predict some of the electron energy levels
in a hydrogen atom.

The energy levels predicted from the visible line spectrum are those between 0 and −3.40 eV in
the energy level diagram.

Some of the predicted energy levels are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Page 12 of 30
(a) Calculate the energy, in eV, of a photon of light that has the lowest frequency in the visible
hydrogen spectrum shown in Figure 1.

energy of photon = ____________________________ eV

(3)

(b) Identify the state of an electron in the energy level labelled 0.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Identify the state of an electron that is in the energy level labelled –13.6 eV.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Explain why the energy levels are negative.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 13 of 30
(e) Discuss how the discharge tube is made to emit electromagnetic radiation of specific
frequencies.

In your answer you should:

• explain why there must be a high potential difference across the tube
• discuss how the energy level diagram in Figure 2 predicts the spectrum shown in
Figure 1
• show how one of the wavelengths of light is related to two of the energy levels in the
energy level diagram.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 12 marks)

Page 14 of 30
 (a) Figure 1 shows a golf ball at rest on a horizontal surface 1.3 m from a hole.
6.
Figure 1

A golfer hits the ball so that it moves horizontally with an initial velocity of 1.8 m s–1. The
ball experiences a constant deceleration of 1.2 m s–2 as it travels to the hole.

Calculate the velocity of the ball when it reaches the edge of the hole.

velocity = _______________ m s–1

(2)

Page 15 of 30
(b) Later, the golf ball lands in a sandpit. The golfer hits the ball, giving it an initial velocity u at
35° to the horizontal, as shown in Figure 2. The horizontal component of u is 8.8 m s–1.

Figure 2

Show that the vertical component of u is approximately 6 m s–1.

(1)

Page 16 of 30
(c) The ball is travelling horizontally as it reaches X, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3

Assume that weight is the only force acting on the ball when it is in the air.

Calculate the time for the ball to travel to X.

time = _______________ s
(2)

(d) Calculate the vertical distance of X above the initial position of the ball.

vertical distance = _______________ m

(2)

Page 17 of 30
The golfer returns the ball to its original position in the sandpit. He wants the ball to land at X but
this time with a smaller horizontal velocity than in Figure 3.

Figure 4

(e) Sketch on Figure 4 a possible trajectory for the ball.

(1)

(f) Explain your reason for selecting this trajectory.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Page 18 of 30
Mark schemes
(a) Work done in moving 1 C of charge through the cell ✔
1.
1.5 J of work is done in moving 1 C of charge through the cell ✔

OR

Amount of energy converted from other forms to electrical energy per 1 C of charge ✔

1.5 J of energy converted from other forms to electrical energy per unit charge (passing
across the emf) ✔

OR

Work done in moving 1 C of charge (whole way) round circuit ✔

1.5 J of work is done in moving 1 C of charge the (whole way) round circuit ✔
2nd marking point obtains both marks
Max 1 mark available for the following:
The emf is the terminal pd when there is no current in the cell (and
this equals 1.5 V)
1.5 J of energy per 1 C of charge.
Allow a statement of Kirchhoff’s 2 nd law for 1 mark. Where the law
is in symbol form, the meaning of the symbols must be stated. Need
a clear communication of internal and external resistances.
2

(b) P = VI

And

(P) = 0.465 (W) ✔

Seen to more than 2 sf with supporting equation with subject seen
in working
1

Page 19 of 30
(c) Use of appropriate power equation to determine wasted power
or
power dissipated in R = total power – their wasted power ✔

(P =) 0.40 W ✔
Alternative for 1 mark:
Use of I =
Or
pd across R = 1.5 – 0.65 x 0.31
or
pd across R = 1.2985 (V)
or
total resistance = 1.5/ 0.31
or
total resistance = 4.839 (Ω)
or R = 4.2 (Ω)
or P = I2 x their R
or

P= using their V and R ✔

2

(d) Use of E = P t
or E = VI t
Or
E = QV and Q = It ✔
Allow use of the equation with their values.
An answer of 3.5 x 104 is worth 1 mark

(t =) 3.0(1) x 104 (s) ✔

2

Page 20 of 30
(e) MAX 3 from (1 to 4) or (5 to 8)

It is suitable, because:
(1) Current required in lamp = 0.62 A or use of seen
(2) Resistance of lamp = 2.11 Ω or use of seen ✔
(3) current in each cell = 0.31 A ✔
(4) lost volts = 0.2 V
  or
  lost volts = 0.65 x 0.31 ✔
Check the diagram in part (e)
Must have the correct conclusion to award 4 marks.

