A student investigated the insulating properties of different materials.

1.
Figure 1 shows some of the equipment used by the student.

Figure 1

This is the method used:

1. Wrap insulating material around the can.

2. Put a fixed volume of boiling water in the can.

3. Place the lid on the top of the can.

4. Measure the time taken for the temperature of the water to decrease by a fixed amount.

5. Repeat steps 1 – 4 using the same thickness of different insulating materials.

(a) Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in this investigation.

Independent variable _________________________________________________

Dependent variable __________________________________________________

(2)

The student used two different types of thermometer to measure the temperature changes.

Figure 2 shows a reading on each thermometer.

Figure 2

(b) What is the resolution of thermometer B?

Resolution = _______________°C
(1)
Notre Dame High School Page 1 of 44
(c) Thermometer A is more likely to be misread.

Give one reason why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) For one type of insulating material, the temperature of the water decreased from
85.0 °C to 65.0 °C.

The energy transferred from the water was 10.5 kJ.

specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg °C

Calculate the mass of water in the can.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mass = _______________ kg
(3)

Notre Dame High School Page 2 of 44

 (e) The table below shows the results for two insulating materials.

Time for temperature to decrease by 20

Material
°C in seconds

X 450

Y 745

Explain how the results in above table can be used to compare the thermal conductivity of
the two materials.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

(a) Complete the sentence. Choose answers from the box.

2.
charge potential difference power temperature time

The current through an ohmic conductor is directly proportional to the

_______________________ across the component, provided

that the _______________________ remains constant.

(2)

Notre Dame High School Page 3 of 44

(b) Figure 1 shows a current − potential difference graph for a filament lamp.

Figure 1

Explain how the resistance of a filament lamp changes as the potential difference across it
increases.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Many householders are replacing their filament lamps with LED lamps which are more
energy efficient.

What does more energy efficient mean?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Notre Dame High School Page 4 of 44

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is used to turn on an outside lamp when it gets dark.

Part of the circuit is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

(d) The light intensity decreases.

What happens to the potential difference across the LDR and the current in the LDR?

Potential difference ___________________________________________________

Current ____________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) What is the resistance of the LDR when the potential difference across it is 4 V?

Give a reason for your answer.

Explain your answer.

Resistance = _______________________ Ω

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Notre Dame High School Page 5 of 44

 (f) Calculate the current through the LDR when the resistance of the LDR is 5000 Ω.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Current = _______________________ A
(4)
(Total 14 marks)

Nuclear power stations generate electricity through nuclear fission. Electricity can also be
3. generated by burning shale gas.

(a) Shale gas is natural gas trapped in rocks. Shale gas can be extracted by a process called
fracking. There is some evidence that fracking causes minor earthquakes. Burning shale
gas adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

Describe the advantages of nuclear power compared with the use of shale gas to generate
electricity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) What is the name of one fuel used in nuclear power stations?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Notre Dame High School Page 6 of 44

(c) Describe the process of nuclear fission.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

Notre Dame High School Page 7 of 44

 Figure 1 shows a person sliding down a zip wire.
4.
Figure 1

(a) As the person slides down the zip wire, the change in the gravitational potential energy of
the person is 1.47 kJ

The mass of the person is 60 kg

gravitational field strength = 9.8 N/kg

Calculate the change in vertical height of the person.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Change in vertical height = _________________________ m

(3)

(b) As the person moves down the zip wire her increase in kinetic energy is less than her
decrease in gravitational potential energy.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Notre Dame High School Page 8 of 44

(c) Different people have different speeds at the end of the zip wire.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

Notre Dame High School Page 9 of 44

 Electric cars have motors that are powered by a battery.
5.
Diesel cars have engines that are powered by diesel fuel.

The following table compares one type of electric car with one type of diesel car.

Time to
Energy density Mass of power Total mass of recharge battery
Power source
in MJ / kg source in kg car in kg or refill fuel tank
in minutes

Battery 0.95 280 1600 40

Diesel fuel 45 51 1500 3

(a) The electric car has a range of 400 km with a fully charged battery.

The diesel car has a range of 1120 km with a full tank of diesel.

