BROTHER ANDREW GONZALEZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL

San Juan, Apalit Pampanga 2016

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Navigating Online Learning: Techniques and Difficulties in Technology Faced by

Junior High School Students

A Research Proposal Submitted to

the Faculty of the Junior High School

Bro. Andrew Gonzalez Technical High School

Submitted by:

Prince Lloyd S. Sunga

Charisse Nheyrine A. Maglangque
Jhon Eduard F. Reyes
Jasper Jade S. Mendiola
James Ralph D. Pagdanganan
Ronan Jiems B. Balatbat
 May 2023

CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

Education plays a huge role in the population's lives. It is difficult to live without

it. Traditionally, there are face-to-face classes each school year, but a pandemic broke

out, and the government put an indefinite halt on face-to-face classes. The Government

proposed alternative ways of learning, one of them being online classes.

According to the research of Wan (2020), online learning is a form of distance

learning which provides an online platform to educate learners utilizing devices such as

smartphones, tablets, computers, or laptops with access to a fast internet connection. By

utilizing online learning, the school was able to connect with the students. With the

sudden transition, students found strategies and challenges in online learning (Crawford

et al., 2020). As an example, in the study of Lei and Medwell (2021), students in the

online learning platform called xuexitong were unable to achieve the expected

improvement in their academic studies. Further studies showed a decrease in students

completing their schoolwork overtime (Cui, et al. 2020).

The researchers' easily accessible data show that there has been considerable

interest in the psychological consequences and educational quality of online learning.

These factors show that there is a lack of information on how the student's access to

technology has affected their studies.

 The goal of this study is to resolve related questions that people could have. By

employing an online learning environment, this study seeks to investigate potential

factors that might affect the academic performance of Andrewnians.

Review of Related Literature

According to Julie Fe D. Panoy, Rose R. Andrade, Loraine B. Febrer, etc. (2022),

Graduate learners with high competency in technology had high expectations of digital

learning. Therefore, competency in the use of technology has significant connections in

the judging of quality education. The result of the study suggests that greater

comprehension and recognition could aid educational institutions in drafting and

organizing online learning. As learners are the main component of education, acquiring

quality delivery of modules verifies that their expectations are aligned with the

experience offered to them. Furthermore, for an institution to be receptive, it must reach

or surpass the expectations of its learners. Connecting the gap between learners'

expectations and the experience offered they come to obtain is essential in guaranteeing

that teaching-learning results are obtained.

As scrutiny of the researcher's statement, learners experienced with technology

will have high expectations for the education that a course can bring. Utilizing

technology in a way that can be beneficial for learners is a must in this era. Technology

may be a great aid in learners' academics when used correctly. Furthermore, a significant

understanding of technology can elevate the academics of students. Students that have a

grasp on technology may also have a positive attitude toward it. It does not say that
digital natives or technology lovers will perform better academically. Online learning

also comes with drawbacks as without proper supervision it is an ongoing problem that

learners just search for the answers. This way of teaching can be a step toward better

education for learners, but as many still do not have access to technology or proper wifi

connection this limits the scope of those who would benefit from it.

According to Sijia Xue and Helen Crompton (2022), the findings highlight four

recurring themes: teachers, hurdles, efficacy, and influencing variables. The majority of

the research focused on higher education. The pandemic also had a significant impact on

educational technology research. The difficulties range from being unable to interact with

researchers to their other members. Higher education instructional technology research

has numerous hurdles. However, there are certain advantages to educational technology

research.

According to the article, they are also looking into any constraints or

repercussions. The search criteria focused on the ten most popular publications in the

field of educational technology. It does provide some quality, but it also limits the search.

This study provides an overview of the field so that practitioners and scholars can better

understand what we have learned about leveraging educational technology to facilitate a

more quick-thinking, educated reaction in future emergencies. According to this journal,

internet researchers face several difficulties. Although being confined to search and

having a particular level of quality is difficult. However, there are advantages to

conducting online research, such as having more time to process and respond to

situations. Overall, the pandemic has had a significant impact on studies and online

research as the new normal.

 According to Jessie S. Barrot, Ian L. Llenares, and Leo S del Rosario (2021), the

digital learning difficulties of learners were diverse concerning the kind and scope. Their

greatest challenge was connected to their learning circumstances at home, while learners'

competency with technology was the rarest challenge. Based on the learners' answers

their difficulties were also provoked by the pandemic, particularly in terms of quality

academic experience, mental health, finances, sociability, and mobility. Generally,

discoveries show that the scope of difficulties and approaches differed from one learner

to another. Thus, they must be seen as a result of the relation of various components.

Though the majority of studies disclosed that technological competency was the ordinary

difficulty that learners faced with the ongoing digital classes, the case is different for

emergent nations. As this study states, the academic conditions are the major challenge

that learners had to go through, especially learning environments and restrictions in their

academic setting and space.

As an analysis of the researchers' findings, learners' greatest challenge was their

home environment. The challenges were also further aggravated by the pandemic. The

findings also state that the least challenging thing was the technological literacy of

students. The learners' challenges also differed from one another. However, the case is

different for developing countries. It may suggest that the economic struggles of students

may affect their academic performance. Furthermore, the students' learning environment

and limitations play a role in their difficulties in distance learning.

The study by Kamisah Ariffin, Norhajawati Abdul Halim & Norizul Azida Darus

(2021), explored the relationship between social media use and academic performance

among students. All students were heavy users of online learning language systems in
English online learning, with a preference for metacognitive methods because they

helped students plan and organize their studies. Although there was a poor link between

the tactics applied and the user could not be used to predict success, and instructors

should still use this to enhance learning by addressing content and process. Furthermore,

the tactics could still have a favorable impact on the children. The researchers

recommended that students adjust to the new learning mode. The transition is

unavoidable because there is no way of knowing when the regular classroom will resume

normal operations. The study's findings have various implications for educators,

curriculum designers, and learning institutions looking to improve student's learning

experiences.

The results of their analysis indicate that social media use harms students'

academic performance. Specifically, students who spend more time on social media tend

to have lower grades and perform worse on standardized tests. The authors suggest that

social media use can lead to several distractions that can interfere with students' ability to

focus on their studies. For example, students may spend too much time scrolling through

their social media feeds or chatting with friends instead of completing their assignments.

