Elastic wave behavior across linear slip interfaces

Michael Schoenberg

Citation: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68, 1516 (1980); doi: 10.1121/1.385077
View online: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.385077
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Published by the Acoustical Society of America

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Elastic wave behavior across linear slip interfaces
Michael Schoenberg
Schlumberger-Doll Research,P.O. Box 307, Ridgefield,Connecticut
06877
(Received12 April 1980;acceptedfor publication8 August1980)

A modelfor an imperfectlybondedinterfacebetweentwo elasticmediais proposed. Displacement acrossthis

surfaceis not requiredto becontinuous. The displacement discontinuity,
or slip,is takento belinearlyrelated
to the stresstractionwhich is continuousacrossthe interface.For isotropicinterfacebehavior,thereare two
complexfrequencydependentinterfacecompliances, r/Nand r/r, wherethe component of the slipnormalto
the interfaceis givenby r/Ntimesthe normalstressand the componenttangentialto the interfaceis givenby
r/r timesthe shearstressand is in the samedirection.Reflectionand transmission coefficientsfor harmonic
planewavesincidentat arbitrary anglesupon a planelinear slip interfaceare computedin termsof the
interfacecompliances.Thesecoefficientsare frequencydependentevenwhen the compliances are real and
frequencyindependent. Examplesof the effectsof buriedslipinterfaces on reflectioncoefficient spectraand
on Love-wavedispersionrelationsare presented.

PACS numbers:43.20.Bi, 43.20.Fn, 68.25. + j

INTRODUCTION slip boundary as the thickness to wavelength ratio ap-

proaches zero.
A perfectly bonded interface is a surface across
,

which both traction and displacement are continuous. In the last section, two cases of elastic wave propa-
Thus when solving harmonic wave problems in the gation in the presence of slip interfaces are presented.
neighborhood of a perfectly bonded interface between The first explores the effect of a buried slip interface
two different elastic media, wave solutions in one medi- on the reflection coefficient at normal incidence. In the
um must be matched with those in the second medium second case dispersion curves for Love waves are de-
through interface conditions. In general, there are six rived and the effect of the buried slip interface is dis-
scalar equations relating the traction vector and the cussed.

displacement vector on one side to the corresponding

components on the other side. These conditions pro-
vide the values of the arbitrary constants in the general
wave solutions for each medium.
A generalization of this concept is that of an imper-
fectly bonded interface for which the displacement
across a surface need not be continuous. Some applica-
tions of such a generalization to elastodynamic prob-
lems are the study of composite media, crack detec-
tion, and seismic wave propagation.
Imperfect bonding is taken here to mean that the trac-
tion is continuous across the interface but that
small displacement field is not. The small vector dif-
ference in the displacement, is assumed to depend lin-
early on the traction vector. The dependence may be
real and frequency independent corresponding to an
elastic spring condition or it may be complex and fre-
quency dependent corresponding to a viscoelastic spring
condition. This interface condition, called a "linear
slip condition," replaces the condition of continuous
displacement.
The next section shows how linear slip conditions can
be put on a firm footing within the theory of elasticity
and how the notion of isotropy simplifies the general
slip condition.
Subsequent sections consider plane wave reflection
and transmission coefficients at plane linear slip inter-
faces for SH waves and for P and SV waves and propa-
gation through stratified media containing slip inter-
faces. Also included in these sections is an analysis
for the case of SH waves showing that a thin low imped-
ance layer perfectly bonded between two half spaces
gives rise to plane wave reflection and transmission
coefficients that approach those derived for a linear
I. LINEAR SLIP CONDITIONS
Consider a smooth, in general, curved surface be-
tween two elastic regions, across which the small dis-
placement need not be continuous. The stress traction
which is continuous across the interface, is assumed
to be related to the discontinuity of displacement at each
point.
Let the origin of a rectangular coordinate system be
at a point on that surface so that xx and x3 are directions
tangential to the interface and x2 is normal to the sur-
the face. With u denotingdisplacement, let au= u(0, 0+,0)
-u(0, 0', 0) be the displacementdiscontinuityvector at
the point with possible time dependence suppressed.
The traction vector, t, at that point on the interface,
has componentsr2•, T22,3'23, and is the force per unit
area that the material on the +x2 side of the interface
exerts on the -x2 side. Assume that t is an analytic
function of •u at each point subject to the requirements
that •u vanishes at a point if and only if t vanishes at
that point. This relation may be expressed as a power
series in au which is shown symbolically as
t= F(AU)=k•XU+O(AUiAU•)
, (1)
and neglecting quadratic and higher order terms in
components of •u gives a linear relation between t and
•u through the "boundary stiffness matrix" k which has
dimensionsstress/length.
If a positive definite displacement discontinuity ener-
gy densityfunction,U•, of dimensionenergy/area
= force/lengthis to be associatedwith a slip interface,
then, under the constraint that U• vanish when •u van-
ish, U• is of the form
1
U•=L•uj+ •K•j/Xui/Xu•+
3rd order terms. (2)