Explain the difference in the time needed to complete a 500 km journey using the electric
car compared with the diesel car.

Assume both cars travel at the same speed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Notre Dame High School Page 10 of 44

(b) Energy density is the amount of energy stored per kilogram of the energy source.

Show why the diesel car has a greater range than the electric car.

Use data from the table above.

Assume the efficiency of the two cars is the same.

Include calculations in your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

Notre Dame High School Page 11 of 44

Engineers have developed a way of charging electric cars while they are driving along the road.

Coils of wire buried under the road transfer energy to the car’s battery as the car is passing over
the coils.

The figure below shows a charging lane on a motorway.

(c) Suggest two advantages of using this method to charge electric cars compared with
plugging them into the mains electricity supply.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Notre Dame High School Page 12 of 44

 (d) When electric cars are not being driven, energy stored in their batteries could be used to
meet sudden peaks in electricity demand.

Suggest how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

The pie charts show the relative proportions of electricity generated in Japan from different
6. energy sources in 1975 and 2005.

(a) Describe the main differences in the energy sources used in 2005 compared with 1975.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In the UK, nuclear fuels are used to generate about 21% of the total electricity supply.

(i) What is the name of the process by which a nuclear fuel produces heat?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Notre Dame High School Page 13 of 44

(ii) Explain how the heat released from a nuclear fuel is used to generate electricity in
power stations.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iii) Some people have suggested that more nuclear power stations should be built in the
UK.

Give two reasons to support this suggestion.

1. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iv) Nuclear power stations create dangerous waste.

Why is the waste from a nuclear power station dangerous?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Notre Dame High School Page 14 of 44

 (c) A headline from a newspaper article is shown below.

Explain the possible link between climate change and coal-burning power stations.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)

A ‘can-chiller’ is used to make a can of drink colder.

7.
The image below shows a can-chiller.

Notre Dame High School Page 15 of 44

(a) The initial temperature of the liquid in the can was 25.0 °C.
The can-chiller decreased the temperature of the liquid to 20.0 °C.
The amount of energy transferred from the liquid was 6930 J.
The mass of liquid in the can was 0.330 kg.

Calculate the specific heat capacity of the liquid.

Give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Specific heat capacity = _____________________ unit ________________

(4)

(b) Energy is transferred through the metal walls of the can of drink by conduction.
Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) The energy from the can of drink is transferred to the air around the can-chiller.
A convection current is set up around the can-chiller. Explain how.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
Notre Dame High School Page 16 of 44
 (d) The can-chiller has metal cooling fins that are designed to transfer energy quickly to the
surroundings.

Give two features that would help the metal cooling fins to transfer energy quickly to the
surroundings.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

The figure below shows a girl doing an experiment to determine her power output by running to
8. the top of some stairs.

Notre Dame High School Page 17 of 44

(a) The mass of the girl was 60.0 kg.

The height of the stairs was 175 cm.

The girl ran to the top of the stairs in 1.40 s.

gravitational field strength = 9.8 N/kg

Calculate the power output of the girl.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Power = _______________ W
(5)

(b) The total power output of the girl was greater than the answer to part (a).

Suggest two reasons why.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Notre Dame High School Page 18 of 44

 (c) A boy took more than 1.40 s to run up the same stairs.

The power output of the boy was the same as the power output of the girl.

What conclusion can be made about the boy's mass?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

The boy's mass was greater than the girl's mass.

The boy's mass was lower than the girl's mass.

The boy's mass was the same as the girl's mass.

(1)
(Total 8 marks)

The diagram below shows a person using a device called a jetpack. Water is forced downwards
9. from the jetpack and produces an upward force on the person.

(a) State the condition necessary for the person to be able to remain stationary in mid-air.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Notre Dame High School Page 19 of 44

(b) The person weighs 700 N and the jetpack weighs 140 N.

(i) Calculate the combined mass of the person and the jetpack.

Gravitational field strength = 10 N/kg

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Combined mass = ___________ kg

(2)

(ii) Increasing the upward force to 1850 N causes the person to accelerate upwards.