Additionally, social media can be a source of stress and anxiety for students who feel

pressure to maintain a certain image or keep up with their peers. This can lead to sleep

disturbances, which can further impact academic performance. The research findings

look to improve the academic experience for students

The research by Araceli Ortega, Josefina Velecina & Bernardo Lunar (2021) said

that graduating students who have faith in themselves for both digital and modular concur

on studying parts of hybrid learning. The graduate students contemplate the two methods
of learning as harmonious and interconnected to one another. The researcher proposed

that data circulation on how distance learning medium of the library is made more

available to the students. Furthermore, the study suggests that a well-built union with the

guardians of the learners be resolved to discover living environments accompanied by

online learning. The likelihood of restricted face-to-face classes will be traversed once

mobility is refined as the learners display their want for more physical interactivity with

their educators and classmate.

As scrutiny of this passage, the study said that graduate students that have faith in

themselves could achieve their ideal academic performance. But as such educational

institutions must also play their role in helping students achieve these ideals. It may be

done by increasing the methods students can obtain information. Opening libraries can be

one of the ways that educational institutions can help with it. The research also suggests

that a well-built parent-student relationship can help with their online learning

experience. It may help with the learning of students to improve their academics,

motivation for learning, etc. It may also improve the student's learning environment to

become more positive. As face-to-face classes didn't have any chance of being readmitted

at the time of this research. The students may crave physical activities as the online

learning experience doesn't give students any possibility to interact physically.

The study of Pushkar Dubey and Deepak (2020) addressed the issues that have

evolved due to this change while highlighting the opportunities that have arisen. First, the

authors explored the challenges higher education institutions underwent in introducing

distance learning. They point out that not all students have equal access to the technology

and infrastructure essential for effective online learning, which may contribute to
academic achievement discrepancies. Furthermore, they indicate that faculty members

may lack the requisite training and skills to provide information digitally, resulting in a

decline in instructional quality. The authors acknowledge that the shift to distance

learning has given opportunities to institutions to innovate and improve their educational

offerings. This article also stated that distant learning posed numerous obstacles,

particularly for educators in adapting to the new educational paradigm. Those students

who lack the necessary gadgets to attain the new normal of studying have had an impact

on online learning. Then, according to this study, the abrupt transition from face-to-face

learning to online learning is challenging to implement due to a shortage of equipment.

Although, according to this study, the virus's widespread spread presents a slew of

issues, particularly for students. They are unable to implement online learning due to a

shortage of equipment. It is also challenging to adapt to this new information when one is

unable to interact with your lecturers. However, according to this study, instructors must

conduct online training to give better initiative execution. According to this article, one of

the most prevalent issues they have experienced during online learning is that some of

their personnel are unable to manage a large population of their learners. Due to low-

income sources, not every student can afford broadband to participate in online learning.

According to the articles, just because they have advanced technology does not mean

they have easily assimilated the new learning, but rather how far they would adopt this

new learning. Though there are several concerns and problems in the new learning.

According to the story, they were able to imagine the prospects and success of the new

normal. Students can graduate from high school with the help of this new knowledge and

become immune to virus transmission.

 The study conducted by Maphalala, Mkhasibe, and Mncube (2021) on online

learning as a catalyst for self-directed learning during the COVID-19 pandemic is an

insightful piece of research. The authors focused on the impact of online learning on

student's ability to engage in self-directed learning, a crucial skill necessary for lifelong

learning. The study found that online learning promotes self-directed learning by

providing students with autonomy and control over their learning experience.

Additionally, the study found that online learning helps students develop critical thinking

skills, which are essential for self-directed learning. The authors concluded that online

learning has the potential to transform traditional learning practices and enhance students'

ability to engage in self-directed learning.

One of the strengths of this study is its empirical approach to examining the

effects of online learning on self-directed learning. The study's methodology involved a

survey of university students, which provided a comprehensive understanding of how

students perceive online learning and its impact on their ability to engage in self-directed

learning. The study's findings are also significant to the current state of education, as the

COVID-19 pandemic has forced universities to shift to online learning. The study's

results suggest that online learning can be an effective tool for promoting self-directed

learning, which is a critical skill necessary to succeed in today's rapidly changing world.

The study also provides a basis for further research on how online learning can be

optimized to enhance self-directed learning. However, the study is not without

limitations. The study's focus on university students may limit its generalizability to other

educational levels. Additionally, the study's reliance on self-reported data may be subject

to response bias. Nevertheless, the study's strengths outweigh its limitations, and the
findings have significant implications for online learning practices in higher education.

Overall, this study provides insight into how online learning can support self-directed

learning, which is essential for students to succeed in their academic and professional

lives.

The research of Kaite J. Carstens, Jamie M. Mallon, Mohamed Bataineh & Adel

Al-Bataineh (2021) found many advantages and disadvantages to using technology in the

classroom. Upon reviewing survey data, teachers did mention more positive than adverse

effects of technology. Although there were certain areas where teachers believed they

could have used more assistance, most felt that using technology in the classroom has

increased student involvement and motivation. More individualized training on

integrating technology into the study hall would be helpful for instructors onwards so

they feel more at ease using it. Teachers also believed that to foster greater independence,

students needed more practice using the available technology. The researchers contend

that additional investigation is necessary to ascertain the effects of technology.

As an analysis of this study, the researchers found more positive effects of

technology on learners than negative. It suggests that it is beneficial for students to use

technology for learning. Educators felt that there were specific areas that could be

enhanced. Technology did generally enhance student motivation in answering

schoolwork. Many felt that incorporating technology in classrooms should be done, as it

may help educators and learners to refine their skills in managing technology. Educators

also felt that integrating technology in study halls may encourage more self-

determination. Furthermore, learners needed more skills in operating accessible

technology. As the study concluded, the researchers recommended more examination of

the effects of technology on learning.

The study by Zulaikha Mohd Basar, Azlin Norhaini Mansor, Khairul Azhar

Jamaludin, etc. (2021) As a result of COVID-19, academic institutions around the world

is changing their instructional techniques. As a result, many schools, colleges, and

universities are increasingly offering lectures and classes online as a substitute for in-

person instruction. While online learning is beneficial to student's health and well-being

during the epidemic, it may not be as successful as traditional forms of education.