1516 J. Acoust.Soc.Am. 68(5), Nov. 1980 0001-4966/80/111516-06500.80 (D1980 Acoustical

Societyof America 1516
An energy equation relating the rate of work done at a by x•.= 0. Elasticmedium 1, with density p•, compres-
slip interface S•, to the rate of increase of U•, neglect- sionalwave speedch = (X•+ 2/•/p•) •/•', and shear wave
ing third order terms, gives speed•l - (/•l/th)•/2, occupies
theregionx2< 0 andmedi-
um 2, with density p2, compressionalwave speed a•, and
shear wave speed •., occupies the region x•.> 0. As-
sume an incident harmonic plane wave of frequency co
and unit amplitude, whose propagation vector lies in the
=fs(L•A•+Ki'•Aui•)dS•' (3)
I
x•,x•. plane, impinges on the interface in medium 1. We
may consider separately the two uncoupled cases, one
and as this must hold for any part of the slip interface,
of an incident SH wave, giving rise to antiplane strain
the integrand$ may be equated giving solutions and the other of either an incident P or SV
t=L+auK (4) wave giving rise to plane wave solutions.

which, to con/orm with Eq. (1), implies L = 0 and k = K, A. Incident SH waves

a positive definite, symmetric matrix.
This is the simplest case to discuss. It exhibits the
If the boundary stiffness matrix is to be invariant
effects of a slip condition most clearly as there is but
with respect to inversion of the x2 axis, it may be
one slip condition for this problem which influences the
shown• that the off diagonal terms k•.• and k•.3between value of the one reflection and one transmission coeffi-
normal and tangential directions must vanish. A plane
cient present in the general wave solutions. All dis-
boundary with such a stiffness matrix will in general
placements in both media have but one nonzero compo-
scatter a nonnormal incident plane wave in a homogen-
eous medium to three transmitted and three reflected
nent, us(x•,x•.),which assumesthe form
waves, the P, SV, and SH waves. Only if the incident u3=exp/co[(x•
sin• +x•.cos•)/fi• - t]
wave displacement is totally normal (a normally inci-
+ R expico[(x•
sin•b•-x•. cos•b•)/fi•- t] , x•.>0
dent P wave) or totally tangential (a normally incident
shear wave) will some of these waves not appear. In u3= Texp/co[(xt
sinqb2+x2cosqb2)/fi2-t],
x2>0 (6)
this case a normally incident shear wave will be scat-
cosin•/fi• = cosin•2/fi2=k•.
tered to shear waves that are out of polarity with the
incident wave. R is known as the reflection coefficient and T, the
transmission coefficient. In all subsequent equations
If there is rotational symmetry about the x•. axis, then
the exp/(k•x•- cot)dependenceof the wave fields will be
it may be shownthat kxa= 0 and k• = k3a. This leaves but suppressed.
two independent stillnesses, the normal stiffness,
= kN and the tangential stiffness, k• = k• = kT. Some ef- The values of R, T are then found from the two non-
fects on wave behavior of such a "transverse isotropic" trivial interface conditions in this problem that relate
linear slip interface will be considered in subsequent the values of uaand •-2a=pfi2Oua/•2,the only nonvanish-
sections. ing component of the traction across the interface. The
conditions that •'2 is continuous across x2= 0 and that .
It will be more convenient to characterize slip in
Aua= UT•'23give the following two equations'
terms of compliances instead of stiffnesses, where the
compliance matrix is the inverse of the stiffness ma- icoZ•.(1
-R)=icoZ•T, T-(1 +R)=UTicoZt(1-R), (7)
trix. For the transverse isotropic slip interface to be
Z•=p•fi•cosqb•, i=1,2,
considered, we may write
which give values for R and T
UT 0 0
•u= 0 UN 0 t, (5) R=Z•-Z2-icouTZ•Z2
T=- 2Z• (8)
Z• + Z 2 - icouTZ•Z2' Z• + Z2 - icouTZ•Z2'
0 0

