33هاينزr

Libyan Journal of Basic Sciences (LJBS)
Special Issue for 5th International Conference for Basic Sciences and Their Applications (5th ICBSTA, 2022),
P:------ , 22-24/10/2022 https://ljbs.omu.edu.ly eISSN 2707-6261
Analysis of some Heavy metals in baby food of pureed

fruits available in the Libyan markets
Maisson M. Yaghi1 and Saleh, M, Bufarwa2
Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Benghazi University, Al-Abyar, 1

,Libya
Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Omar Al-Mukhtar University 2
EL-Beida, Libya
E-mail: maysoon.yaghi@uob.edu.ly and saleh.bufarwa@omu.edu.ly
Phone No 0925119712
Abstract
The current study was conducted to assess several heavy metal levels in baby
food obtained from Benghazi markets in Libya. The purpose for this study is
because the high intake of these foods by infants and children globally in
relation to their body weight puts them at danger of being hurt by various
dietary toxins, and their diets tend to be less diversified. After wet digestion,
the obtained samples were examined using an Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer (AAS). Ten samples were analyzed for four metals:
cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). The heavy metal
contents were compared to the published WHO standards. The following
heavy metal content ranges were found in pureed fruits: (NE-0.6825 mg/kg),
(0.0514-1.9258 mg/kg), (0.7006-1.9495 mg/kg), and (2.8625- 10.3075 mg/kg)
for Cd, Pb, Mn, and Zn, respectively. The pureed fruits metal levels trend was
Analysis of some Heavy metals in baby food of pureed fruits Maisson Yaghi1, and
available in the Libyan markets Saleh, M, Bufarwa2
as follows: Zn>Mn>Pb>Cd. Consuming pureed fruits with such metal content

that exceeds the permissible limit over an extended length of time may result
in metal build-up in the body.
.Keywords: Pureed fruits; Baby foods; Heavy metals; AAS
1. Introduction
Whenever parents go shopping for baby food, they expect store-bought brands
to provide nutrition, convenience, and baby-tested flavors. But nearly every
jar, pouch, and canister also contain something unexpected for a baby's
mealtime: heavy metal traces (Cubadda et al., 2017). Because babies are
highly susceptible to metals, infant meals should be examined on a regular
basis for contamination by toxic metals as well as levels of essential trace
elements (Bair, 2022).
Babies and young infants require safe and nutritious meals throughout the
vital early stages of physical and neurological development. However, in
February 2021, an investigating committee in the United States House of
Representatives presented a study revealing that many infant meals purchased
in US supermarkets have unacceptable levels of Cd, As, Pb, and Hg ((Bair,
2022).
Breast-feeding is the best way to feed a new-born. Commercially available
baby formulae, on the other hand, provide a reasonable option, particularly
when breast-feeding is neither possible nor adequate (Motil, 2000). The
occurrence of pollutants such as metals in new-born formulae may affect
children's health (Ikem et al., 2000). These pollutants, even in small levels
present in food, can change the growing brain and lower a child's IQ
(Intelligence Quotient). Each meal or snack a baby consumes has an
influence. As a result, cumulative exposure from such formulae should not
exceed the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA)
provisional tolerated weekly intake (PTWI) for hazardous metals and the
recommended daily allowance (RDA) for critical trace elements (Liu et al.,
2008). When determining the RDA is impossible, appropriate consumption
might be utilized as a suggested intake value (Herrman, Younes, 1999;
Trumbo et al. 2001). Because plants are known to absorb heavy metals if
cultivated in polluted agricultural environments (Rai et al. 2019).
Rice plants, for example, are particularly effective at collecting heavy metals
because the flooded fields in which they grow facilitate metal compound
uptake (FDA U.S., 2016).
Heavy metals including Zn, Pb, Fe, and Cu are prevalent in the environment
and play an important role in the sustainability and balance of ecosystem
processes. However, due of their bioaccumulation, non-degradability, and
Libyan Journal of Basic Sciences, Special Issue for 5th International Conference for Basic Sciences
and Their Applications (5th ICBSTA, 2022), P:------ , 22-24/10/2022
abundance, these metals pollute the food chain and so constitute a source of
toxicity to humans and the overall ecological function (Elsherif, Kuss, 2012;
Brenna, Middleton, 2022). Heavy metals in the surface environment
originate from both natural and industrial sources. Parent rocks and metallic
minerals are natural sources. Agriculture (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.),
metallurgy (mine, smelting, etc.), energy production (power plants, leaded
gasoline, etc.), and sewage disposal are all examples of anthropogenic causes
(Navratil, Minarik, 2005; Odika et al. 2020). Heavy metals exist naturally in
soil and water and are found in high concentrations in areas affected by
pesticides, contaminated fertilizer, airborne pollution, and industrial processes
(Wang et al. 2016). These metals are naturally absorbed by food crops. Leafy
greens and root crops such as carrots and sweet potatoes retain more nutrients
than most other fruits and vegetables. Levels may also be affected by how the
food is prepared (Edelstein; Ben-Hur 2018). Latest research confirms broad
exposures and significant hazards for newborns, including cancer and lasting
intellectual deficiencies from these common dietary pollutants. Despite the
concerns, there are no set limitations for hazardous heavy metals in infant
food, with a few exceptions (Ihedioha et al. 2017). Various brands of Baby
Cereals used for infant feeding in Libya were investigated for toxic metal (Cd
and Pb) contamination as well as trace element (Mn, and Zn) levels in this
study.
Materials and methods .2