Furthermore, a faulty internet infrastructure might undermine the efficiency of online

learning. Educators are working hard to adapt to these changes and guarantee that

students receive a high-quality education.

The study's findings suggested that online learning could be a successful way of

instruction for secondary school pupils. It allows you greater flexibility in terms of time

and location. It also provides access to a variety of resources. However, the study also

showed several difficulties that students experienced. For example, technological

difficulties, a lack of motivation, and social isolation. Furthermore, the study emphasized

the necessity of teacher support and student participation in overcoming these problems.

Overall, the study sheds light on the efficacy and limitations of online learning for

secondary school students. It emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to

online learning that tackles the technical, motivational, and social aspects to assure

student success. The study's findings can help educators, policymakers, and academics

who want to improve the quality of online education for secondary school students.
 According to Paula, Alison (2021) the pandemic had a direct impact on global

educational systems. Governments used remote education to mitigate the effects of class

suspension. Because the government buys packages from EdTech companies, the

utilization of these resources in a centralized manner reflects the objectives of the

learning market, furthering the financialization of education. Some industry sectors,

particularly those involved in distance learning, appeared to be attempting to influence

the learning market. This was done by selling technical resources and collaborating with

EdTech. Due to the lockdown implemented by numerous countries, schools were

required to suspend face-to-face classes, according to this report.

Since the deployment of the distance learning system, the phrase "education

model" has not been applied equally to all sovereign states within the confines of the laws

of educational systems, governments, and multinational organizations. China and South

Korea, on the other hand, have shuttered their schools since January. There is no plan to

resume face-to-face classes until September. However, the epidemic had a significant

influence on society. This article covered the countries with the highest levels of

contamination on the list. The United States has the greatest levels of pollution. Brazil

comes in second place, followed by Russia and others. The COVID-19 epidemic has

swept over various nations, causing schools to transition from face-to-face to online

learning.

According to Muhammad, A. & Kainat, A. (2020), COVID-19 had an impact on

the traditional learning methods of academic institutions globally. Online lectures/classes

were chosen by school, college, and university administrations as an alternate means to

resume education. Although online learning is helping to protect students' and faculty's
health during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not as successful as traditional learning.

Online learning cannot provide the expected outcomes in developing nations such as

Pakistan, where the vast majority of students are unable to use the Internet due to

technical and financial constraints. This study compared the effectiveness of online

versus traditional classes for higher education students. According to this poll, 73% of

students had sufficient internet access, and 71.4% of learners felt positively competent to

utilize a computer/laptop for online learning; yet, 78.6% of respondents felt that

traditional classes were more effective than online learning. Aside from technical and

financial challenges, students noted a few other drawbacks such as a lack of engagement

with the instructor, response time, and a lack of typical classroom socialization.

According to 42.9% of students, the lack of on-campus interaction has made it harder for

students to complete group assignments in distant learning mode. This study also found

that educational institutions must update their curriculum and create acceptable content

for online lectures.

With countries adapting to the new digital learning format, many underdeveloped

nations find it impossible to put forward the expected outcomes. With some students not

having access to proper technology to adjust to digital learning it had become more

challenging to adapt for all. Aside from students, educators face drawbacks as some lack

the resources and skills to utilize digital teaching. It further holds back the studies of

students as some educators fail to respond to or accommodate learners. This research

states that academic institutions must make further adjustments to generate content for

online modules.
 According to the study by Renato Assis Machado, Paulo Rogério Ferreti Bonan,

Danyel Elias da Cruz Perez, etc. (2020), It is still viable to teach theoretical material

while taking into account pupils' unequal access to high-quality internet, especially for

those with low incomes, in light of our current reality. When it comes to pre-clinical and

clinical situations, dentistry students today have few viable alternatives. Accessibility

issues to study halls were identified by all dentistry schools in Europe, and they all either

provided or planned to provide online instruction in place of textbooks. The dental field

will also need to assure better medical convergence. To adapt to this new reality, we

should reexamine our course offerings and how we conduct lectures and classes. The

COVID-19 program emphasizes the necessity for additional study in this area to provide

our children with a more thorough education. To create institutional rules that give

students and teachers new possibilities in this new era, our educational councils should be

encouraged. Finally, developing nations will face more difficulties. The success of online

tasks can be compromised if students have unequal access to high-quality internet. To

adapt to the new biosafety reality of the post-pandemic period, significant investments

must be made in dental school clinics before clinical activities can resume.

As an analysis of this study, dentistry students were badly affected by the

COVID-19 epidemic. Education for dentistry students was made even more inaccessible

by the epidemic. The epidemic lead the learning institutions to close down, meaning that

the resources needed for learning dentistry were unavailable. The epidemic further

emphasized the need for providing students with more possibilities for better education.

To recommence the opening of learning institutions, serious funding needs to be done in

dental schools before they can reopen.

 The study by Shadnaz Asgari, Jelena Trajkovic, Mehran Rahmani, etc. (2021)

revealed that a quarter of our learners don't have access to a reliable internet connection,

triggering concern about widening the digital equity gap among students due to the

COVID-19 pandemic. With COVID-19 and the sudden transition to online teaching,

access to reliable internet connection and personal computers/tablets have become major

devices affecting the learning outcomes for the learners. To address this problem,

institutions can provide WiFi access on campus’s open areas and well-ventilated

buildings while monitoring for social distancing and sanitizing the surfaces frequently.

For those who require computing devices, a loaner program can be implemented where

students can borrow devices for a certain period to access the course materials and

complete the course requirements. The institution can also provide a virtual desktop

environment for students to access all necessary software. Using free scanning

applications on devices can address the lack of access to scanners. Learners identified

various problems they experienced in online synchronous instruction of courses through

Zoom including lack of peer support/interaction, focus, engagement, and clear guidelines

from instructors. They also indicated difficulties with time management and Zoom

fatigue. Peer support/interaction has been shown to improve the success rate of learners,

especially those from underrepresented groups.

As a scrutiny of this study, one-fourth of learners have unstable access to an

internet connection. It brings up a concern with the quality of learning for those who have

an unstable internet connection. With WiFi being a crucial part of digital learning, the

limited access of learners may create an inequality in education with learners. The
research provides some answers to the problem at hand. The learners also found problems

with digital learning, such as fatigue and lack of interactions with people.