Conclusion: yes, terminal pd = 1.5 – 0.2 seen

or
terminal pd= 1.5 – 0.65 x 0.4 /1.3 ✔

OR
(5) total internal resistance = 0.325 Ω ✔
(6) total resistance in circuit = 2.44 Ω ✔
(7) Resistance of lamp = 2.11 Ω ✔
(8) pd splits in ratio of 0.325:2.11 ✔

Conclusion: yes, pd across lamp is (= 1.3 V) seen ✔

Allow max 3 from a combination of two route [(2) and (7) worth total
of 1 mark]
4

Page 21 of 30
 (e) (Cells must be added) in parallel ✔

Because:

more energy stored in the bank of cells / less power from each cell ✔

without increasing the voltage across the bulb (above 1.5 V)

or

without increasing the terminal pd (above 1.5V) ✔

Must link the cells being added in parallel to one or both reason to
gain three marks.
Alternative:
•   In parallel
•   Current shared by cells
•   Takes longer to convert the energy stored in each cell.
Alternative:
•   In parallel
•   Less internal resistance
•   Less power / energy wasted
Cells in series statement means no marks can be obtained.
3
[14]

(a) Tangent drawn at t = 2.0±1 s ✔

2.
Use of suvat loses first 2 marks
Guidance- take tangent point to be half-way between where the line
clearly leaves the curve
1

Mean deceleration from use of tangent using correct coordinates (correct ∆v and ∆t) and
answer in range (-)2.5 to (-)2.9 (m s–2) ✔
Ignore minus sign
=15/5.5 = 2.7(3) m s–2
Allow if answer rounds to these values
1

Use of F = ma using their a with answer

i.e. Force =1.8 × 104 × their a from an attempt at a tangent or trying to use suvat equation✔
Answers from best attempts at tangent in range 4.7 to 4.9 × 104 N
1

Page 22 of 30
(b) Attempt to estimate area under the graph ✔
Use of suvat equation = 0
1

Correct square count 21 to 23 10 mm squares

(525-575 small squares)

OR

distance per square = 2.5 m or 0.1 m✔

For attempt to find area using trapezium rule expect use of 1 s
intervals for this mark
1

Value in range 50 m to 60 m and conclusion

that escape lane would be long enough✔

1

(c) KE of lorry :

to KE of gravel (as it is pushed aside/moved)✔

OR

PE of gravel (as it may be ejected upwards)✔

Ignore losses due to friction
Not KE of the ground
1

transfer to thermal energy /internal energy/heating of gravel /ground/lorry

OR

work done on the gravel/vehicle increasing internal energy/raising temperature✔

Must refer to what is heated
1
Max 2

(d) Appreciates that KE converted into PE

OR

May be stated or by attempt to use of mgh = ½ mv2

OR

Calculates initial KE of lorry ½1.8 × 104 × 17.52 = 2.76 ×106 (J) ✔

1

Height needed in escape lane = 2.76 × 106/(1.8 × 104 × 9.81) = 15.6 m

Page 23 of 30
OR

Length of lane required = 15.6/sin25 = 37 m (compare with 85 m)

OR

vertical height of ramp = 35.9 m (compare with height needed 15.6 m)

OR

maximum change in PE possible = 85 sin 25 × 9.81 × 1.8 × 104= 6.3 × 106 (J)

(compare with initial KE) ✔

Allow max 2 if height = 85 tan 25
or length of lane = 15.6/tan 25
i.e. allow these incorrect values when drawing conclusion
1

Comparison and conclusion that escape lane would be long enough. This must follow
from correct working✔

....................................................................................

