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Table of Contents
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... 3
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 4
1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Goal of the Project................................................................................................................. 5
1.3 Specific objectives of the assignment. .................................................................................. 5
2.0 DESIGN APPRAOCH AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 6
2.1 Appreciation of the assignment ............................................................................................. 6
2.2 Study Methodology, flow chart of design steps. ................................................................... 6
2.3 Data collection method for engineering design studies ........................................................ 6
2.4 Design criteria and design standards to be used .................................................................... 7
3.0 INITIAL ACTIVITIES AND BASELINE ASSESSMENT ............................................... 8
3.1 Desk Study and review of document..................................................................................... 8
3.2 Findings from site visit and initial consultation .................................................................... 8
3.3 Baseline Assessment ............................................................................................................. 9
4.0 ENGINEERING DESIGN STUDIES ............................................................................... 10
4.1 Distribution Scheme ............................................................................................................ 10
4.2 Network Configuration ....................................................................................................... 10
4.3 Population Projections......................................................................................................... 12
4.4 Water Demand................................................................................................................ 12
4.4.1Average water demand ................................................................................................. 12
4.4.2 Average Nodal Demands ............................................................................................. 13
4.4.3 Peak Design flows........................................................................................................ 13
4.5 Sizing of Pipes..................................................................................................................... 14
4.5 Height of Elevated Tank And Pump Head ..................................................................... 15
4.6 Water Resources and Storage ......................................................................................... 16
4.6.1 Boreholes Characteristics and Design ......................................................................... 16
Storage: Sizing of Tanks ..................................................................................................... 17
4.6.2 Elevated Tank and Ground Reservoir Specifications ...................................................... 18
4.7 Borehole Pumps ............................................................................................................. 19
 Final Report-Water Supply and Distribution (Grp. 9)

Power for pumps ................................................................................................................... 19

4.8 Fire Considerations ........................................................................................................ 20
5.0 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ............................................................................. 21
5.1 Piped System Management ................................................................................................. 21
5.2 Sustainability ....................................................................................................................... 21
5.3 Operation and Maintenance Tools ...................................................................................... 21
5.4 Water Quality Monitoring ................................................................................................... 21
5.5 Minimum Staff Requirement .............................................................................................. 22
5.6 Maintenance of Electro-Mechanical Equipment ................................................................. 22
6.0 .Bill OF QUANTITIES ...................................................................................................... 23
7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT ................................................................ 24
7.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 24
7.1.1 Project Background .......................................................................................................... 24
7.1.2 Brief of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study ................................................ 24
7.1.3Methodology Adopted....................................................................................................... 25
7.1.4 Nature and Magnitude of Environmental Issues .......................................................... 25
7.2 BASELINE STUDY ........................................................................................................... 25
7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ............................................................... 25
7.3.1 Environmental Impacts .................................................................................................... 26
7.3.2 Social Impacts .............................................................................................................. 26
7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN. .... 26
7.4.1 Environmental Management ........................................................................................ 26
7.4.2 Air Pollution Mitigation ............................................................................................... 27
7.4.3 Water contamination Mitigation Measure ................................................................... 27
7.4.4 Noise Mitigation Measure............................................................................................ 27
7.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................ 27
7.5.1 Requirements for Contractor Facilities, Plant and Operations .................................... 28
7.5.2 Health and Safety Management ................................................................................... 28
8.0 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 30
9.0 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 31
10.0 APPENDIX A .................................................................................................................... 33
DEMAND CALCULATIONS .................................................................................................. 33

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Nodal Demand Calculations...................................................................................................... 33

8.0 APPENDIX B ......................................................................................................................... 35
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................ 35
Sizing of pipes ........................................................................................................................... 35
Height of Elevated Tanks .......................................................................................................... 36

List of Tables
Table 1Peak Demands at Nodes ................................................................................................... 14
Table 2 Pipe Diameters and Velocities ......................................................................................... 15
Table 3 Summary of Velocities and Head Losses ........................................................................ 15
Table 4 Summary of water supply to sectors ................................................................................ 16
List of Figures
Figure 1 Flow chart of design steps ................................................................................................ 6
Figure 2Site for phase two covered with vegetation Figure 3Phase one under construction....... 8
Figure 4Sketch of the branch network configuration considered. ................................................ 11