where the compliancesu•=k• and UT=k•,• have dimen-

Clearlyas thecompliance
]UT]-0, thecaseof per-
fect bonding is approached and R, T approach their con-
sion length/stress. The vanishing of either or both of
these compliances now leads to the usual perfectly
ventional
values.
a As JUT
I'•- 0, thecaseof a free sur-
face is approached and R- 1, T-0 as expected. For
bonded interface conditions.
>/3•, when •b• is greater than the critical angle, Z 2is
In addition, as real elastic parameters may be gen- positive imaginary. At critical incidence, cos•b2and
eralized to complex frequency dependent viscoelastic hence Z•. vanish giving R = 1 and T = 2 the usual result.
parameters via the harmonic elastic-viscoelastic anal- This is because r•.aand hence aua vanish.
ogy,•' so may the slip boundary compliances be general- For UT complex, both the real and imaginary parts of
ized allowing the modeling of a linear viscoelastic slip
interface.
UTmustbepositivewhichguarantees
that IRI •<1. For
a pure viscous slip interface, az}ais proportional to r•.3.
Letting the viscous compliance be iT, gives, in the
II. PLANE INTERFACES, PLANE WAVE REFLECTION
frequency domain
AND REFRACTION

Consider two homogeneous, isotropic, linear elastic

- i coau
3= •T'r23, (9)
half spaces in contact along a plane interface, denoted which says that the boundary compliance, UT, may be

1517 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 68, No. 5, November1980 MichaelSchoenberg:Elasticwaveacrossinterfaces 1517

written R'= R + 0( ½•)+ O[(k;h)2] ,
nt= i•t/o.,. (lO) T'= T+0(½2)+O[(k•h)2] ,
Substitutingthis value into Eq. (8) gives for R, T whereR, T are givenby Eq. (8) with •r replacedby h/
/•'. Thus, physically, some knowledge of two of three
Z• - Z•.+ •rZ•Z•. 2Z•
R= T= (11) unknowns, r&, h, and t•' gives an indication of the
Z• + Z•.+ •rZ•Z•. ' Z•+Z•.+ •Z•Z•. ' third. Information about •r, tangential compliance,
showing that for this case R and T are again real and may be inferred by measurementof reflection and/or
frequency independent. transmission coefficients. Information about interface
thickness may be inferred from knowledge of the pol-
Two special cases of interest are when; (1) bothhalf-
ishing procedure used in preparing surfaces to be
spaceshave identical properties, and (2) whenhalf-
bonded, and information about /•' may be inferred from
space 2 is rigid.
knowledge of the interstitial material between the two
The first case, which implies Z• = Z2= Z, yields partially bonded elastic regions.

R=2-iwtlrZ
- i Wr/rZ '
T=2 - i 2
Wr/rZ '
(12) B. Incident P or SV waves

giving a measure as to how well bonded a crack or an This is the plane strain problem for which all dis-
interface is in an otherwise homogeneous body. placements lie in the x 1,x z plane, with components
When half-space 2 is rigid, the displacement in med-
ui(x•,xz) , i= 1,2. The incidentwave field in medium 1
is of the form
ium 2 is assumed to vanish and the second of Eq. (7)
gives
u• sin0
R= 11-iWtlrZ•
+iW•rZt (13) e•X•.co80t
/ at, (18)
It is easy to visualize the type of physical mechanism u2 COSO
and the associated assumptions giving rise to linear
slip behavior for this simple case of SH waves. Con- if the incident wave is a P wave, or
sider the situation of a single homogeneous, isotropic
layer of thickness h, density p', and shear wave speed
/1', and thus of shear modulus, tz'= p'/]'•', located be-
tween the two half-spaces, and assume perfect bonding
on both of the interfaces at x•.= 0 and x•.= h. The gen-
eral solution for all x•.,xs is
u•[-cosqb•
u2 L sinqb•
ei•x•.cos•t/ •t (19)

if the incident wave is an SV wave. In either case, the

us= exp(ikszx2)
+ R' exp(- ikszx•.)
, x•.< O, reflected field in medium 1 is of the form

us=A' cos(k•2)+ B' sin(k•2) , 0 < x2< h, (14)

uz sin0z
us= T' exp[iks•.(x•.
- h)], x•.>h,
=Rp e-iO•x2
cosOl
/ 51
k,•=•-•
cosq•,=-k 2 --COS0t

