NAME:_______________________________________________________________________________

_____

POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

Example:

f(x)= 〖5x〗^4-〖5x〗^2-2- This is a polynomial function since f(x) is 〖5x〗^4-〖5x〗^2-2, a polynomial

expression in x and the leading coefficient is 4 and our polynomial is in degree of 4.

f(x)= 1/x^3 +x^2+4- this is not a polynomial function. Since 1/x^3 =x^(-3).

GRAPH OF y=ax^n

In the previous years of your study of Algebra, we sketched accurate graphs polynomial functions of
degrees 0,1, and 2. The table below gives a summary of these graphs.
In this section, we will graph polynomial functions of degree greater than 2. Let us examine the
behaviour of the graphs of the following functions by first assigning values for x, then computing for y.

"f" ("x" )"= " "x" ^"3" b. "g" ("x" )"= " "x" ^"5" c. h(x)= x^4
d. l(x)= x^6

x f(x)

-2 -8

-1 -1

0 0

1 1

2 8

x g(x)

-1.5 -7.6

-1 -1

0 0

1 1

1.5 7.6

x h(x)
-1.5 5.06

-1 1

0 0

1 1

1.5 5.06

x l(x)

-1.5 11.4

-1 1

0 0

1 1

1.5 11.4
GRAPHS OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL TRANSLATION

Compare the graphs of the following pairs of polynomial function.

f(x)= x^4 and g(x)= x^4-3

f(x)= x^3 and g(x)=(x+〖2)〗^3

f(x)= x^5 and g(x)=-2(〖x-4)〗^5+3

INTERCEPTS

The x and y values that will touch or cross the two axes are called intercepts. The table below shows the
ways o how to obtain the x and y- intercepts.

The x-intercepts are x-values in the graph that will cross or touch the x-axis.

To find the x-intercepts of a function:

Linear function: let y=0, then solve for x.

Quadratic function: use the factoring methods learned or the quadratic formula:

x=(-b±√(b^2-4ac))/2a

Polynomial Function: You may use the rational root theorem to find the zeros.

Note that, zeros are also x- intercept.

In general, transform the function into factored form then apply the zero product property.

The y-intercepts are y-values in the graph that will cross or touch the y-axis.

To find the y-intercepts of a function:

Let x=0, then solve for y.

Example: Find the intercepts of f(x)=x^3+〖6x〗^2-16x-96

f(x)=x^3+〖6x〗^2-16x-96-------------- standard form

f(x)=〖(x〗^2-16) (x+6)=0----------factored form

Example 2: Sketch the graph f(x)=x(x-1)(x+2)

If f(x) is set to 0, we get the x-intercepts 0,1, and -2

Completing the table of values:

x -2 -1 0 1 2

f(x) 0 2 0 0 8

If x is set to 0, we get the y-intercept 0.

REMAINDER THEOREM
MULTIPLICITY OF ZEROS

The multiplicity of a root or zero is found in the exponent of the factor containing it. This indicates how
many times the expression is taken as a factor.

The table below shows the behavior of the graph based on the multiplicity of zeros.

When the degree of (x-c) is The graph will

Odd multiplicityCross the x-axis at (c,0)

Even multiplicity Only touch the x-axis at (c,0)

Example: Sketch the graph of f(x)=x^2 〖(x-1)〗^3 and find its multiplicity then observe the graph.

The table below summarize the zeros and the multiplicity of each zero.

FACTORS ZEROS MULTIPLICITY BEHAVIOR (graph)

x^2 0 2 Only touch the x-axis at (0,0)

〖(x-1)〗^3 1 3 Cross the x-axis at (1,0)

END BEHAVIOR

Observe the graph of each given polynomial function.

Based on the graph, the following can be concluded:

Example:

Sign of the leading coefficient Degree Graph’s End Behavior

Left Side Right Side

1.f(x)=x^3+〖6x〗^2-16x-96 Positive 3 Down Up

2.f(x)=〖2x〗^2+3x-1 Positive 2 Up Up

3.f(x)=〖-9x〗^3+〖2x〗^2-3x+2 Negative 3 Up Down

GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION USING INTERVALS

One way of graphing a polynomial function is through intervals. Intervals are x-values that we can
substitute to the factors that will result to either positive or negative integer. If the result is positive,
then the behavior of the graph is above the x-axis. On the other hand, if the result is negative, then the
behavior of the graph is below the x-axis.

Example: Graph f(x)=〖2x〗^3-〖3x〗^2-39x+20

Step 1. Change the given function from standard form to factored form f(x)=(2x-1)(x+4)(x-5).

Step 2. The zeros or intercept are found by setting f(x)=0 and solving for x.

(2x-1)(x+4)(x-5)=0

(2x-1)=0

2x=1

x=1/2 (x+4)=0

x=-4

(x-5)=0

x=5

y- intercept =20
Zeros: 1/2,-4,and 5

Step 3. These three zeros divide the x-axis into four regions.

In these intervals, f(x)≠0, meaning y is either positive (the graph is above the x-axis) or negative (the
graph is below the x-axis).

Test Value
I. Determine whether the following function is polynomial or not. If it is, write the degree of polynomial
otherwise, write NO.

______1.f(x)=1-x^2 ______3.p(x)=2x^3-x^2+5x ______5. y=1/2-x^2

______2.g(x)=x/(x^2-2) ______4. y=-x^2+〖(x+1)〗^3

II. Given the function, g(x)=-〖2x〗^3 (use graphing paper if possible)

6. Make a table of values 8. Give its domain

7. sketch the graph. 9. Give its range

III. Determine the symmetry of the following graphs. Write the letters only:
 11. 12. 13.
14.

IV. Expand and write the equation in standard form.

15. f(x)=x(x-1)(x+3) 16. f(x)=-2(x+5)〖(x-1)〗^2 17. f(x)=x^2 〖(x+1)〗^2

V. Write the following equations in factored form

18. f(x)=x^2-2x-15 19. 〖3x〗^3-〖2x〗^2-5x

VI. Determine the x-intercept and y-intercept of each function

20. f(x)=(x-2)(x+3) 21.g(x)=x(x-3)(x-4)

VII. Give the zeros, their multiplicity and behavior of the graph in each polynomial function.
IX. Describe the graph of the following polynomial function based on its end behavior.

Sign of the leading coefficient Degree Graph’s End Behavior

Left Side Right Side

24.f(x)=x^2 〖(x+1)〗^4

25.f(x)=-2(x-4)^5+3

X. Graph the following function using intervals (use graphing paper if possible)

26. f(x)=x^3+6x^2-16x-96 27. f(x)=x^3+〖3x〗^2-4

References:

Gladys C. Nireva, Ph.D. et. al.2018 Grade 10 Mathematics Patterns and Practicalities revised
edition, Antonio Rnaiz cor. Chino Roces Avenues, Makati, City, Salesiana Books by Don Bosco Press Inc.

https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-calculate-the-mean-or-average-609546#:~:text=The
%20average%20is%20simply%20the,the%20average%20or%20arithmetic%20mean.

Haydee C. Hitosis et. al.,Mathtek10 Volume1, 101 V. Luna Ave.,Sikatuna Village, Diliman, Quezon, City,
Techfactors INC.

First Edition, 2019: Published by the Department of Education

Orlando A. Oronce & Marilyn O. Mendoza; E-MATH 10; Rex Bookstore