2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
All of the reagents used were of analytical grade. Throughout the analysis,
deionized water was utilized. Prior to use, glassware and sampling bottles
were washed with 10% (v/v) nitric acid, rinsed with deionized water, and
dried. Riedel-De Han AG supplied the nitric acid (65%). Merck India Ltd
provided the hydrogen peroxide (30%).
2.2. Sample collection

Ten samples of pureed fruits, made by more than one country and available in
a range of tastes, were collected and are presented in the table (Table 1). They
are taken out of their bags, sorted and numbered, then dried, and each variety
is placed in plastic containers with symbols ranging from 1 to 10. At this
point, the samples were put in an oven for an hour at 60 oC until completely
dry. After drying, 2.5g of each sample were weighed using an analytical
balance.
2.3. Analysis
The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, and Zn) were analyzed using
an Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (Analytic Jena AA 300) (Elsherif,
Kuss, 2012). Merck (Germany) provided 1000 ppm concentration stock
solutions for Cd, Pb, Mn, and Zn, which were used to make the working
standard solutions (1.0-5.00 ppm Cd,5.0-20.0 ppm Pb, 1.0-20.00 ppm Mn,
and 1.0-20.00 ppm Zn) in 1% HNO 3. The stock solutions were labeled and
stored in plastic bottles. Working standards were produced fresh from stock
solutions via serial dilution. The absorbance of various concentrations was
used to produce calibration curves for each metal.
2.4. Sample Digestion

The pureed fruits samples were first chemically digested, destroying the
organic matrix and releasing the element in a transparent solution. The Wet
Digestion technique was applied in this investigation. On an electric hot plate,
2.50 g of dried sample was treated with 15 mL of concentrated nitric acid and
5 mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide. The temperature of this mixture was then
steadily raised to 120o C until brown vapors formed, indicating that organic
matter oxidation was complete. A blank digestion solution was created for
comparison after the sample's organic matrix was destroyed and the metals
were left in a clear solution. The digested solution was filtered into a 50 mL
volumetric flask and filled to the appropriate level with double-distilled water.
Finally, a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer is used to do direct
analysis on the produced samples and reference solutions (Ihedioha et al.
2017; Elsherif et al. 2017).
.Table 1. Pureed fruits samples collected from Benghazi markets

code Country Brand Flavor Expire date
1 Pear 31-10-2023
Italy Dieterba
2 Apple 30-11-2023
3 Mix Fruits 30-11-2023
4 Apple, Orange and 4-2023
Spain Tebramil Banana
5 Mix Fruits 5-2023
6 Banana 10-1-2023
Slovakia OVKO
7 Mix Fruits 10-1-2023
8 Apple and Peach 31-8-2022

Italy Plasmon
9 Mix Fruits 29-6-2023
10 Italy nipiol Banana 17-6-2023
2. Results and discussion