= cos½'= - .
Satisfying displacement and traction boundary condi-
tions at x•.= 0 and x•.= h gives
+ Rs
COS•)
t
L. sinqb•
e'i'ø"2•ø•/t• , (20)

(Zx- Z•.)cos(k•h)-i(ZzZ•. - Z'•')[sin(k•h)/Z' ] and the transmitted field in medium 2 is of the form

(Zz+ Z•) eos(k•h)- i(ZzZ•.+Z'•')[sin(k•h)/Z']'

(15)
2Zz
l_.
(Z, + Z2)cos(k;h)-i(ZzZ2+Z'2)[sin(ks•h)/Z']
z' = p't•'cos•' = k•'/•o.
'
u•.Isin02
•.
=
lCOS0•.
e iøøx2
cøsO2
/ øt2

Allowing the layer to be thin compared to a wavelength

--COS•)2
and of low impedance, p/•, relative to medium 1, so
that

eos(k•h)
= 1+0 [(ksh)
' •'] , sin(•2

(1/Z') sin(k•h)
= (wh/t•'){1+ 0 [(k;h)2]}, (16) where

sin0• sinqb• sin02 sinqb2

enables Eq. (14) to have the form
co = co = co = co = k•. (22)

1518 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 68, No. 5, November1980 Michael Schoenberg: Elasticwave acrossinterfaces 1518
There are four interface conditions to determine the •t 1 •t 1 •t 1
four constantsRo,Rs,To,Ts. The two nontrivial stress
conditions are that r•.•.and r•.• are continuous across the
interface where the stress components are given by •2 •2 x2=O+ •2 X2=0

(23) x2=O
and Eqs. (23) and (24), making use of Eqs. (18)-(22)
give a set of equations on the coefficients

Rp

Note that Ou•/ax•+ Ou•./ax•.=

0 for any shear wave and
= iw/ot for any compressionalwave on the interface x•.
=0.
A T0 =B, (25)
Ts
The most general slip conditions consistent with a with B= B0 for an incident P wave and B= Bs for an in-
transverse isotropic boundary are cident SV wave. A, B0, and Bs are given by

•'2 COS• 2

--q2
A'-
, (26)
-cos•b •.+ i Wr/Tq•.
sin•b•.-

assumption of linear slip. It may be shown that the re-

flection coefficients approach those from the linear slip
boundary
theorywith r/z andr/nreplacedby h/•' andh/
(K' + 4t•'/3), respectively, where K • is the layer bulk
modulus. This occurs under the assumptions that the
layer impedances are much less than the half-space
impedances and the layer thickness is much less than a
-An
1 wavelength.

BO= A2•
[ -A•.• The case of a fluid filled crack may be approxi-

-Aa•[
A4I J
' Bs=Aa•.
-A42
' mated by letting •/A'=0 and •/T • O, which is equiva-
lent to requiring the normal displacement to be contin-
uous. The limiting case of r/•=0, r/T--oo is equivalent to
requiring that the shear stress across the interface
and from these equations, the coefficients Ro,Rs, To, Ts vanish (two conditions), the normal stress be continu-
may be obtained.
ous, and normal component of the displacement discon-
In the case of normal incidence, k• vanishes, and for tinuity vanish. For such a crack between half-spaces of
an incident P wave, Rs and Ts vanish and for an inci- identical properties, Eqs. (25) and (26) reduce to
dentSwave,RoandTovanish.In bothCases
thenon-
vanishing R and T are given by -p y cos• p y cos• R0

R= Z• - Z•- i w•Z•Z• T- Z• + Z22Z•

Z• + Z 2 - i wrlZ•Z2' - i wrlZ•Z• '
(27) • cos0 q 0 0 Rs
0 0 y cos0 q To
where Zi= pd3•and r/= r/T for a normally incident shear
wave and Z•= pia• and r/= r/Nfor a normally incident cos0 - sinq5 cos0 sin•b Ts
compressional wave. Note tMt the sign of R in Eq. (27)
P 3os0
is the opposite of the sign R for SH waves. This is be-
cause for SH waves the positive displacement vector -q
was in the +xa direction regardless of whether the wave
was upgoing or downgoing. This is not the case here as
YCoøSO
or 0 '
(28)

seen from Eqs. (18)-(21). inq5

cosO
J
As in the previous section, it has been assumed that
there is a thin layer between the two haH-spaces in or- For pure viscousslip in shear i.e., •IT=i•/w, and r/n
der to examine the physical mechanism involved in the =0, Eqs. (25) and (26) for the reflection coefficients