Deceleration produced by slope = 9.8(1) sin 25 or

4.15 (4.1 or 4.2) m s–2 seen✔

Distance to stop from v2 = 2as give s = 37 m (compare with 85 m)✔

Arriving at 37 m gets first two marks

OR

Minimum deceleration needed = 17.52/2 × 85 = 1.8 m s–2 (compare with 4.15 m s–2)

Comparison and conclusion that escape lane would be long enough This must follow
from correct working✔
1

Page 24 of 30
 (e) The straight road of uniform gradient because:

The deceleration (condone acceleration) is uniform ✔

with the gravel the initial deceleration is larger/may vary ✔

Travelling through gravel could make the vehicle unstable/bounce erratically(owtte) ✔

Gravel because:

On the ramp the lorry would roll backwards after stopping (as it has no brakes)
Do not allow deceleration less when on gravel( It is greater initially)
Do not allow answers that (average) force using gravel lane is less
than decelerating force on the ramp (due to increased stopping
distance or stopping time)
Or because stopping time is longer
MAX 1
[12]

(a) Core is transmission medium for em waves to progress (by total internal reflection) ✓
3.
Allow credit for points scored on a clear labelled diagram.
1

Cladding provides lower refractive index so that total internal reflection takes place ✓
1

And offers protection of boundary from scratching which could lead to light leaving
the core. ✓
1

(b) Blue travels slower than red due to the greater refractive index

Red reaches end before blue, leading to material pulse broadening ✓

The first mark is for discussion of refractive index or for calculation
of time difference.
1

Alternative calculations for first mark

Time for blue = d / v = d / (c / n) = 1200 / (3 × 108 / 1.467) = 5.87 × 10-6 s

Time for red = d / v = d / (c / n) = 1200 / (3 × 108 / 1.459) = 5.84 × 10-6 s

Time difference = 5.87 × 10-6 – 5.84 × 10-6 = 3(.2) × 10-8 s ✓

The second mark is for the link to material pulse broadening
1

Page 25 of 30
 (c) Discussions to include:

Use of monochromatic source so speed of pulse constant

Use of shorter repeaters so that the pulse is reformed before significant pulse
broadening has taken place.

Use of monomode fibre to reduce multipath dispersion ✓ ✓

Answer must make clear that candidate understands the distinction
between modal and material broadening.
2
[7]

(a) waves are reflected (from the oven wall) ✔

4. 1
and superpose/interfere with wave travelling in opposite direction/incident
waves/transmitted wave ✔
NOT superimpose
1

(b) energy/amplitude is maximum ✔

1
(chocolate melts at) antinode ✔
if refer to node can still be awarded first mark
1

(c) clear evidence that used first and third antinode ✔

can be from diagram
1
distance from first to third antinodes = 0.118 ± 0.001 (m) OR
distance between two adjacent antinodes = 0.059 ± 0.001(m) ✔
mark for either value
carry their value forward for subsequent marks even if outside
tolerance
1
wavelength = 0.118 (m) ✔
mark for using their wavelength (range 0.112 to 0.124)
1
frequency = 3.0 × 108 /0.118 ✔
mark for use of v = fλ allow this mark if use 0.059
1
frequency = 2.5 × 109 (Hz) ✔
must be in range 2.40 × 109 − 2.60 × 109
if use 330 for speed lose last 2 marks
1

Page 26 of 30
 (d) position of antinode/maximum energy/maximum
amplitude/nodes (in food) continually changes ✔
must be clear antinode maximum energy/maximum amplitude
changes location
1
[10]

5. (a) λ = 656 nm ✔
Power of 10 error allow 2

Use of E=hc/λ ✔ = 3.0 × 10–19 (J)

Allow ecf for wrong choice of wavelength

E/ 1.6 × 10–19

= 1.9 (1.88) (allow 1sf if correct)

Treat as skill mark – allow conversion for any value of E
3

(b) They are (just) free ✔

Allow released from atom
1

(c) This is the ground state ✔

or

This is the lowest level an electron can occupy

Allow lowest energy state
Condone level for state
Allow description of ground state
1

(d) To become free / to remove an electron (reach zero energy) energy

has to be supplied ✔

or

Energy decreases from 0 as electrons move to lower energy

levels/relate to energy needed to move from that state to 0
Or
Electrons release energy as they move lower
Or
Zero is the maximum energy
1

Page 27 of 30
(e) The mark scheme gives some guidance as to what statements
are expected to be seen in a 1 or 2 mark (L1), 3 or 4 mark (L2)
and 5 or 6 mark (L3) answer. Guidance provided in section 3.10
of the ‘Mark Scheme Instructions’ document should be used to
assist in marking this question