The early ages of a child's growth are regarded crucial in terms of physical
and neurological development, since newborn babies require more healthful,
nutritious, and safe diet than others. There are several foods for children, some
of which contain grains such as wheat, rice, and maize, and others which do
not, such as pureed fruits and vegetables. Some grain crops absorb more of
these chemicals than others. Heavy metals can build up in the body over time,
creating issues with learning, behavior, and attention in youngsters.
Companies add vitamins and minerals to infant food, as well as dietary
additives that may include heavy metals. Despite substantial advances in
providing nutritious meals globally in recent decades, the frequency of food
contamination remains a source of worry in terms of both health and
economic consequences (Nejad et al., 2018). As a result, the current study
tried to investigate the heavy metals in several kinds of Baby food purchased
from local marketplace in Benghazi, Libya, are shown in (Table 2).
Table 2. The heavy metals concentration in various Baby food samples (mg\
.kg)
Code Concentration in mg/kg
Cd Pb Mn Zn
Conc. SD Conc. SD Conc. SD Conc. SD
1 NE - 1.3136 0.012 1.9365 0.009 3.8575 0.006
2 NE - 1.2300 0.002 1.9495 0.005 2.8625 0.004
3 NE - 1.0776 0.007 1.8522 0.010 4.315 0.009
4 NE - 1.4752 0.006 1.7284 0.008 5.785 0.006
5 NE - 1.5858 0.010 1.4347 0.004 3.6475 0.009
6 0.4222 0.005 1.4928 0.005 1.7155 0.009 7.785 0.003
7 0.6852 0.007 1.9258 0.011 1.1225 0.008 2.875 0.005
8 NE - 1.3876 0.014 0.7006 0.006 3.1475 0.004
9 NE - 1.4536 0.005 0.9328 0.008 3.59 0.005
10 0.4854 0.006 0.0514 0.003 1.3102 0.008 10.3075 0.004
Min NE - 0.0514 0.002 0.7006 0.004 2.8625 0.003
Max 0.6825 - 1.9258 0.014 1.9495 0.010 10.3075 0.009

Avg. 0.1593 1.2993 0.0075 1.4684 0.0075 4.8173 0.0055
In general, the concentrations of Cd, Pb, Mn and Zn in mixed pureed fruits
samples were greater than those in that of those containing one type of fruit.
There is convergence in the concentrations of the studied heavy elements of
samples from the same plant. The mean metal concentrations in Baby food
were determined to be 0.1593, 1.2993, 1.4684, and 4.8173 mg/Kg for Cd, Pb,
Mn, and Zn, respectively (Table 2). Cadmium levels ranged from NE in most
samples (seven samples) to 0.6825 mg/kg in nipiol (banana), as shown in
Table 2. (Fig 1). Furthermore, the Cd content in Baby food (avg. 0.1593
mg/kg). The preliminary tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for cadmium was set
early 1989 by FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives
(JECFA) at 7 g/kg/week, equivalent to 1 g/kg/day (Gál et al., 2008). Although
there are no maximum cadmium levels, a 2019 FDA investigation found that
20 ppb in infant food was a generally acceptable level. Cadmium is another
naturally occurring metal in soil that plant roots can easily absorb, especially
if the pH and soil chemistry are favorable (Ullah, Haque, 2010). Cadmium
levels in food are limited to 0.05 mg/kg (Chukwujindu, Iwegbue, 2012). The
mean cadmium levels in all Baby food samples in this investigation were
higher than the allowable limits. Cadmium is not found in seven baby food
samples.
Fig 1. Cadmium concentration (mg\Kg) in Baby food samples.
Lead and inorganic lead compounds can be found in a variety of commercial

and industrial products, such as paints, plastics, storage batteries, bearing
alloys, insecticides, and ceramics (Yuan et al., 1999). Lead is one of the most
common and extensively distributed pollutants in the environment, generating
a wide range of health problems (Luconi et al., 2000).
Lead (Pb) was another metal found in very high concentrations in infant
meals. The FDA does not regulate lead in processed infant food, but it has
established limits of 100 parts per billion (ppb) for lead in sweets and 50 parts
per billion (ppb) for lead in fruit juices. Furthermore, the FDA has established
a limit of 5 ppb for lead in bottled drinking water (Barceloux,1999).
According to the findings of this investigation, the range of lead levels in
Baby food samples ranged 0.0514 mg/kg in nipiol (banana) made by Italy to
1.9258 mg/kg in OVKO (mix fruits) Slovakia. The average lead levels in
Baby food samples were (1.2993 mg/kg), as reported in Table 2. The Pb
levels in Baby food are seen in (Fig 2).
.Fig 2. Lead concentrations (mg\Kg) in Baby food samples
Manganese is an essential trace element that may be found in a variety of

foods and can also be purchased as a dietary supplement. Many enzymes,
including manganese superoxide dismutase, arginase, and pyruvate
carboxylase, require manganese as a cofactor (Catharine Ross et al., 2014;
Nielsen, 2012). Manganese concentrations varied from 0.7006 in Plasmon
Italy (apple & peach) from Italy to 1.9495 mg/kg in Dieterba (apple), from
Italy, according to the data reported in (Table 2). Manganese concentrations in
Baby food samples were found to be 1.4684 mg/kg on average. We see
convergence of manganese levels in certain samples. Manganese
concentrations in Baby food samples are shown in (Fig 3).
Fig 3. Manganese concentrations (mg\Kg) in baby food samples.
Zinc is an important nutrient that is vital to people, plants, and animals.