Calculate the acceleration of the person and the jetpack. Give the unit.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Acceleration = ___________ Unit ___________

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Notre Dame High School Page 20 of 44

 The figure below shows a student before and after a bungee jump.
10.
The bungee cord has an unstretched length of 20.0 m.

The mass of the student is 50.0 kg.

The gravitational field strength is 9.8 N / kg.

(a) Write down the equation which links gravitational field strength, gravitational potential
energy, height and mass.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy from the position where the student
jumps to the point 20.0 m below.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Change in gravitational potential energy = _____________ J

(2)

Notre Dame High School Page 21 of 44

(c) 80% of this change in gravitational potential energy has been transferred to the student’s
kinetic energy store.

How much has the student’s kinetic energy store increased after falling 20.0 m?

Kinetic energy gained = ________________________ J

(1)

(d) Calculate the speed of the student after falling 20.0 m.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Speed = __________________________ m / s
(4)

(e) At the lowest point in the jump, the energy stored by the stretched bungee cord is 24.5 kJ.

The bungee cord behaves like a spring.

Calculate the spring constant of the bungee cord.

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equation Sheet.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Spring constant = ________________________ N / m

(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Notre Dame High School Page 22 of 44

 The photograph below shows a theme park ride called AquaShute.
11.
Riders of the AquaShute sit on a sled and move down a slide.

Notre Dame High School Page 23 of 44

(a) A light gate and data logger can be used to determine the speed of each rider and sled.

What two measurements are needed to determine the speed of a rider and sled?

✓) two boxes.
Tick (✓

Gravitational field strength

Length of sled

Mass of rider and sled

Temperature of surroundings

Time for sled to pass light gate

(2)

(b) The decrease in gravitational potential energy of one rider on the slide was 8.33 kJ.

The rider moved through a vertical height of 17.0 m.

gravitational field strength = 9.8 N/kg

Calculate the mass of the rider.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mass of rider = _______________ kg

(4)

Notre Dame High School Page 24 of 44

(c) At the bottom of the slide, all riders and their sleds have approximately the same speed.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Notre Dame High School Page 25 of 44

 The figure below shows a toy car in different positions on a racing track.
12.

(a) The toy car and racing track can be modelled as a closed system.

Why can the toy car and racing track be considered ‘a closed system’?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

The racing track and the car both have gravitational potential
energy.

The racing track and the car are always in contact with each other.

The total energy of the racing track and the car is constant.

(1)

Notre Dame High School Page 26 of 44

(b) The car is released from rest at position A and accelerates due to gravity down the track to
position B.

mass of toy car = 0.040 kg

vertical height between position A and position B = 90 cm

gravitational field strength = 9.8 N/kg

Calculate the maximum possible speed of the toy car when it reaches position B.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Speed = _______________ m/s

(5)

The figure above is repeated below.

Notre Dame High School Page 27 of 44

(c) At position C the car’s gravitational potential energy is 0.20 J greater than at position B.

How much kinetic energy does the car need at position B to complete the loop of the track?

Give a reason for your answer.

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Less than 0.20 J

Exactly 0.20 J

More than 0.20 J

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Notre Dame High School Page 28 of 44

 (a) During one year, 1.25 × 1018 J of energy was transferred from the National Grid.
13.
number of seconds in 1 year = 3.16 × 107

Calculate the mean energy transferred from the National Grid each second.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Energy each second (3 significant figures) = _______________ J

(2)

The figure below shows a house with a solar power system.

The solar cells generate electricity.

When the electricity generated by the solar cells is not needed, the energy is stored in a large
battery.

Notre Dame High School Page 29 of 44

(b) The charge flow through the cable between the solar cells and the battery in 24 hours was
27 000 coulombs.

Calculate the mean current in the cable.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mean current = _______________ A

(4)

(c) At one time, the total power input to the solar cells was 7.8 kW.

