LLAMES, VERONICA JOY M.

MARCH 9, 20223
BEEd 1 GE Elec 2

1. DEFINITION

REPRODUCTIVE ROLE
 Those that procreate and sustain the human race e.g. reproducing children, looking
after children, caring for the sick, cleaning, washing up. These are usually
maintenance roles without any monetary value attached to them.
PRODUCTIVE ROLE
 Those that generate food and wealth.The productive role is a role undertaken by men
and women to get paid / wages in cash or to produce goods that are not consumed
(used) by themselves. Including market production with an exchange rate, and
household production (subsistence) with a use value, but also a potential exchange
rate.
COMMUNITY POLITICS ROLES
 Activities undertaken primarily by men at the community level, organizing at the
formal political level, often within the framework of national politics. This work is
usually undertaken by men and may be paid directly or result in increased power and
status.
MULTIPLE ROLES
 In a social structure roles are more important than role occupants. The roles are
associated with the various statuses held by an individual at a given time. By
established usage, the term multiple roles refers not to the complex of roles
associated with a single social status but with the various social statuses in which
people find themselves

REFERENCES:
https://www.fao.org/3/x6090e/x6090e09.htm#:~:text=Reproductive%20roles%3A%20Th
ose%20that%20procreate,food%20and%20wealth%20%2D%20explain%20this.
https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com https://www.unescwa.org/sd-glossary/community-
political-role & https://www.sociologyguide.com/basic-concepts/multiple-
roles.php#:~:text=By%20established%20usage%2C%20the%20term,%C2%A9%202023
%20Sociology%20Guide.Com

2. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEX ROLES & GENDER ROLES

 Sex refers to “the different biological and physiological characteristics of males and
females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes, hormones, etc.” Gender refers
to "the socially constructed characteristics of women and men – such as norms, roles
and relationships of and between groups of women and men.
 The behaviors, attitudes, and activities expected or common for males and females.
Whereas sex roles are essentially biologically determined (ensuring successful
reproduction and forming the basis of sexual division of labor, in which women are
 associated with childrearing), gender roles (behavior that is considered “masculine”
or “feminine”) are culturally determined. In the United States, for example, men are
generally expected to be independent, aggressive, physical, ambitious, and able to
control their emotions; women are generally expected to be passive, sensitive,
emotional, nurturing, and supportive. These traditional gender roles frequently come
under attack, especially from women.

REFERENCES: https://www.coe.int/en/web/gender-matters/sex-and-
gender#:~:text=Sex%20refers%20to%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20different,groups%20of%2
0women%20and%20men. & https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sex-roles-gender-roles

3. GENDER EQUALITY AND EQUITY

 Gender equity means fairness of treatment for all genders according to their
respective needs. It strives to bring all the genders to an equal playing field. Gender
equity doesn’t equate one gender with another, instead, it attempts to facilitate equal
opportunities for all genders to overcome their historical and social disadvantages by
ensuring fairness and justice in the distribution of resources to all genders. Gender
equality means that an individual’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not
be determined by the sex they are assigned at birth. While gender equity is the equal
treatment or treatment that might be considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits,
obligations, and opportunities.

REFERENCE: https://feminisminindia.com/2022/01/21/what-is-gender-equity-and-
how-is-it-different-from-gender-
equality/#:~:text=Gender%20equality%20means%20that%20an,benefits%2C%20obligati
ons%2C%20and%20opportunities.

4. GENDER MAINSTREAMING

 Gender mainstreaming is a strategy to improve the quality of public policies,

programmes and projects, ensuring a more efficient allocation of resources. Better
results mean increased well-being for both women and men, and the creation of a
more socially just and sustainable society.
 Gender mainstreaming has been embraced internationally as a strategy towards
realising gender equality. It involves the integration of a gender perspective into the
preparation, design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies,
regulatory measures and spending programmes, with a view to promoting equality
between women and men, and combating discrimination.

REFERENCES: https://www.coe.int/en/web/genderequality/what-is-gender-
mainstreaming#:~:text=Gender%20mainstreaming%20is%20a%20strategy,socially%20j
ust%20and%20sustainable%20society. & https://eige.europa.eu/gender-
mainstreaming/what-is-gender-mainstreaming
5. GENDER VIOLENCE

 Gender-based violence refers to any type of harm that is perpetrated against a person
or group of people because of their factual or perceived sex, gender, sexual
orientation and/or gender identity. Gender-based violence is based on an imbalance
of power and is carried out with the intention to humiliate and make a person or
group of people feel inferior and/ or subordinate. This type of violence is deeply
rooted in the social and cultural structures, norms and values that govern society, and
is often perpetuated by a culture of denial and silence. Gender-based violence can
happen in both the private and public spheres and it affects women
disproportionately. Gender-based violence can be sexual, physical, verbal,
psychological (emotional), or socio-economic and it can take many forms, from
verbal violence and hate speech on the Internet, to rape or murder. It can be
perpetrated by anyone: a current or former spouse/partner, a family member, a
colleague from work, schoolmates, friends, an unknown person, or people who act
on behalf of cultural, religious, state, or intra-state institutions. Gender-based
violence, as with any type of violence, is an issue involving relations of power. It is
based on a feeling of superiority, and an intention to assert that superiority in the
family, at school, at work, in the community or in society as a whole.

REFERENCE: https://www.coe.int/en/web/gender-matters/what-is-gender-based-
violence#:~:text=Gender%2Dbased%20violence%20refers%20to,orientation%20and%2
For%20gender%20identity.