Superoxide dismutase deserves special note because it plays a critical role in
protecting the body against oxygen free radicals. Zinc can be found in the air,
soil, and water, as well as in all foods (C.D.Terres Martos et al., 2002).
Excessive ingestion of zinc salts, whether unintentionally or as a dietary
supplement, causes critical toxicity. Yomiting commonly occurs after
consuming more than 500 mg of zinc sulfate (C. G. Elinder et al., 1986).
Zinc concentrations in varieties of Baby food ranged from 2.8750 mg/kg
Dieterba (apple) to 10.3075 mg/kg in nipiol (banana), (Table 2). Baby food
samples had an average Zn level of 4.8173 mg/kg. Baby food samples Zinc
contents are shown in (Fig 4).
Fig 4. Zinc concentrations (mg\Kg) in Baby food samples.
Conclusion
The present investigation found that the baby food of pureed fruits samples
tested had rather significant levels of heavy metals. The heavy metal
concentrations in the examined samples were as follows: Cd - Pb - Mn - Zn.

When compared to previous research, the concentrations of some elements
were near to them, while they were substantially greater than those reported.
Our findings suggest that baby food makers should take more care to reduce
heavy metals in their products. According to a recent study of children's IQ
loss from lead in baby food, as described in this publication, this step is
especially important for meals that pose the most risk to newborn
development. The Libyan Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should
establish and finalize heavy metal health-protective standards, prioritizing
foods that offer the greatest opportunity to reduce exposure, taking into
account the additive effects of multiple metals detected in foods, and
explicitly protecting against neurodevelopmental effects.
Acknowledgement
All gratitude and admiration go to the Benghazi and Omar Al-Mukhtar
Universities for establishing the circumstances and opportunities for this study
to take place.
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‫‪Analysis of some Heavy metals in baby food of pureed fruits‬‬ ‫‪Maisson Yaghi1, and‬‬
‫‪available in the Libyan markets‬‬ ‫‪Saleh, M, Bufarwa2‬‬
‫تحليل بعض المعادن الثقيلة ألغذية األطفال من الفواكه المهروسة المتوفرة في‬
‫األسواق الليبية‬
‫ميسون محمد ياغي وصالح بوفروة‬
‫جامعة بنغازي‪ ،‬كلية العلوم األبيار‪ ،‬قسم الكيمياء‪ ،‬بنغازي‪ ،‬ليبيا‬