The results of the study by Mei Yuan Law (2021) demonstrated that student

attitudes differed according to the instructional materials, tests, communication,

technological tools, and technical support used. All of these elements were found to be

related to students' course satisfaction. The interviews also showed a correlation between

the four crucial areas of focus in this study and the elements of learner satisfaction. This

study contributed to the knowledge in the relevant practice areas by looking at student

views toward online learning from several perspectives. Future research can use the

study's findings to develop a framework that will assist the success of online learning in a

virtual setting while also enabling the establishment of a perfect and welcoming learning

environment. Since educational scholars have been actively promoting efficient means

and techniques of delivering meaningful learning during this pandemic, an online

learning scenario must have well-organized learning resources and meaningful

interactions between instructors and students. In addition to proctored exams, online

learning should include additional evaluation options.

The study's findings demonstrate that students generally had favorable opinions

regarding transformative learning. The majority of learners admitted that it helped them

hone their problem-solving and critical-thinking skills. However, the student's

satisfaction with emergency remote learning was lower than expected. They cited issues

including slow internet connectivity and trouble adjusting to a new learning environment.

Despite these difficulties, the students believed emergency remote learning was still

useful for accomplishing learning objectives. Overall, the study emphasizes how critical
it is to take into account students' views and levels of satisfaction with transformational

learning. Particularly when it comes to emergency remote learning during the COVID-19

epidemic.

The study of Ambika Selvaraj, Radhin Vishnu, Nithin KA, Noel Benson, and

Arun Jo Mathew (2021) Although the COVID-19 pandemic struck hard in every walk of

life, teachers and students continued their journey soon by setting up emergency remote

learning platforms using many online collaborative tools in hand, even without a pre-

planned course structure or proper training to teachers or students for adapting to the

change. Both the learners and teachers were predominantly in favor of regular classes.

Most felt regular classes were better in terms of efficiency, interaction, and overall

understanding. Although there is some level of comfort in learning/teaching from home,

various technical issues and the extra effort one has to put in make the process taxing on

students and teachers. Although most of the responses tilted in favor of traditional

learning, we can presume that this was because of the unprecedented circumstances and

the lack of preparation of teachers and students toward shifting to this type of learning.

Online education has the potential to dominate the educational field if a proper plan is

taken from the government and authorities of educational institutions. The evolution of

online learning and its widespread use has always been envisioned in previous studies,

and these days, a vast number of choices are available to us regarding online courses in

every subject and field. Changing to online classes has numerous advantages including

reduced travel costs, saving time, and access to education for those in remote places.

Hence, one can hope that online learning gets the attention and the resources it needs to

thrive and will be of much importance in the future of education. The significance of this
study lies in its in-depth understanding of teachers’ and learners’ perceptions of online

classes, which immediately gives government attention to mitigate the deficits and to

ensure an effective online learning platform in the future, temporarily or permanently.

Learners and educators both were in favor of traditional learning, as both felt that

traditional learning was more efficient. Even as digital learning provided comfort to

learners and educators, the technical difficulties far outweighed the advantages of digital

learning. Though these challenges were probably due to the unpredicted appearance of

the pandemic, as digital classes resume, most can hope for the improvement of online

learning. Educators and learners can only hope for the improvement of the online

learning experience before the learning institutions go back to traditional learning.

The study by Ratheeswari (2018) states that the effectiveness of teaching will

improve with the inclusion of such technologies in training programs for teachers. To

address the need of today's instructors who wish to learn how to use ICT skillfully for

their teaching, a well-designed teacher training program is essential. The efficiency and

cost-effectiveness of various techniques for using ICT in teacher training are therefore

crucial considerations for teacher trainers and policymakers to understand so that training

methodologies can be suitably explored to make such changes feasible for everyone.

Therefore, our teaching-learning process will be too smooth and intelligible for every sort

of student in our nation if they employ ICT in teaching training programs at the institute

of conducting teaching training programs. Last but not least, more focus should be placed

on the specific roles played by IC in demonstrating multimedia simulations of effective

teaching methods, providing customized training programs, assisting in overcoming

teachers' isolation, continuously connecting individual teachers to a larger teaching

community, and encouraging teacher-to-teacher collaboration. Thus, it is necessary to

investigate both the planned and unintentional effects of adopting ICT for teacher

professional development.

As scrutiny of this study, the study proposed that technology will significantly

increase the performance of educators and learners. As well-designed teaching methods

are a must, this makes it difficult, as such well-designed methods are hard to produce.

The limitations of this are the challenge that sets back the educators and learners from

their desired performance. But proper execution will significantly increase the academic

performance of learners. Furthermore, it is important to look at the significance of

technology in academics. It is also important to look at the mixed media situations of

technology through teaching. Technology was one of the ways educators could connect

with learners. Unexpected results in the research suggest more studies be done in this

field.

According to JMIR Publications (2020), In light of a global pandemic, this point

of view explores the various current and potential technological uses that could alter

medical education. Numerous industries and sectors, including medical education, have

been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 emergency. To contribute to the nation's

workforce, a variety of universities graduated their final year medical students promptly,

while less senior medical students had their academic years cut short. These unexpected

university closures have presented vital obstacles for medical schools globally. Despite

the unforeseen implementation of lockdowns, universities were able to preserve course

continuity through technical means. However, medical schools will have to make more

difficult decisions. When nations began lockdown phases, the academic year was almost
done for educational institutions. As a result, schools must consider how preclinical and

clinical medical education will be delivered when the new academic year occurs. This

study examines the numerous technical solutions that are helping medical education to

adapt in these rapidly changing times, as well as how more advanced digital solutions

may be applied in the future, to assist students in completing medical school in the

COVID-19 pandemic age. Following statewide lockdowns, many institutions swiftly

turned to offer live or recorded online lectures. Third parties have also begun providing

online lectures and audio series to guarantee that medical students continue to receive an

education. It is not a new application of technology, since lectures at medical schools

often record so that students can recover the knowledge at a later time. Medical students

routinely use multimedia resources to supplement their studies, and online lectures are a

popular teaching method. Online lectures have been found in studies to be superior to in-

person lectures in terms of course learning outcomes, information acquisition speed, and

stress management for students. It should consider that this research suggests that

students would prefer the routine practice of online lectures over conventional lectures.

