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SOIL DYNAMICS
ZMG 510E

Chapter I: Introduction and

Nature of Dynamic Loads

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Dynamic Soil
Char.

Assist. Prof. Dr. E. Ece BAYAT

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Introduction
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Soil Dynamics: Branch of soil mechanics that deals with the behavior of soils
under dynamic loads including the analysis of the stability of earth-supported
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and earth-retaining structures.

Dynamic Slope
Stability

M.K. Yegian
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Introduction

Importance of Soil Dynamics:

 Earthquake, ground vibration, and wave propagation through soils

 Dynamic stress, deformation, and strength properties of soils
 Dynamic earth pressure problem
 Dynamic bearing capacity problems and design of shallow foundations
 Problems related to soil liquefaction
 Design of foundations for machinery and vibrating equipment

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 Design of embedded foundations and piles under dynamic loads

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 Stability of embankments under earthquake loading.
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Introduction

Sources of Dynamic Loads

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Ground Motions Applied Forces on

Structures
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Blasting Man – Induced Notes:

Construction Machine – Induced
Man - Induced Wave – Induced Wind Forces:
Vehicle - Induced Wind - Induced • Long period motions
Machine - Induced • Detrimental to tall structures
Earthquake - Induced
Military Activities Wave Forces:
• Long period motions
• Detrimental to offshore structures

This course focuses primarily on ground motions and machine-induced sources of

dynamic forces on structures and geotechnical facilities.

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Introduction

Dynamic Versus Static (Monotonic) Loads

 Dynamic loads: loads that vary with time, t.

 In engineering practice, when a load application is at a “very slow rate” (relative to the
natural vibration period of the structure) then we consider the load to be “statically”
applied.
 Stress reversals, dynamic effect, rate effects.

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Introduction

Nature and Types of Dynamic Loads

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1. Instantaneously Applied Load:

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impact loads

2. Force with finite rise time

Single impact of a hammer
moving load,
rapid construction activity

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Introduction

Nature and Types of Dynamic Loads

3. Transient Loads
Blast vibration,
Nuclear explosion
Earthquake motions

 Nondeterministic : can not be

described by a definite function of
time
 Irregular with time
 Random Das and Ramana 2011

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Force or Motion

4. Steady State Vibration

Pile driving
Time, sec
Machinery
Jack hammers
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Introduction

Nature and Types of Dynamic Loads

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5. Periodic (Harmonic) Loads

 Load that varies in magnitude and repeats itself at regular time intervals
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 Cyclic loads: deterministic : can be described by a definite function of

time

Das and Ramana 2011

Reciprocating and/or Rotary Machine Turbines and Eccentric-Mass Exciters

F = f(Ω) sin (Ωt)
F = FO sin (Ωt) F = C Ω2 sin (Ωt)

F = C Ω2 cos (Ωt)

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Introduction

Nature and Types of Dynamic Loads

5. Periodic (Harmonic) Loads F = FO sint

F = 1 sin2t
 = 2
T = 2/
= 2/2 = 1 sec

F = FO sin (t)
FO = Amplitude of force
2 FO = Peak-to-peak amplitude of force

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T = Period of the force, seconds
 = Angular frequency of the force, radians/sec

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f = Frequency in cycles/sec or Hertz (Hz)

Note:
T = 1/f
=2f=2/T
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Introduction

Nature and Types of Dynamic Loads

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Harmonic Motion Velocity

du
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Displacement u  u  u o  sin( t )
dt
u  u o cos(t )
u o  Amplitude of displacement u o   Velocity amplitude = u o
cm)

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Displacement, U (in)

cm/s)

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Velocity, u' (in/sec)

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4
0.5 2
0 0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 -2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-4
-1
-6
-1.5 -8
Time, sec Time, sec
u ?
u ?

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Introduction

Nature and Types of Dynamic Loads

Harmonic Motion

Acceleration

cm/s2)
Acceleration, u'' (in/sec2)
60

2 40
d u
u 
20
0
2
dt -20 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

-40
u  u o2 cos(t ) -60
Time, sec

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u o  2  Accelertion amplitude = u o

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u ?
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Introduction
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Earthquakes:
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Sbrulov, Practical Soil Dynamics

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Introduction

Ground Motion Parameters:

 Time History
 pga pgv pgd
 Predominant Period
 Duration

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Introduction
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Example 1.1:
Consider the following harmonic force:
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F = 2 kN sin (t)

1. What is the frequency of the force application in cps?

2. What is the period of the force application?

3. At what time after the start of the force will the force be maximum?

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Introduction

Example 1.2:
Consider the following sinusoidal displacement motion with amplitude of 0.01 cm.

u = (0.01 cm) Sin (t)

Plot the amplitudes of the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the motion as a function
of frequency of excitation.

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