‫جامعة‪ m‬عمر المختار‪ ،‬كلية العلوم‪ ،‬قسم الكيمياء‪ ،‬البيضاء‪ ،‬ليبيا‬
‫البريد اإللكتروني‪ maysoon.yaghi@uob.edu.ly :‬و ‪saleh.bufarwa@omu.edu.ly‬‬
‫رقم الهاتف ‪0925119712‬‬
‫المستخلص باللغة العربية‬
‫أجريت الدراسة الحالية لتقييم العديد من مستويات المعادن الثقيل‪m‬ة في أغذي‪m‬ة األطف‪m‬ال ال‪m‬تي تم الحص‪m‬ول‬
‫عليه‪mm‬ا من أس‪mm‬واق بنغ‪mm‬ازي في ليبي‪mm‬ا‪ .‬الغ‪mm‬رض من ه‪mm‬ذه الدراس‪mm‬ة ه‪m‬و أن تن‪mm‬اول الرض‪mm‬ع واألطف‪mm‬ال له‪mm‬ذه‬
‫األطعمة على مستوى العالم فيما يتعل‪mm‬ق ب‪mm‬وزن أجس‪mm‬امهم‪ m‬يعرض‪mm‬هم لخط‪mm‬ر التع‪mm‬رض لألذى من الس‪mm‬موم‬
‫الغذائي‪mm‬ة المختلف‪mm‬ة‪ ،‬وتمي‪mm‬ل وجب‪mm‬اتهم الغذائي‪mm‬ة إلى أن تك‪mm‬ون أق‪mm‬ل تنوع‪mm‬ا‪ .‬بع‪mm‬د الهض‪mm‬م ال‪mm‬رطب‪ ،‬تم فحص‬
‫العينات ال‪mm‬تي تم الحص‪mm‬ول عليه‪mm‬ا باس‪mm‬تخدام مقي‪mm‬اس الطي‪mm‬ف الض‪mm‬وئي لالمتص‪mm‬اص ال‪mm‬ذري (‪ .)AAS‬تم‬
‫تحليل عشر عينات ألربعة معادن وهي‪ :‬الكادميوم ( ‪ )Cd‬والرصاص (‪ )Pb‬والمنغنيز (‪ )Mn‬والزنك (‬
‫‪ .)Zn‬في هذه الدراسة‪ ،‬تمت مقارنة محتويات المعادن الثقيلة بمعايير منظمة الصحة العالمية المنشورة‪.‬‬
‫مدى المحتوى للمعادن الثقيلة في الفواكه المهروسة لكل من ‪Cd‬و ‪ Pb‬و ‪ Mn‬و ‪ Zn‬؛ كالت‪mm‬الي‪NE-( :‬‬
‫‪ 0. 6825‬م‪mm‬غ‪/‬ك‪mm‬غ)‪ ،‬و(‪ 1.9258-0.0514‬م‪mm‬غ‪/‬كغ)‪ ،‬و(‪ 1.9495-0.7006‬م‪mm‬غ‪/‬ك‪mm‬غ)‪ ،‬و(‪-2.8625‬‬
‫‪ 10.3075‬مغ‪/‬كغ)‪ ،‬و(‪ NE-0.157‬مغ‪/‬كغ)‪ .‬كان اتجاه مستويات المعادن في الفواك‪mm‬ه المهروسة على‬
‫النحو التالي‪ .Zn>Mn>Pb>Cd :‬قد ي‪mm‬ؤدي اس‪mm‬تهالك الفواك‪mm‬ه المهروسة ال‪mm‬تي تحت‪mm‬وي على مث‪mm‬ل ه‪mm‬ذا‬
‫المحت‪mm‬وى المع‪mm‬دني على م‪mm‬دى ف‪mm‬ترة زمني‪mm‬ة طويل‪mm‬ة إلى ت‪mm‬راكم المع‪mm‬ادن في الجس‪mm‬م ال‪mm‬ذي يتج‪mm‬اوز الح‪mm‬د‬
‫المسموح به‪.‬‬
‫الكلمات المفتاحية‪ :‬الفواكه المهروسة‪ ،‬أغذية األطفال‪ ،‬المعادن الثقيلة‪ ،‬مقياس الطيف الضوئي‬
‫لالمتصاص الذري‪.‬‬
‫‪Libyan Journal of Basic Sciences, Special Issue for 5th International Conference for Basic Sciences‬‬
‫‪and Their Applications (5th ICBSTA, 2022), P:------ , 22-24/10/2022‬‬

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Libyan Journal of Basic Sciences (LJBS)

Analysis of some Heavy metals in baby food of pureed

Maisson M. Yaghi1 and Saleh, M, Bufarwa2

Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Benghazi University, Al-Abyar, 1

as follows: Zn>Mn>Pb>Cd. Consuming pureed fruits with such metal content

Materials and methods .2

2.2. Sample collection

2.4. Sample Digestion

.Table 1. Pureed fruits samples collected from Benghazi markets

8 Apple and Peach 31-8-2022

10 Italy nipiol Banana 17-6-2023

2. Results and discussion

Max 0.6825 - 1.9258 0.014 1.9495 0.010 10.3075 0.009

Fig 1. Cadmium concentration (mg\Kg) in Baby food samples.

Lead and inorganic lead compounds can be found in a variety of commercial

.Fig 2. Lead concentrations (mg\Kg) in Baby food samples

Manganese is an essential trace element that may be found in a variety of

Fig 3. Manganese concentrations (mg\Kg) in baby food samples.

Zinc is an important nutrient that is vital to people, plants, and animals.

Fig 4. Zinc concentrations (mg\Kg) in Baby food samples.

concentrations in the examined samples were as follows: Cd - Pb - Mn - Zn.

Luconi, M.O., M. F. Silva, R. A. Olsina and L. P. Fernandez, 2000. Cloud

Odika, P. O., O. L. Anike, A. G. Onwuemesi, N. F. Odika, and R. B. Ejeckam,

Rai, P. K. , S.S.Lee, M. Zhang, Y. F. Tasng, 2019. Heavy metals in food

Ullah, M. R., M. E. Haque, 2010. Spectrophotometric Determination Of

‫جامعة بنغازي‪ ،‬كلية العلوم األبيار‪ ،‬قسم الكيمياء‪ ،‬بنغازي‪ ،‬ليبيا‬

‫البريد اإللكتروني‪ maysoon.yaghi@uob.edu.ly :‬و ‪saleh.bufarwa@omu.edu.ly‬‬

‫رقم الهاتف ‪0925119712‬‬

‫المستخلص باللغة العربية‬

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