Online lectures can be customized to meet each student's specific learning needs, for

example by allowing users to change the lecture's tempo to match their desired pace. If

this is considered, in addition to the fact that online lectures have been shown to enhance

student outcomes, perhaps online lectures will become a permanent change in many

medical courses. There is little doubt that the upcoming academic year will present

problems for medical students and medical institutions. However, medical practitioners

have long been recognized and regarded for their endurance, and institutions are already

leveraging technology to make sure that their students complete medical school without
any disruptions. At the very least, the COVID-19 era's trend toward remote education

alternatives may inspire greater research and development in the business as well as a

potential revolution in the way new technologies are employed to deliver medical

education.

Based on the research findings by Nafisatul Mu'awanah, Sumardi Sumardi, and

Suparno Suparno (2021). the researcher can conclude that Zoom offers strengths and

challenges in online English learning, depending on participant motivation, educator

creativity and preparation, educator environment, costs, and available resources. The

findings show that governments need to take steps to support the new educational

lifestyle, including improving facilities for their citizens. Especially in small towns and

rural towns, for example, working with ISPs to set up signal towers, or providing students

with free girlfriend WiFi access, so that digital learning can be carried out efficiently and

properly on various platforms. make it possible. We hope that this research will inspire

other researchers to explore the same topic with participants of different educational

levels or to research the same topic at the junior level. 

As scrutiny of this research, Zoom classes provide advantages and challenges for

digital English learning. These are influenced by the resources available for learners and

educators. The finances also affect educators especially those in rural areas. The

creativity and resourcefulness of students may critically affect the digital learning

experience of the learners. The study points out that the government must take action to

support learners and educators alike. It is especially crucial for those in rural areas.

Government facilities can help those in need by providing more signal towers or giving

the learners free internet connection to use the various apps needed for digital learning.
The researchers hope for further study in this particular area. With the limitations set by

the participants, this area of research is greatly lacking.

According to the study findings of Kusumantoro, Ahmad Jaenudin, and Inaya Sari

Melati (2022). It's critical to develop e-learning to increase students' comprehension of

the learning process. The development of skills for students to understand lecture

material can not only be done through face-to-face activities in class but can also be done

using other supporting activities. Limitations in the face-to-face teaching and learning

process can be improved. By using the learning media developed in this study, namely

the case-based interactive e-module. The main results of this study are the developed

innovative product has been tested and validated by experts as an effective supplementary

material in improving students' ability to understand Microeconomics courses and

students’ learning motivation.

As an analysis of this study, it is said that it’s crucial for students that digital

learning is developed. It is crucial to develop digital learning courses so that the learners

increase their understanding of the learning procedures. The improvement of the skills of

learners is also necessary for developing education as a whole. The improvement of these

capabilities can be done with face-to-face activities. Though, it can also be done with

supporting activities. The limitations of face-to-face education may be improved with the

use of interactive digital learning. This particular study has been approved by experts.

The study was accepted as a productive additional resource in the improvement of

learners' ability to understand courses and learning motivation.

According to Nur Mega Aris Saputra (2022) The COVID-19 Pandemic

Evaluation of Counseling Programs at Junior High Schools in Malang Regency. The

discrepancy model exists, despite how swiftly things happen. One of them is that the

COVID-19 pandemic has affected how the school counseling program is being

implemented. It is anticipated that the adoption of the counseling program in schools will

be able to meet the demands of pupils who need to be able to handle complicated

difficulties as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic. This study employs a discrepancy

evaluation paradigm in its evaluation investigation. This study's goal was to evaluate the

counseling program's implementation in schools in light of established standards. With an

emphasis on introducing counseling programs at the junior high school level in Malang

Regency, the research population for this evaluation is teachers who provide guidance

and counseling. In terms of administering education, the COVID-19 epidemic has

significantly altered the situation. The deployment of guidance and counseling services in

schools is one of the educational contexts that is impacted. The deployment of guidance

and counseling services is the outcome of these considerable and speedy changes.

Students currently require guidance and counseling services in the areas of problem-

solving and self-development. Although, they are still in the process of forming new

habits as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Changes that take place don't prevent

school counselors from providing guidance and counseling services, but they do make it

harder for them to be adaptable to current changes. The data for this article came from a

poll that was performed.

According to the study findings of Ijaz Hussain, Rana Muhammad Basharat

Saeed, Etc. (2020) the most severe pandemic ever recorded, the new coronavirus

(COVID-19) has not only had a devastating impact on humanity but has also caused a

global freeze throughout all spheres of existence. Globally speaking, the epidemic
wreaked the most havoc in the sector of education. All educational institutions

throughout the world have been forced to close due to the disruption of the traditional

educational system. The pupils became increasingly worried about their academic

performance as a result of the postponed tests. Online learning was thereafter thought to

be the finest replacement for the traditional classroom. Instruction by education

professionals all around the world who had begun to contemplate some viable solutions

to this issue. The goal of the current study was to demonstrate the value of an online

learning system amid the current wave of technological advancement using COVID-19.

To accomplish the study's goal, two educational institutions—one government and one

private—in Sargodha were chosen. By practical sampling, the individual impression of

the participating instructors was recorded using a questionnaire as the data collecting

method. The data were analyzed using a descriptive and inferential statistical approach.

Overall, the research showed that online education was useful for meeting learning

requirements for students located far away. Furthermore, being an effective method for

meeting the learning requirements of students who were located far away. The

conclusions generally backed up the efficiency of the online learning technology used for

COVID-19.

According to the study findings of Darnah, Rahmawati, Memi Nor Hayati, etc.

(2022), The purpose of this investigation is to identify the elements that influenced junior

high school students' math exam outcomes in Samarinda, Indonesia, during the COVID-

19 pandemic. The researcher evaluates elements across five distinct mathematics score

areas in junior high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The factors include

sociodemographics, students' Internet usage habits outside of class, tutoring programs,

learning platforms, and digital literacy abilities. Samarinda junior high school students

totaling 160 were picked accidentally. An online survey was carried out with the use of a

standard questionnaire. This study employed a multivariate linear regression model with

dummy variables to investigate the factors influencing math test performance during the

COVID-19 outbreak in Samarinda. Junior high school kids, in particular. The

identification of the variables is what makes this study unique. Gender, tutoring services,

video conferencing technologies, online searches, and content reviews are among the

examples. All of this improves arithmetic exam performance significantly. One of the

factors greatly reducing the value of mathematics is the habit of using the Internet for

purposes other than online education and knowledge construction. As these actions

prevent the proper learning of the learners. As a consequence of these findings, the

researchers have concluded that video conferencing is the best technique for instructing

math instructors. Students and teachers can discuss the implications of studies on how to

raise students' levels of digital literacy.