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (KNUST) is undertaking
the construction of a new 800-bed teaching hospital in two phases. Phase one, which has
comprehensive structural and building services designs for a teaching hospital. Phase two
includes the additional ancillary support facilities, as well as drainage, water supply and waste
management for the entire Teaching Hospital.
To this end, the Client has commissioned M/s EDCIV 2015/16 Civil Groups to undertake the
design of the Civil Engineering Infrastructure Works for the said Phase Two of the new
Teaching Hospital project for the University in Kumasi.
This is a report of the engineering design studies carried out by the consultant. The designs
conform to existing standards for water supply as approved by the appropriate agency such as
CWSA, GWCL, EPA, etc. The report contains the following:
 Designs for the recommended distribution scheme, taking into account appropriate design
standards and criteria - supply area, population projections (if necessary), levels of
services and per capita consumption, demand estimation and variations in water demand.
The distribution scheme a gravity supply scheme with a branched pipe network serviced
by two boreholes. It has two elevated tank and a ground storage tank for water storage
and distribution.
 Water distribution drawings consisting of plans and profiles of pipelines detailing the
location of all fittings and appurtenances.
 Bill of quantities and cost estimates
 Environmental impact assessment.

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1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background
The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (KNUST), the
premier Institution in Ghana responsible for the training of engineers. Medical
personnel, scientists and technologists required to support the industrial and socio-
economic development of Ghana is undertaking the construction of a new 800-bed
teaching hospital.
The site for the new hospital is located near Boadi, opposite the Ghana Telecom
Exchange station, along the Boadi Junction-Emena Road. The new hospital is being
constructed in two phases. Phase one, which was comprehensive structural and
building services designs for a teaching hospital, has been awarded on contract and
construction is already in progress at the site. Phase two, which is at the design stage,
was originally planned to cater for staff accommodation. However, it was later
decided to incorporate additional ancillary support facilities, as well as drainage,
water supply and waste management for the entire Teaching Hospital.
The Management of KNUST, the Client, has commissioned the Development Office
of the University to undertake the general planning and the design of the architectural
aspects of the Teaching Hospital scheme. Similarly, the client has engaged the
services of Engineering Consultants for the design of the mechanical and the
electrical engineering aspects of the proposed Teaching Hospital Scheme. Preliminary
planning and designs of the various units for the Phase Two scheme have been
completed and approved by the Client. It is now required to undertake the design of
the Civil Engineering Infrastructure Works for this phase.

1.2 Goal of the Project

The goal of the project is to undertake the design of the Civil Engineering
Infrastructure works for the said Phase Two of the new Teaching Hospital project for
the University in Kumasi.

1.3 Specific objectives of the assignment.

The design outputs for the water supply and distribution component of infrastructural
works are summarized below:
 The design of the recommended water supply and distribution scheme that
conforms with existing standards for water supply as approved by the
appropriate agency such as CWSA, GWCL. EPA, etc.
 Water distribution drawings consisting of plans and profiles of pipelines
detailing the locations of all fittings and appurtenances including location of
the proposed water reservoir.
 Bill of quantities and cost estimates for the design.

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2.0 DESIGN APPRAOCH AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Appreciation of the assignment
Having studied the terms of reference, I understand that the following have to be
carried out:
 A detailed design of a water supply and distribution scheme for the project.
 The scheme is to be designed to supply both the first and second phase of the
project. That means that the entire water requirements of the project is to be
considered.
 The design should include both ground and elevated storage tanks (5 days
storage peak) to ensure 24-hour service for the hospital.
 I am to work with the other members of the team, especially the team member
in charge of water resources who will locate the source (and check the quality)
of water from which I will supply the project with.

2.2 Study Methodology, flow chart of design steps.

•Water requirements for thr entire project

(future projections)
Determination of •Determining nodal demands
water demand •Calculating Peak flow

Design of
transmission mains •Sizing of pipes

•Sizing of pipes
•location of pump
Design of
station and elevated
distribution
tank
network
•Design drawings

Figure 1 Flow chart of design steps

2.3 Data collection method for engineering design studies

The main form data to be collected is statistical data. Statistical for the surrounding
community and also statistical data from hospitals of a similar scale. The data will
help in estimating the water demand.