The efficiency of the solar cells was 0.15

Calculate the useful power output of the solar cells.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Useful power output = _______________ W

(3)

(d) It is unlikely that all of the electricity that the UK needs can be generated by solar power
systems.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Notre Dame High School Page 30 of 44

Mark schemes
(a) independent variable: (type of) insulation / material
1.
do not accept thickness of material
1

dependent variable: time

1

(b) 0.1 (ºC)

1

(c) viewing angle affects measurement

or
parallax error
allow judgement needed in reading the position (of the liquid in the
thermometer)
allow the level of the liquid may be between lines
allow number of lines may be miscounted
ignore harder to read
ignore lines are close together
ignore human error
1

(d) E = 10 500(J)
1

allow a correct substitution and rearrangement using an incorrectly

/ not converted value of E
1

m = 0.125 (kg)
allow a correct calculation using an incorrectly / not converted value
of E
1

(e) (same) temperature decrease in a shorter time means a higher

thermal conductivity
allow converse answer
1

(because) the rate of energy transfer is higher

1
[9]

Notre Dame High School Page 31 of 44

 (a) potential difference
2.
allow p.d.
allow voltage
1

temperature
1
in this order only

(b) the current increases (when the potential difference increases)

1

(which) causes the temperature of the filament to increase

1

(so) the resistance increases

do not accept resistance increases and then levels off
1

(c) a higher proportion / percentage of the (total) power / energy input is usefully
transferred
wastes less energy is insufficient

or
higher (useful) power / energy output for the same (total) power / energy input
1

(d) potential difference increases

1

current decreases
1

(e) 1000 (Ω)

reason only scores if R = 1000 (Ω)
1

potential difference is shared in proportion to the resistance

allow a justification using a correct calculation
1

Notre Dame High School Page 32 of 44

 (f) 12 = I × 7000
1

I = 1.71 × 10−3 (A)

an answer that rounds to 1.7 × 10−3 (A) scores 3 marks
1

I = 1.7 × 10−3 (A)

this answer only

or
I = 0.0017 (A)
an answer of 2.4 × 10−3 (A) scores 2 marks
if no other marks scored allow 1 mark for calculation of total resistance
(7000 Ω)
1
an answer of 1.7 × 10−3 (A) scores 4 marks
[14]

(a) any three from:

3.
• no carbon dioxide emitted (to produce electricity)
no greenhouse gases is insufficient

• doesn’t cause global warming

allow climate change or greenhouse effect for global warming

• nuclear power doesn’t cause earthquakes

• more energy released per kg of fuel (compared to shale gas)
3

(b) uranium
or
plutonium
ignore any numbers given
1

Notre Dame High School Page 33 of 44

 (c) a neutron is absorbed by a (large) nucleus
a description in terms of only atoms negates first two marking points
1

the nucleus splits into two (smaller) nuclei

1

releasing energy (and gamma rays)

1

and (two / three) neutrons

1
[8]

(a)
4.
an answer of 2.5 (m) scores 3 marks

1470 = 60 × 9.8 × h
this mark may be awarded if Ep is incorrectly / not
converted
1

or

this mark may be awarded if Ep is incorrectly / not

converted
1

h = 2.5 (m)
this answer only
1

(b) (work done against) air resistance

or
(work done against) friction (between zip line and pulley)
1

causes thermal energy to be transferred to surroundings

ignore sound energy
1

Notre Dame High School Page 34 of 44

 (c) different people have different surface areas
allow streamlining
allow body position
body size is insufficient
1

so would be affected by air resistance differently

or

initial speed may not be zero (1)

which would add to the total energy (of the system) (1)
allow people have different masses / weights (1)
so people have different terminal velocities (1)
reference to mass changing the kinetic energy or
gravitational potential energy negates both these marks
1
[7]

(a) electric car journey will take a (much) longer time

5.
allow diesel car journey will take a shorter time
1

(because) battery will need recharging

or
(because) the car will need to stop for 40 minutes
allow diesel car will not need to be refuelled
1

(b) energy stored in diesel = 45 × 51 = 2295 (MJ)

1

energy stored in batteries = 0.95 × 280 = 266 (MJ)

1

(so) the diesel stores more energy than the battery (and the diesel car has a higher
range)
this mark is dependent on correct calculations of energy
stored
1