According to Nishita Gadi (2022), the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the

lifestyle and behaviors, mental health, and academic outcomes of students taking

healthcare-related courses at a British institution. To tackle the COVID-19 pandemic, the

government chose to introduce online education. Teachers must therefore use pertinent,

effective, and efficient educational resources. One of them is to create an electronic

version of the learner's worksheet. This research aims to assess the value of electronic

learners' workbooks based on contextual teaching and learning methodologies through

the analysis of text descriptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study collected its

data using a survey or poll and the survey methodology. The survey was created using a
Google Form. Most industries have been impacted by the COVID-19 epidemic, including

health education. In this study, the researchers polled students taking healthcare-related

courses at our university about how the pandemic has influenced their lifestyles and

behaviors, mental health, and educational pursuits.

As scrutiny of the study, with the COVID-19 epidemic affecting the learning

situation of students, their mental health was also greatly affected. To tackle the COVID-

19 situation, government bodies executed the mass application of digital learning to

educational systems. Educators then must play their part in this system. By using

effective and efficient teaching methods for student learning. An example of these

methods is using electronic learning sheets.

Based on the research finding by Ali Muhtadi, Dian Wahyuningsih, and Monika

Sidabutar (2021), To stop the spread of Covid-19, the study home policy was put into

place to thin out the population. All educational levels were requested to do homework

assignments at home. With the assistance of teachers and educational institutions. Even

when learning activities are done online. The learning process should go smoothly in

theory. But the switch from in-person to online learning has led to several learning issues.

This study sought to evaluate the success of online learning methods being used in

Indonesia. A quantitative method was applied in this descriptive investigation. Data was

collected online using a questionnaire. To interactively evaluate the data, three analytical

procedures were used: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion- or verification-

drawing. The data revealed that online learning had been successfully adopted. 100% of

the instructors utilized an LMS to provide online courses, and 86.67% were skilled at it.

The lecturers used several organizational methods, including embedding cognitive

resources in core tasks, to promote student preparation, involvement, and independence

in online learning activities. Furthermore, half of the professors asked students about their

satisfaction with online learning.

According to Pipit Firmanti, and Fauzi Yuberta (2021), the spread of COVID-19

affects every sector, including education. Instead of taking place in traditional classroom

settings, learning now takes place electronically. But this makes it more difficult for

children to learn math, which they had previously found challenging even in offline

learning activities. To solve this problem, it is critical to draw attention to the

modifications in the learning process that occur in these pandemic conditions. This

qualitative study was carried out using interviews and questionnaires. The study involved

seven educators and seven students from several junior high schools in Bukittinggi, each

with a different level of accreditation. Structured online and in-person interviews were

used to collect the data. The result shows that before the outbreak, students were better

able to understand the subject. The percentage of students who understood. Lack of

equipment, medical supplies, and health-related personal protective equipment workers in

hospitals and primary care units. Finally, there are disease surveillance capabilities,

although there are disparities in this throughout the nation's provinces and regions.

Lastly, the researchers have readily deployable local government-level catastrophe

preparedness programs. However, typhoons and floods are better suited for disaster

response than fighting epidemics. In light of this, it is challenging for us to sufficiently

react to public health crises like COVID-19. Consequently, triage systems and hospitals

are using algorithms to prioritize patients who require testing. The most, and treatment.
Health disparities are furthered by this system, which has a higher likelihood of treatment

and survival for patients in cities.

According to Ayebi-Arthur (2018) in a case study of a college in New Zealand

that was badly affected by seismic activities. In her study, she found that the college

became more resilient to online learning after that disastrous event. Technology helped

them overcome the barriers in those difficult times. But they suggest that robust IT

Infrastructure is a prerequisite for online learning. Infrastructure needs to be so strong

that it can provide unhindered services during and after the crisis. As per the World

Economic Forum. The Covid-19 pandemic also has changed the way how several people

receive and impart education. To find new solutions for our problems. The people might

bring in some much-needed innovations and change. Teachers have become habitual to

traditional methods of teaching in the form of face-to-face lectures. Therefore, they

hesitate in accepting any change. But amidst this crisis, we have no other alternative left

other than adapting to the dynamic situation and accepting the change. It will be

beneficial for the education sector and could bring a lot of surprising innovations. We

cannot ignore and forget the students who do not have access to all.

According to Kamlesh Kumar Yadav, and L. Jyoti Reddy (2023), technology has

undeniably transformed many facets of our life, particularly in the digital era. While it

provides several benefits like increased access to educational materials, enhanced

communication, and cooperation. It has also brought several obstacles, particularly for

young people. Addiction, social isolation, and diversions have grown increasingly

common. As technology advances, it is critical to acknowledge the potential benefits and

difficulties it brings. Particularly among college students throughout the world.

Developing healthy habits, self-awareness, and digital literacy can help offset some of the

negative effects. It can also allow us to maximize the benefits that technology provides.

As scrutiny of this paper, though technology may help learners in accessing

proper education while not physically being in school. It will also bring negative effects.

These problems show clearly for the youth. Mental disorders and diversions due to

technology would have increased. As more and more of the population grows

increasingly better in digital literacy, it brings in the positives and difficulties along.

Creating methods to better oneself is essential to achieve equity with the negative effects

brought by the digitalization of the educational system.

In the study of Yen-Ting Lin, and Ching-Te Cheng (2022). The study's major

contribution is to present an appealing review and application strategy to support prime

factorization instructions in traditional mathematics lectures. Furthermore, several

limitations must be mentioned in this investigation. First, due to primary school semester

concerns in Taiwan. This study did not use a random selection method to pick pupils to

participate in the experiment. Second, because the sample size was small. The results

could not be extrapolated to probable learning performances in various situations and

applications. Furthermore, because the number of samples in this study is limited, the

statistical power may be low. Nonetheless, an independent t-test and ANCOVA are still

reliable methods for supporting the results of this study. Future research should use high

random sample sizes and perform numerous analyses as needed. Furthermore, this

research was carried out in an Asian country. The study's settings and findings may not

be immediately transferable to mathematics classrooms in other countries with different

cultures, educational regulations, or learning environments. In addition, future research

might use a three-group experimental design to demonstrate the efficacy of the suggested

strategy. Finally, longitudinal data should be obtained to examine the retention capacity

of the three therapies mentioned above and learning outcomes.