Mark Criteria
6 All three aspects analysed. 6 marks can be
awarded even if there is an error and/or parts of
one aspect missing.
5 A fair attempt to analyse all 3 aspects. If there are
a couple of errors or missing parts then 5 marks
should be awarded.
4 Two aspects successfully discussed, or one
discussed and two others covered partially. Whilst
there will be gaps, there should only be an
occasional error.
3 Two aspects discussed, or one discussed and
two others covered partially. There are likely to be
several errors and omissions in the discussion.
2 Only one aspect discussed successfully, or
makes a partial attempt at 2 or all 3.
1 None of the three aspects covered without
significant error.
0 No relevant analysis.
The following statements are likely to be present.
A Reason for high potential difference
pd accelerates electrons/produces high speed / high energy
electrons in the tube L1
electrons have to have sufficient energy to excite the atoms/raise
electrons into higher levels L3
B Relation between spectrum and energy level diagram
Visible spectrum results from excited electrons moving into the
lower level at -3.4 eV L3
Each transition results in a photon of light L2
Energy of photon is the difference in the energies of the two levels
L2
Frequency of light in the spectrum given by ∆E = hf L1
C Relevant calculation clearly communicated
Gives an example: eg the lowest frequency is due to a transition
from the -1.5 eV level to the -3.4 level L1
Uses an energy difference to deduce one of the wavelengths: eg
energy difference in J = 3 × 10–19 L2
λ = hc/E = 660 nm L2
6
[12]

Page 28 of 30
 (a) Use of an appropriate equation of motion ✔
6.
Where v2 = u2 + 2as is correctly stated, condone one error in
substitution e.g. sign of a
Where other equations are used it must be clear that v can be
determined.
Must see v as subject and an attempt to determine t.

(v = ) 0.35 (m s–1) ✔
Allow more than 2 sf where correct.
2

(b) Use of tan 35 = uv / 8.8

Or

Use of u cos 35 = 8.8 and uv = u sin 35

and

6.2 or 6.16 with supporting a calculation ✔

Alternative: credit use of sine rule
Must see answer to at least two significant figures
1

(c) Use of an appropriate equation of motion ✔ ECF

Condone their incorrect value of u in this substitution.
Condone errors in signs in substitution Where other equations are
used it must be clear how t can be determined.
Must see t as subject and an attempt to determine s.

(t=) 0.63 (s) ✔ ECF

0.61 (s) for use of u = 6 m s–1
For MP2, where their value of u is used, the answer must be
consistent with this value. Only allow this use where their value of
u, to 1 significant figure, = (5<u<7) m s–1
Condone 1 significant figure answer where U is 1 sig fig.
2

Page 29 of 30
(d) Use of an appropriate equation of motion ✔ ECF
Where equation is correctly stated, condone one error in
substitution e.g. one error on sign of a substituted value or one
incorrect value substituted (of course, ecf is acceptable)

(h =) 1.9 (m) ✔ ECF

h = 1.83 m for use of u = 6 m s–1 allow ecf on t (check (c))
For MP2, where their value of u is used, the answer must be
consistent with this value. Only allow this use where their value of
u, to 1 significant figure, = (5<u<7) m s–1
allow reverse calculation where u=0 and v = 6 m s–1
2

(e) Smooth curve with maximum turning point seen, curve starts at the ball and
finishes at X ✔
Curve should be approximately parabolic in shape.
Curve must start below the label ‘golf ball’ and ends within 5mm of
the ball or the label X. Curve must have a maximum turning point.
1

(f) (Increase the angle to horizontal so) the ball must go higher (and increases its
time in the air)

Or

(Increase the angle to horizontal so) the ball must have a greater (initial)
vertical velocity ✔

(Covers the same horizontal distance over) a longer time in the air (so has a
smaller horizontal velocity) ✔

Alternative:

Increased angle (to horizontal of projection) so smaller horizontal velocity ✔

must be falling towards ground to land at X ✔

(Increase the angle to horizontal so that) the vertical velocity greater
than the horizontal / increase the vertical decreases the horizontal
2
[10]

Page 30 of 30