Notre Dame High School Page 35 of 44

 (c) any 2 from:
• recharging is a continuous process
allow cars do not need to stop to recharge
allow shorter journey times
allow don’t have to wait for battery to recharge
allow longer time between recharges
allow the range of the electric car is increased
• fewer cells needed in the car
allow smaller battery needed in the car
• more cars can be charged at the same time
allow do not need to find a charging point
allow fewer charging stations needed
ignore it is quicker
ignore cost of charging
ignore methods of electricity generation
2

(d) when cars are plugged in

the energy from car batteries could be transferred back to the National Grid
1
allow mains supply for National Grid
allow energy from car batteries could be used to power
household appliances
1
[9]

(a) decrease in oil

6.
PLUS

any one from:

• increase in (proportion of) coal

• increase in (proportion of) nuclear

• increase in (proportion of) gas

must have decrease in (proportion of) oil and increase in (proportion
of) coal / nuclear / gas
1

(b) (i) (nuclear) fission

accept fision
do not accept any answer that looks like fusion
1

(ii) water heated to produce (high pressure) steam

1

steam turns turbine which drives generator

1

Notre Dame High School Page 36 of 44

 (iii) any two from:

• produces no pollutant gases

accept named gas or greenhouse gases
accept no atmospheric pollution
accept harmful for pollutant
accept does not contribute to global warming
do not accept no pollution on its own
do not accept better for the environment unless qualified

• it is reliable or can generate all of the time

• concentrated energy source or produces a lot of energy from a small mass

• produces only small volume of (solid) waste

• fossil fuels will last longer

accept a named fossil fuel
accept fossil fuels are running out
do not accept fossil fuels are non-renewable unless qualified

• will need to buy less fuel from other countries

accept no new fossil fuel power stations needed
do not accept it is cheap
do not accept import less electricity
2

(iv) it is / can be radioactive

do not accept answers in terms of kills cells / cancer

or emits radiation (from the nuclei)

accept emits gamma (rays)
1

(c) coal (burning) power stations / burning coal produces carbon dioxide
they refers to coal-burning power stations
accept sulfur dioxide / nitrogen oxides for CO2
1

(increased) CO2 increases / contributes to / causes global warming /

greenhouse effect
mention of ozone layer negates this mark
do not accept CO2 warms atmosphere
1
[9]

Notre Dame High School Page 37 of 44

 (a) 4200
7.
allow 2 marks for correct substitution
ie 6930 = 0.330 × c × 5.0
answers of 1050 or 840
or
correctly calculated answer from correct substitution of incorrect
temperature change
or
identification of temperature change ie 5 °C
gain 1 mark
3

J / kg°C
accept J / kg K
1

(b) (in a metal) free electrons

to gain full credit the answer must be in terms of free electrons
1

gain kinetic energy

accept move faster
1

(free electrons) transfer energy to other electrons / ions / atoms

do not accept particles
1

by collision
allow a maximum of 2 marks for answers in terms of atoms / ions /
particles
• gaining kinetic energy or vibrating faster / more
• transferring energy by collisions
1

(c) (air) particles spread out

1

(which causes the) air to become less dense / expand

do not accept particles become less dense
1

(so the) warm air rises

do not accept heat rises
particles rise is insufficient
1

Notre Dame High School Page 38 of 44

 (d) large surface area
ignore references to type of metal or external conditions
1

black / dark (colour)

1
[13]

(a) h = 1.75 (m)

8. 1

Ep = 60 × 9.8 × 1.75
allow a correct substitution using an incorrectly / not converted
value of h
1

Ep = 1029 (J)
allow a correct calculation using an incorrectly / not converted value
of h
1

allow a correct substitution using their calculated value of Ep

1

P = 735 (W)
allow an answer consistent with their value for Ep
1

(b) girl increases her kinetic energy (as well as increasing her
gravitational potential energy)
1

some energy is wasted in her muscles

or
some energy transferred as thermal energy (to surroundings)
allow some energy transferred due to air resistance
ignore unqualified references to friction
ignore references to sound
1

(c) the boy’s mass was greater than the girl’s mass
1
[8]

(a) resultant force = zero

9. or
upward force = downward force
accept forces are balanced
accept weight for downward force
1