According to Sereyrath Em (2022), the major challenges encountered by high

school students in online learning are related to technical issues. Particularly the lack of

access to the internet. This problem was raised by half of the respondents. Concerning

online communication issues, some students could not effectively interact with their

teachers and peers during virtual classes. As the results show, some students found it hard

to participate in online classes. They could not listen to lectures and discussions well.

Some even did not have a suitable digital device such as a smartphone to participate in

online learning effectively. There were other challenges as seen in Table 2. The results

reported in this study can be used as empirical evidence to inform policymakers, the

Education Ministry and other concerned stakeholders to consider appropriate measures to

solve these problems. The issue of limited internet connection must receive full attention

from the Education Ministry and concerned stakeholders. They need to address it quickly

and effectively. Moreover, as Heng and Sol (2020) argued, educational institutions

should establish and improve online learning platforms, as well as enhance internet

access and online library resources to support students' online learning. Training and

orientation programs on online teaching and learning tools and tactics should also be

delivered regularly so that students, teachers, and staff can have a better understanding of

the various components and intricacies of online education (Heng and Sol, 2020). Heng's

(2021) recommendations regarding the digital transformation of Cambodian education

should also be considered.

 According to Lorico DS Lapitan Jr, Cristina E. Tiangco, Divine Angela G. Etc.

(2021), the COVID-19 pandemic presented both instructors and students with a

significant challenge as it led to a change to distance learning and instruction. The

University of Santo Tomas used a blended learning technique to teach and learn Physical

Chemistry I and Analytical Chemistry to students studying chemical engineering to

overcome these challenges in teaching undergraduate chemistry courses. Here, we

propose an online technique that made it easier to move from conventional face-to-face

training to entirely online instruction. The five components of the Discover, Learn,

Practice, Collaborate, and Assess (DLPCA) blended learning strategy. The asynchronous

component of the DLPCA's teaching was carried out through the YouTube distribution of

pre-recorded lecture films speed, allowing students to learn and grow at their own pace.

using software for video conferencing, such as Zoom or Google Meet. The training's

synchronous component was completed. Before being used, the DLPCA approach was

introduced to the students and the topic of debate. Both students and instructors benefited

from DLPCA, according to a review of the teaching and learning process based on three

indicators—student learning experience, academic performance, and instructor

observations. The instructor's familiarity with the frequently used internet-based teaching

tools, including video conferencing software, and the constancy of the internet

connection were both mentioned as being challenges. In addition, teachers must find

ways to improve their connections with students to keep them motivated and involved in

their education while attending online classes. The majority of pupils are pleased with the

DLCPA strategy, the research also states. Therefore, it is believed that this approach is a

viable and effective choice that may be used for totally online instruction in additional
undergraduate Chemistry lecture courses. The major conclusions and findings of the

study will offer crucial new information for creating hybrid instruction in higher

education following COVID-19.

Synthesis

The review of literature and studies implies the present study. all reviews were

focused on online learning and how affected the learners. The researchers and works of

different writers and authors like Helen Crompton (2022), Leo S del Rosario (2021),

Bernardo Lunar (2021)Deepak (2020) Mncube (2021) Bataineh (2021) Alison (2021)

Suparno Suparno (2021). Sari MelaInati (2022). Nur Mega Aris Saputra (2022) Nishita

Gadi (2022) Monika Sidabutar (2021), Ayebi-Arthur (2018) L. Jyoti Reddy (2023), gave

substantial and closely related information needed to his study.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study might provide necessary information and insights

beneficial to the following:

Learners. This study will show how they will respond to the new learning

technique. The way they handle the situation will have an impact on how well they

achieve academically.

Teachers. This study will help them understand how their new teaching strategy

affects their students. Additionally, it will provide them with new suggestions for ways

they may support learners.

 Schools. This study will be significantly beneficial to the schools as it will show

where they should concentrate their efforts to enhance student learning or facilitate

learning.

Parents. The benefits for the parents are the data of the research are techniques

and strategies used by the high school students that will lessen the work for their children

with the use of the study.

Theoretical Framework

The integration of technology and online learning has gained popularity in the

field of medical education. In this regard, Osama Al-Wutayd proposes an online learning

model to advance medical education. The use of online learning and its effectiveness

should be regularly evaluated for a rigorous learning outcome. On the other hand,

Rasheed Abubakar Rasheed's study focuses on the current challenges of blended learning

in the online component. The proposed framework explains the potential of the online

learning model in medical education. The effectiveness and challenges of this model will

be evaluated by comparing the learning outcomes of the students, the teaching

approaches of the institution, and the perspective of the teachers. The effectiveness of this

model will depend on the implementation of collaborative learning techniques that will

integrate traditional classroom learning and online learning. By doing so, a pedagogical

shift from lecture-based teaching to inquiry-based learning will occur. The study will

evaluate if the blended learning model achieves the desired level of effectiveness, learner

satisfaction, and institutional support.

Conceptual Framework
The conceptual model of the study can be seen on Figure 1. The independent

variable is the digital learning with indicators such as class size, use of technology, and

period duration. The dependent variable is the learners’ academic success which are

affected amount of learning, access to technology, and internet connection.

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE

Online Learning Learners’ Academic

Success
- Class Size
- Amount of Learning
-Use of Technology
- Access to Technology
-Period Duration
- Internet Connection

Statement of the Problem

The goal of this study is to determine the elements affecting the failure and

success rate of andrewnians during digital learning.

Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:

1. Are the respondents digitally literate?

2. What is the respondent's perspective on technology?

3. Does technology help the respondents?

4. What are the factors contributing to the respondent's success?

5. How does technology affect the respondent's academics?

Hypothesis of the Study

Learners’ perspective on digital learning significantly affects their academic

performance.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are used in the study:

Online learning is done through the web, it can add a variety of elements like

graphics, text, animations, sound, video, email, discussion boards, and testing.