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The data will be collected primarily by interviews, questionnaires and by visits to

appropriate authorities such as KMA and the administration offices of other teaching
hospitals.

2.4 Design criteria and design standards to be used

The design criteria include the following:
 Design should ensure 24-hour service for the hospital, this will require that
provision be made for 5 days peak water consumption.
 Design should ensure minimum required residual pressures at all fittings for
their optimum function
Design Standards:
 Community water and Sanitation Agency, CWSA
 Ghana Water Company Limited, GWCL
 Environmental Protection Agency, EPA
 World Health Organization, WHO
 Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurements 3, CESMM 3

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3.0 INITIAL ACTIVITIES AND BASELINE ASSESSMENT

3.1 Desk Study and review of document
The desk study and review on available documents was done. The source of
information are:
 The terms of reference
 The drawings provided
 Google maps

3.2 Findings from site visit and initial consultation

 From the terms of reference it was made known that the closest GWCL
pipeline is along the Kumasi-Accra road. (Which is approximately 1.1km
away)
 During the site visit, consultation with the site engineer (at the first phase of
the project) confirmed that there was no other GWCL pipelines.
 It was confirmed that the site actually slopes from the east, (the road)
westwards.
 The construction of phase one of the project has already began, the rest of the
site where phase two of the project will be located is currently covered with
vegetation.

Figure 2Site for phase two covered with vegetation Figure 3Phase one under construction

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3.3 Baseline Assessment

 The topography of the site is such that the land slopes from the east (the gate
house) downwards to the west (doctors’ flats). And the slope allows for the
possibility of a gravity distribution system.
 The only confirmed source of water is the GWCL pipeline located along the
Kumasi-Accra road. The team member in charge of water resources has also
confirmed that the water from this source is not constant so other sources are
being considered.

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4.0 ENGINEERING DESIGN STUDIES

Design life the water supply and distribution system is 30 years.
4.1 Distribution Scheme
Two types of distribution schemes were considered. A gravity distribution scheme and a
direct pumping distribution scheme.
A combined scheme was chosen based on the following basis:
 The topography of the land supports the use of a gravity distribution scheme: The
source of water is located at a higher level than the area being supplied.
 The gravity distribution scheme also has the following advantages: No energy
costs, simple operation, low maintenance cost, slower pressure changes,
availability of a buffer capacity.
 The elevated tank alone would not be able to supply water at the minimum
residual pressure so a pump will be provide for the affected sectors.

4.2 Network Configuration

The major network configurations that were considered are branched network
configuration and loop network configuration. A branched network configuration was
selected as the water supply network configuration for the project.

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Figure 4Sketch of the branch network configuration considered.

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Figure 5 Sketch of the loop network configuration considered..

4.3 Population Projections

 No population projections will be made. This is because the hospital has a
fixed capacity, therefore the population of the hospital is not expected to
increase.

4.4 Water Demand

4.4.1Average water demand
Residential:
Assumption: There are 5 people per house.
Residential demand = 23000 l/d (100 l/c/d)

Hospital (Institutional)
Using CWSA guidelines, the Handbook for the Assessment of Catchment Water Demand
(HR Wallingford) and EPA research findings the following calculations were made:

 800 Beds:
Water consumption per bed (including laundry, cleaning, kitchen) = 350 l/bed/d
Water consumption for 800 beds = 280000 l/d

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 Staff:
Water demand = 14160 l/d (40 l/cld)

 Daily visits to the hospital (outpatient department and visitation)

Daily visits = 530 persons
Water demand for daily visits = 7950 l/d (15 l/c/d)

Administration block (Conference rooms and offices)

Total water demand for the Administration Block = 6900 l/d (20 l/c/d)
TOTAL DEMAND: 332010 l/d

4.4.2 Average Nodal Demands

 Node 10 (Mortuary, plant/Eng. Maintenance, kitchen, laundry

25% of (800 beds and staff demand) = 73540 l/d

 Node 9 (30 No. 2 bedroom flats)