Notre Dame High School Page 39 of 44

 (b) (i) 84
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie 840 = m × 10
2

(ii) 12
accept 12.02 for both marks
or
1010 ÷ their (b)(i) correctly calculated
a resultant force of 1010 (N) gains 1 mark
an answer 22(.02) gains 1 mark
2

m/s2
accept m/s/s
1
[6]

(a) g.p.e. = mass × gravitational field strength × height

10.
accept Ep = mgh
1

(b) Ep = 50 × 9.8 × 20
1

9800 (J)
allow 9800 (J) with no working shown for 2 marks
answer may also be correctly calculated using W = Fs
ie allow W = 490 × 20 for 1 mark
or answer of 9800 (J) using this method for 2 marks
1

(c) 7840 (J)

allow ecf from ‘11.2’
1

(d) 7840 = ½ × 50 × v2
1

allow for this point

1

17.7(0875) (m / s)
1

18 (m / s)

Notre Dame High School Page 40 of 44

 allow ecf from ‘11.3’ correctly calculated for 3 marks
allow 18 (m / s) with no working for 2 marks
answer may also be correctly calculated using v2 – u2 = 2as
1

(e) extension = 35 (m) and conversion of 24.5 kJ to 24500 J

1

24 500 = ½ × k × 352
1

40
1
allow 40 with no working shown for 3 marks
an answer of ‘16.2’ gains 2 marks
[11]

(a) Length of sled

11. 1

Time for sled to pass light gate

1

(b) Ep = 8330 (J)

1

8330 = m × 9.8 × 17.0

allow a correct substitution using an incorrectly/not converted value of Ep
1

m=

allow a correct rearrangement using an incorrectly/not converted value of

Ep
1

m = 50.0 (kg)
allow a correct calculation using an incorrectly/not converted value of Ep
1

Notre Dame High School Page 41 of 44

 (c) ½ mv2 = mgh
or
decrease in Ep = increase in Ek
1

masses cancel on both sides of the equation

or
v2 = 2gh
1

(final) speed only depends on vertical height (and gravitational field strength)
1

variations will be due to air resistance/friction

or
different initial speed
1
[10]

(a) the total energy of the racing track and the car is constant.
12. 1

(b) Ep = 0.040 × 9.8 × 0.90

allow a correct substitution of an incorrectly/not
converted value of h
1

Ep = 0.3528 (J)
this answer only
1

0.3528 = 0.5 × 0.040 × v2

allow a correct substitution of a calculated Ep
1

allow a correct rearrangement using a calculated Ep

1

v = 4.2 (m/s)
allow an answer consistent with their calculated Ep
1

Notre Dame High School Page 42 of 44

 (c) more than 0.20 J
1

(because) the car needs to be moving at the top of the loop

or
(because) the car needs to be moving to complete the loop
or
not all Ek at B will be transferred to Ep at C
this mark is dependent on scoring the first mark
allow energy dissipated to the surroundings
1
[8]

13. (a)
1

E = 3.96 × 1010 (J)

an answer that rounds to 3.96 × 1010 (J) scores 1 mark
1

(b) t = 86 400 (s)

1

27 000 = I × 86 400
allow a correct substitution of an incorrectly/not
converted value of t
1

allow a correct rearrangement using an incorrectly/not

converted value of t
1

I = 0.3125 (A)
allow a correct calculation using an incorrectly/not
converted value of t
allow a correctly calculated answer rounded to 2 or 3 sf
1

Notre Dame High School Page 43 of 44

(c)

allow a correct substitution of an incorrectly/not

converted value of total power input
1

useful power output =

0.15 × 7800
allow a correct rearrangement using an incorrectly/not
converted value of total power input
1

useful power output = 1170 (W)

this answer only but allow 1200 (W) if correct working
shown
1

(d) a really large area of land would need to be covered with solar cells
1

due to the low useful power output of the solar cells

allow due to the low efficiency of the solar cells
or
number of hours of daylight is too low (in UK)
or
low solar intensity (in UK)
or
solar radiation (in UK) is too low
or
material for construction of solar cells and/or lithium
batteries is in limited supply
1
[11]

Notre Dame High School Page 44 of 44