1519 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 68, No. 5, November 1980 Michael Schoenberg: Elastic wave acrossinterfaces 1519
 FLUID
become frequency independent and give real values for
R•,Rs, T•, Ts as longas all angles, 0i,•bi are real.
III. SLIP INTERFACES WITHIN STRATIFIED X2=-H
REGIONS

The matrix method of Thomson and Haskell 4.s for the

analysis of wave propagation in stratified elastic media • AI•R'ASOLID
is very easily adapted to include the case of linear
transverse isotropic slip between any two elastic
homogeneous layers. In this method, for plane strain
propagation through isotropic layers, a transfer ma- X2
trix, Q(a, b) is foundwhich relates stresses and dis-
placements at xl = a to corresponding stresses and dis- FIG. 1. Reflection of a normally incident plane wave by an
elastic layer over an elastic half-space. The layer is assumed
placements at b, where a and b are values of xl within
to be imperfectly bonded to the underlaying half-space.
the same homogeneouslayer. Letting Y(xl) be the
'5rector"['1'22(271),
'1'12(271),
Ul(271),
U2(X
l) ] T, this relation-
ship may be denoted
Satisfying the two conditions at x2 = -H gives two
Y(a)= O(a, b)Y(b), (29) equations on the reflection coefficient R and an addi-
tional parameter A. The coefficients depend on R', the
and if there are a set of n horizontal layers with bound-
plane wave reflection coefficient for the imperfect
aries ao,al, a2,..., a, then the relationship may be ex- interface between elastic medium 1 and elastic medium
tended to many or all of the layers by matrix multipli-
2, and thus we can solve for R as a function of R', giv-
cation by noticing that perfect bonding at an interface
ing6
ai meansthatY(a;)=Y(a•.)giving
Y(a,)=O•(a•,a•.l)
..... 01(al,ao)Y(ao)
ß (30) R=1r+ exp(2i9)R'
+ exp(2i9)rR' '
(32)
For the case of a transverse isotropic linear slip
• = o•n/a,, r= (z, - Zo)/(z, + Zo).
boundary
at a•,Y(a•.)•Y(a•.)butare relatedas
R' and T' can be found by applying the 2 imperfect
1 o o o interface conditions for normal incidence, and then R'
o 1 o o is givenbyEq.(27). Fig. 2 showsIRI as a function
of
the nondimensional frequency 9 for Z 1= Z•. = 3Zo for
Y(a•.)=
0 r/•,1 0 Y(a•.)=(l+
S,)Y(a•.), (31) various values of the nondimensional tomplante, E
= rip1
r/,v 0 0 1
For E = 0, the layer and underlying half space would
andthis matrix, I+ S{, then, is includedin the product be one medium and R would equal r. However, for E
of Eq. (30) betweenO•+1,and Oi givingthe transfer real andnonzero,R(0)=r, dR(O)/d9=O, andas 9_oo,
function across the n elastic layers with slip between IRI approaches
unity. It is thelayerthickness
that
the ith and(i + 1)th layers. Clearly, (I + s{)'1= I - S•as gives the reflection coefficient spectra the additional
it must accordingto the sign conventionof Eq. (24). oscillatory structure. If the layer were pure viscous,

IV. EXAMPLES

A. Soundinga slip interface

Consider an acoustic half-space separated by an
..':/r•x //
elastic layer from another elastic half-space and as- / \
/
sume the layer is imperfectly bondedto the elastic
half-space. It is of interest to relate the reflection co-
effic'ient for an acoustic plane wave launched at the
elastic system with the compliances associated with the
i•1
o.5
imperfectly bondedinterface. To simplify this ex-
ample, consider only the case of normal incidence, see
Fig. 1, which involves only P waves speeds, densities
and the normal compliance, r/Nat x2= 0. Note that for
0 6 12
an elastic incident medium the exact same analysis
could be carried out with an incident shear wave. Let
FIG. 2. Plane wave reflection coefficient amplitude spectra
the elastic layer, medium 1 occupy the region-H<x2
of the configuration of Fig. I for various values of E, the non-
< 0 and let it be_imperfectly bonded to the elastic half- dimensional normal compliance. Media I and 2 are taken to
space, medium 2, at x2= 0, occupyingthe region x2> 0. be the same with an impedance three times that of medium 0.
The acoustic half-space, medium 0, occupies the re- The nondimensional frequency, 9, is given in Eq. (32). The
gion x2<-H and the usual interface conditionsapply at nondimensional
normalcomplance,E =VPio•/H, is set equal
x2 = -H. to 0.2(--), •.0(---), 5.0( .... ).