150 people = 15000 l/d

 Node 7 (8 houses)
40 people = 4000 l/d

 Node 3 (8 houses)
40 people = 4000 l/d

 Node 5 (Administration block Annex)

6900 l/d

 Node 12 (800 bed hospital)

75% of (800 beds and staff demand) + daily visits = 228570 l/d
4.4.3 Peak Design flows
To account for the fluctuation in demand during a day, an hourly peak factor of 1.2 was used.
(The peak flow periods are in the morning and evenings)
Also to account for the higher demand that occur during weekends (when hospitals record higher
number of cases) a daily peak factor of 2.5 is applied
Actual Peak factor: 3
Peak Demands

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Table 1Peak Demands at Nodes

Node Average Peak Demand

Demand (m3/d) (m3/d)
3 4000 12000
5 6900 20700
7 4000 12000
9 15000 45000
10 73540 220620
12 228570 685710

4.5 Sizing of Pipes

DISTRIBUTION PIPES
The type of pipe to be used in the distribution system is HDPE pipes. The choice was based on
the following advantages.
 No Leaks: PE Pipe is joined by a heat fusion process that forms joints that are leak-
free. This design eliminates the potential leak points every 6m which can occur with
PVC & ductile iron pipe.
 Lower life cycle costs: Due to PE’s flexibility and joint less construction, installation
costs are lower compared to other types of pipe. In addition, PE does not leak, which
reduces repairs & maintenance costs simultaneously.
 Corrosion resistance: PE pipe is nonconductive polymer & does not rust or corrode,
assuring long service.
 Lightweight and flexible: PE is lightweight & does not require the use of heavy lifting
equipment for installation. It reduces the need for fittings, is excellent in shifting soils
& performs well in earthquake-prone areas. The pipe’s flexibility solves many unique
problems that cannot be fixed with rigid concrete, PVC or ductile iron pipe

Criteria:
 Peak Flow is used to size pipes
 Minimum pipe diameter: 75 mm (as stated by CWSA)
The total flow of water passing through a particular pipe is used in sizing the pipe.

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Table 2 Pipe Diameters and Velocities

Pipe Flow (m3/d) Flow (m3/s) Diameter (m) Velocity

1_2 310.32 0.00359 0.075 0.8130
2_3 12 0.00014 0.075 0.0314
2_4 298.32 0.00345 0.075 0.7815
4_5 20.7 0.00024 0.075 0.0542
4_6 277.62 0.00321 0.075 0.7273
6_7 12 0.00014 0.075 0.0314
6_8 265.62 0.00307 0.075 0.6959
8_9 45 0.00052 0.075 0.1179
8_10 220.62 0.00255 0.075 0.5780
11_12 685.71 0.00794 0.1 1.0105

Head Loss in Pipes

Table 3 Summary of Velocities and Head Losses

Pipe Velocity Reynolds Lambda hf (m)

Number
(10^2)
1_2 0.8130 202.06 0.025703 0.309
2_3 0.0314 7.814 0.0819 0.005
2_4 0.7815 194.25 0.026 0.287
4_5 0.0542 13.479 0.0475 0.00168
4_6 0.7273 180.77 0.0264 0.338
6_7 0.0314 7.814 0.0819 0.005
6_8 0.6959 172.96 0.0267 0.625
8_9 0.1179 29.302 0.0218 0.022
8_10 0.5780 143.66 0.028 0.6783
11_12 1.0105 446.496 0.0213 4.995

4.5 Height of Elevated Tank And Pump Head

Criteria: A minimum head of 10 m is to be maintained within the pipe system.
The elevated Tank near the gate house will be mounted at a height of 12m

The required head of pump for the 800-bed hospital is 28m.