Furthermore, it is independent and "on demand" (Sujit Kumar Basak, et al. 2018)

Blended learning is the mixture of two studying steps those being traditional

face-to-face learning and digital learning. (Sujit Kumar Basak, et al. 2018)

Collaborative learning is defined as the learning method where students learn as

a group and help each other to achieve a certain learning target (Qing-Ke Fu, et al. 2018)

Scope and Delimitation

Navigating Online Learning: Techniques and Difficulties in Technology Faced by

Junior High School Students How significant is technology in the classroom? The

COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly illuminating the importance of online education as a

component of teaching and learning. Virtual classrooms, films, augmented reality (AR),

robotics, and other technological tools can not only make learning settings more inclusive

that promote cooperation and inquisitiveness but also make classes more enjoyable.

Technology can assist teachers in enhancing student performance, a goal that they have.

To decrease the challenges, administrators should help teachers develop the abilities
needed to enhance student learning using technology. To prepare teachers for leadership

roles in the area of education, American University's School of Education Online offers

the Master of Arts in Teaching and the Master of Arts in Education Policy and

Leadership degrees.
 CHAPTER II

Methodology of the Study

Quantitative approach

The researchers will use the quantitative research approach. It will deal with the

learners and their evaluation of digital learning techniques and difficulties. "Quantitative

research" is defined as the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. With this

approach, the profile and answers of the respondents will be treated as numerical data.

Instrument of the Study

The study will adopt the instrument used by Ford, Kotasjeh & Urick (2020) in

their study on the effects of leader support for teacher psychological needs on teacher

burnout, commitment and intent to leave.

The questionnaire has two main parts. The first part asks the respondent’s name,

age, gender, education, school, years of teaching and number of dependents. These will

be used in the general description of the respondents. The second part is the assessment

on the school leadership support and teacher’s mental health. The indicators for all the

variables are based on Ford, Kotasjeh & Urick (2020). The independent variables for

school leadership support include support to professional development, enabling school

structures, faculty trust in the principal, organizational trust, and interpersonal trust. The

variables for teachers’ mental health include personal issues, teaching issues and

professional issues.
Respondents of the Study

The respondents will be the students of the Bro. Andrew Gonzales Technical

High School of the District of Apalit, Division of Pampanga in Region 3.

Table 1. Respondents at Bro. Andrew Gonzalez Technical High School

Data Girls Boys Total

Grade 7 0 0 0
Grade 8 0 0 0
Grade 9 21 12 33
Grade 10 37 30 67
TOTAL 58 42 100

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers surveyed with 10 questions on the techniques and difficulties in

technology faced by students, the survey has been sent in via messenger through

connections of the researchers in BAGTECH if face-to-face data gathering is allowed the

researcher will personally do a survey questionnaire for each section to the respondent.

Data Analysis and Statistical Treatment

In an Excel file, the data will be encoded. The data will be analyzed and

understood using statistical methods such as percentage, weighted mean, and person

correlation coefficient after encoding.

 Based on the following scale ratings, descriptive ratings will be used to examine

the respondents' online learning and learners’ academic success:

Scale Verbal Interpretation Scale Limits

5 Strongly Agree 4.50 – 5.00

4 Agree 3.50 – 4.49

3 Either Agree or disagree 2.50 – 3.49

2 Disagree 1.50 – 2.49

1 Strongly Disagree 1.00 – 1.49

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Appendix A. Research Instrument

Part I. Profile of the Respondents

Name: __________________ (optional)

Age: ____________

Gender: ________

Highest Educational Level: ______________

Name of School: _______________________

Number of Years in Teaching: __________

Number of family members, including dependents: ______

II. Assessment on ONLINE LEARNING

Please evaluate the following statements on online learning by checking the

corresponding boxes by using the following scales:

5- Strongly agree (SA)

4- Agree (A)
3- Either agree or disagree (EAD)
2- Disagree (D)
1- Strongly disagree (SD)

A. Class Size
INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
(SA) (A) (EAD) (D) (SD)
1 Did the class size allow me to participate
more in my classes

2 Did the class size lead me to feel more

seen by the educator

3 Did the class size allow me to better

understand the lessons

4 Did the class size lead me to manage time

efficiently

5 Did the class size lead me into trying new

things as a learner
B. Use of Technology
INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
(SA) (A) (EAD) (D) (SD)
1 Did the use of technology allow me to be
more efficient in classes

2 Did the use of technology help me in my

studies

3 Did the use of technology distract me

from my studies

4 Did technology help me understand the

problem in our academic lessons

5 Did technology help me to answer

 schoolwork free of concern

C. Period Duration
INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
(SA) (A) (EAD) (D) (SD)
1 Does the subjects period time feel
adequate

2 Does the subject period lead you to a

better comprehension of the lessons

3 Does class periods lead you to understand

the lessons taught

4 Do longer class periods affect your

academic scores

5 Do class periods give you adequate time

to do school activities
III. Assessment on the LEARNERS’ ACADEMIC SUCCESS

Please evaluate the following statements on learners’ academic success by

checking the corresponding boxes by using the following scales:

5- Strongly agree (SA)

4- Agree (A)
3- Either agree or disagree (EAD)
2- Disagree (D)
1- Strongly disagree (SD)

A. Amount of Learning
INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
(SA) (A) (EAD) (D) (SD)
1 Does the amount of learning help with
your academic scores

2 Does the amount of learning lead to

better retainment of the lessons learned

3 Does the amount of learning improve

their critical thinking skills

4 Does the amount of learning help them

understand the lessons better

5 Does the amount of learning improve the

outcome of their future
B. Access to Technology
INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
(SA) (A) (EAD) (D) (SD)
1 How do online engines help in the
learner's studies

2 Does access to technology affect how

much knowledge they gain from online
surfing

3 Can technology help students strive better

in understanding lessons

4 Do learners improve in studies after some

time of using technology
 5 Does technology affect the outcome of
learners score

C. Stable Internet Connection

INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
(SA) (A) (EAD) (D) (SD)
1 How can a stable internet connection
affect the learners experience in online
classes

2 How can a stable internet connection let

the student respond better in class

3 How can a stable internet connection help

the learner understand the lessons better

4 How can a stable internet connection get

better outcomes when it comes to
participating in class

5 How can a stable internet connection give

the learner more access to reliable
sources of information