1520 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 68, No. 5, November 1980 MichaelSchoenberg' Elasticwave acrossinterfaces 1520
 persion relation may be put in the form

t•x/t•2
+E)
cosX-(92_X2)x/2 XsinX=0, (35)
x= tlc) -
E = rl•,la•/H .
The terms 9 and E are the nondimensional frequency
and tangential compliance, respectively. Setting E= 0
gives the usual Love-wave dispersion relation and let-
FIG. 3. Love-wave dispersion curves for the first three ting E--oo implies that sinX= 0 or X is an integer
modes. The normalized phase speed, c/•t, is given as a multiple of •r, which is the dispersion relation for SH
function of the nondimensional frequency, I2, as given in Eq. waves in a free plate.
(35). The shear speedratio, •2/•t, is taken to be 2 and the
shear modulusratio, t•2/t•, is taken to be 6. The nondimen- In general, if 9=Nrr+ 6, 6<•r, then N+ 1 propagating
sional tangential compliance, E, also given in Eq. (35), is modes at that frequency exist, with speeds specified
set equal to 0.0(--), 0.1(---), 1.0( .... ), 10.0( ...... ). by X,,=nrr+½,(9,E), n=0,1,2,...,N, where ½,•<6 as
X•< 9. In additionv/2> ½o> ½•>... > %. All values of
½,decrease monotonicallywith increasingE. As for
7= i•/w, R' in Eq. (32) wouldbe a real frequencyinde- conventional Love waves, mode n cutoff occurs at 9
pendentnumber and the amplitude spectra would be = nv with X= 9, i.e., c= •2 and with group velocity equal
periodic in 9 with period v. This is similar to the case to
when layer 1 and half-space 2 have different elastic
Figure 3 showsthe dispersioncurves for t•2/fi•= 2,
properties but are perfectly bonded.
/a2//a•= 6 for various values of E. The general shape,
In general, Eq. (29) can be easily inverted, and mea- the high-frequency value for c, and the low-frequency
suring R(w) enables R'(w) to be constructed. This can cutoffvalue c =/32remain independentof E but as E in-
be used as data for trying to invert Eq. (28) to give es- creases the phase speed decreases making the drop in
timatesof r/NandZ2/Z•. speed from low-frequency cutoff to high frequency
sharper for higher values of E. The group velocity, cg,
B. Love-wave dispersion given by c/t1-(w/c)ac/6w] is always positive but less
than c. With increasing E, each mode has a sharper
Horizontally polarized shear waves may propagate
and slower group velocity minimum.
with a real phase velocity in an elastic layer with shear
speed •3•bondedto an elastic half space with shear CONCLUSION
speed 132provided Bx< •3•.. Letting the layer occupy the
region -H<x2 < 0 and the half-space occupyx2> 0, then The theory of a linear slip condition between two
displacements in the layer and half-space may be writ- elastic media has been presented and the plane wave
ten reflection coefficients for plane slip interfaces have
been derived. The effects on wave behavior of such
cos - 1/c) / + ], < < o, interfaces have been exhibited in several cases. Such
(33)
exp[-(t/c - , o, a slip condition can exhibit characteristic signatures in
the spectra of reflected waves and on the dispersion re-
where c is the phase speed in the x• direction. This
lations of various elastic wave modes.
automatically satisfies the stress free condition at x2
=-H. At x2=0, the continuity of r2s and the slip condi-
tion on the displacement us yields two equations on A
and B, tB. Spain, Tensor Calculus (Interscience, New York, 1960).
2D. R. Bland, The Theory of Linear Viscoelasticity (Pergamon,
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1521 J. Acoust.Soc.Am., Vol. 68, No. 5, November1980 MichaelSchoenberg:Elasticwaveacrossinterfaces 1521