(See Appendix B for calculations)

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4.6 Water Resources and Storage

The Water Resources for the Project, provided by the Water Resources team member is as
follows:
 GWCL pipeline along the road in front of the Project site: 6.03 m3/h (minimum
pumping is 10 hours)
 Two boreholes each of yield: 10.68 m3/h: Maximum pumping hours is 16 hours
(CWSA small town design guidelines, 2010)
(Sector 1: 800 bed hospital, Sector 2: The rest of the facilities)

4.6.1 Boreholes Characteristics and Design

The boreholes have an expected yield of 10.68 m3/h and safe yield 95%.
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 (𝑄𝑎𝑣𝑔)
No. of boreholes = 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

Safe yield of borehole = 95% x Borehole yield

= 0.95 x 10.68 x 24
= 245.5 m3/d
332.0.1
No. of boreholes = 245.5

= 1.35
Therefore 2 boreholes were provided
Table 4 Summary of water supply to sectors

Sector Demand m3/d Source Flow from Source

m3/d

1 235.470 1 borehole 245.5

2 96.540 1 Borehole 245.5

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Storage: Sizing of Tanks

Storage is to be provided for a 2 day average demand.
Sector 1:
A ground reservoir and two pumps for direct pumping into distribution system will be
provided in this sector.
Reservoir volume = 235.47 x 2
= 470.94 m3

Size of Ground Reservoir = 475 m3

Dimensions:
 Diameter 14.2 m
 Height =3m
Pumps
The two pumps each pumping one at a time for twelve hours daily will be used.
The efficiency of pump is 75%
Qpump = Qpeak
= 685.710m3/d = 0.00794m3/s
Head of pump = 28 m
𝑄 𝐻𝑝 𝜌𝑔
Pump power = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

Pump power =2.9 kw

Sector 2:
2 day volume = 193.08 m3
Only an elevated tank will be provided in this sector
Size of the elevated tank = 196 m3
Dimensions
 Length = 7 m
 Breadth = 7 m
 Height = 4 m

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4.6.2 Elevated Tank and Ground Reservoir Specifications

Elevated Tanks
The material for the construction of the elevated tank is steel.
Shape of the tanks is rectangular
The general tank requirements are as follows:
 An inlet pipe should be attached to the tank so that it enters near the top.
 A screened outlet leads from the bottom of the tank to the distribution system.
 The supports for the elevated tank should be designed by a structural engineer.
 The elevated tank at the gate house should have an additional (150mm) outlet to supply
water to the fire tender filling point.
Ground Reservoir
The material for the construction of the ground reservoir is reinforced concrete.
The shape of the tank is cylindrical.
The general ground reservoir requirements are as follows.
 The reservoir is to be built on ground.
 Manholes and Tightly Fitting Manhole Covers. Manholes with raised covers should be
installed in tank. They prevent the entrance of dust, debris and sunlight which is a major
factor in the growth of algae. The manholes should have a diameter of 0.8-lm, sufficient
to allow a person access to the tank for cleaning.
 Ventilation. A screened ventilation pipe should be installed to allow air to escape from
the tank when water enters. The pipe should be screened so that no insects, bats or debris
can enter the storage tank.
 Inlet, Outlet, Overflow and Drain: The inlet pine should be located near the bottom-of the
tank. In many cases, the same pipe acts as both intake and outlet. The end of the pipe
should be screened and should be at least 150mm above the floor of the tank. Below the
intake-outlet pipe, water is not able to leave the reservoir. Instead, this area acts as a
settling zone for particles. The overflow pipe should be located above the expected high
water level in the tank. The overflow pipe should be screened. Water that overflows from
the tank should be moved away from it to prevent contamination and the accumulation of
standing water in which mosquitoes can breed. Lay rock around the tank or line a small
diversion ditch to move all water away from the area.
 To control the level of water in the tank, the installation of a float valve is recommended.
If a float valve is not used, the operator must be well trained to ensure that water is
pumped to storage when needed and not wasted through the overflow.

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4.7 Borehole Pumps

Power for pumps
Sector 1
Head loss within the transmission pipes are negligible.
Borehole pump
 Pumping hours 5
 Pump efficiency is 75%
 The borehole is a depth of about 105 m
 Daily pumping volume = 235.47 m3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Q(pump) = 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

235.47
Q(pump) = 5 𝑥 60 𝑥 60

= 0.0131 m3/s
𝑄 𝐻𝑝 𝜌𝑔
Pump power = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

Pump power =18.51 kW

Sector 2
Borehole pump
 Pumping hours 5
 Pump efficiency is 75%
 The borehole is a depth of about 105 m
 Daily pumping volume = 96.54m3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Q(pump) = 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

96.54
Q(pump) = 5 𝑥 60 𝑥 60

= 0.0054 m3/s
𝑄 𝐻𝑝 𝜌𝑔
Pump power = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

Pump power =7.59 kW

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Pumps will be provided to supply water to the elevated tanks.

Centrifugal flow pumps have been chosen due to the flowing reasons:
 High reliability
 High power
 Low maintenance cost
 Long lifespan
 It ensures that water pumped is hygienically pure.
The centrifugal pump will be a fixed speed pump and it will be powered by electricity.
TRANSMISSION MAINS
Criteria: The average flow through the pipes is used

 Transmission from GWCL to Reservoir

Flow = 6.03 m3/h
Size =75 mm

4.8 Fire Considerations

A water tender filling station will be provided at the base of the elevated tank close to the
gate house. This will provide a quick refill point for the fire fighters to refill their fire tender
during a fire outbreak.
Specifications: A 150 mm pipe connected directly to the reservoir will fill the Fire tender,
which has a volume of 2000 gallons (9.09 m3) in about 5 minutes.

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5.0 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

The strategic objective of the operation and maintenance guidelines for small towns is to operate
and maintain the Water Supply Systems in such a manner as to ensure sustainability through an
effective overall administrative, technical and financial management of the systems.
Water Supply Systems shall be operated and maintained in a sustainable manner by meeting the
following requirements:
 Delivering to consumers the design quantity of water.
 Producing water to Ghana Standards Board Water Quality Standards.
 Delivery of water in a cost effective manner (in accordance with tariff guidelines).
 Delivering water in a virtually uninterrupted manner (at least 95% of the time).
 Planned routine and periodic maintenance are carried out for all electro mechanical
equipment and civil works structures.
Water Supply Systems shall be operated and maintained by the management of the hospital.
5.1 Piped System Management
A trained Manager, Operator, and Financial/Administrative staff shall be employed by the
hospital administration to carry out daily operation and maintenance activities. They shall be
supported by skilled artisans, e.g. plumbers and masons, from within the community whose
services may be procured when necessary on a retainer basis.
5.2 Sustainability
The following indicators shall be adopted to assess the overall performance and sustainability of
the water supply system:
 Technical and Operational
Water Production: WP = Design Water Production / Actual Water Produced
Sustainability Criterion: WP>1
 Accounted for Water: AFW = Water consumption
Sustainability Criterion: AFW>0.80
 . Customer Satisfaction
Reliability: RE = Number of operational days / Total number of days per year
Sustainability Criterion: RE>0.95
5.3 Operation and Maintenance Tools
O&M Tools are obtainable from CWSA regional offices, and shall be used in monitoring all
small towns’ water supply schemes.
5.4 Water Quality Monitoring
O&M Tools are obtainable from CWSA regional offices, and shall be used in monitoring all
small towns’ water supply schemes.
In particular, water safety monitoring of Hospital water supply systems shall be performed at
least twice a year after commissioning/as prescribed in the Water Safety Framework.

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Water Quality Monitoring shall consist mainly of:

 Examination of Drinking Water Supplies through sampling and analysis to reveal
pollution at the time when the water sample is taken and examined. The examination and
analysis of Water Supplies shall cover three (3) areas of investigation, notably:
 Physico-Chemical
 Bacteriological
 Biological
Water Quality Sampling and Analysis services shall be performed by recognised institutions,
notably GWCL, WRI, SGS or KNUST laboratories and paid for by the hospital
 Topographical examination of the locality of the water supply system Sanitary Surveys
which may reveal potential sources of pollution, which may not be discovered by
sampling and examination.
5.5 Minimum Staff Requirement
The following minimum staffing level is required for the day-to-day operations and routine
maintenance.
 A System Manager, to be responsible for the overall management of Technical, Financial and
Administrative Staff. The incumbent shall posses at least HND or equivalent academic
qualification and shall have good oral and communication skills. A technical background
may be advantageous.
 An Operator, to carry out technical operations and routine maintenance
(shall possess technical (NVTI) qualification – electrical or mechanical).
Security, where necessary.
5.6 Maintenance of Electro-Mechanical Equipment
Warranty Periods for Mechanical/Electrical equipment shall be at least one year, after which
period, each community shall sign a contract preferably with an approved local agent of the
manufacturers for routine and breakdown maintenance.
All suppliers of electro mechanical equipment shall have local agents capable of providing after
sales services and relevant practical and theoretical training, particularly to beneficiary
communities and water sector professionals.

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6.0 .Bill OF QUANTITIES

CESMM3 ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY RATE AMOUNT

CODE
(GH¢) (GH¢)

I712 HDPE Pipe Nominal Bore 75mm m 700 21.3 14910

J621 Flanged “Tee” Nominal Bore 4

75x75x75mm

Gate Valve Nominal Bore 75mm

J811 nr 7

Flanged Adapters Nominal Bore

J851 nr 7
75mm

J811 nr 1
Wash Out Nominal Bore 75mm

TOTAL

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7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESMENT

7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.1.1 Project Background
The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (KNUST) is undertaking
the construction of a new 800-bed teaching hospital in two phases. Phase one, which has
comprehensive structural and building services designs for a teaching hospital. Phase two
includes the additional ancillary support facilities, as well as drainage, water supply and waste
management for the entire Teaching Hospital.
To this end, the Client has commissioned M/s EDCIV 2015/16 Civil Groups to undertake the
design of the Civil Engineering Infrastructure Works for the said Phase Two of the new
Teaching Hospital project for the University in Kumasi.
This assessment focuses primarily on the water supply and distribution component of the project.
The infrastructure envisaged in this phase of the project includes the following:
 Provision of a reservoir and two elevated tanks for water storage and distribution.
 Water pipeline for the distribution of water on the project site, including all necessary
fittings and appurtenances.
 3 pumps to supply tanks with water.
It important to note that, the construction works associated with the project will have both
positive and negative impacts on the environment, so as part of the detailed design studies for the
construction of the water supply and distribution scheme, this environmental impact assessment
study is conducted to assess the environmental impacts of the project so as to develop an
environmental management and mitigation plan to be implemented alongside the construction
work and it should be cost effective and realistic.
7.1.2 Brief of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study
The environmental impact assessment study involves carrying out of the following activities:
 Identifying the positive environmental impacts of the project
 Identifying the negative environmental impact of the project.
 Identifying appropriate mitigation measures to lessen the objectionable impacts.
 Drafting appropriate management clauses and actions to be included in the Contract
document during implementation and operation of the facilities.
 Develop a monitoring programme to ensure that mitigation being implemented is
effective.
 Assess the cost of Environmental Management Plan.

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The EIA was carried out taking into consideration Ghana’s Environmental Protection Agency’s
legislation and regulations and other international environmental regulations relating to the
project. Furthermore, prevailing demographic, environmental and social issues pertaining to the
project location (along the Boadi Junction–Emena Road) were analyzed to determine the
magnitude of the impact of the project on the socio-economic development of the project
locations and the country as a whole.
7.1.3Methodology Adopted
The study team carried out with the other members, an observation on the physical environment
at the project site. Secondary data on policy issues relating to environmental protection in Sierra
Leone were collected to quantify the nature and magnitude of environmental impacts envisage
from construction activities, and to analyze how the impacts relates within the context of the
legislation and policy matters.
7.1.4 Nature and Magnitude of Environmental Issues
Potential environmental impacts from construction works may include dust generation, air
pollution, and ground water pollution, noise, loss of soil resources and vegetation, sedimentation
and changes in land use and topography at the sites.
7.2 BASELINE STUDY
The project site of the 800 bed teaching hospital is located along the Boadi Junction–Emena
Road in Boadi-Emena, near KNUST. It is located in the Kumasi Metropolis district in the
Ashanti region of Ghana. The Kumasi metropolis district has the highest population in the
Ashanti region with about 2,035,064 (Ghana Statistical service, 2010). The total land area for the
project is about 72,166m2. The project site is located at the outskirts of the Kumasi Metropolis.
The major land use at the moment is farming, although various infrastructure are also fast rising
in the area. Water used in irrigating their crops are from open surface water. The land area has a
considerable slope with an elevation which ranges between 268 – 283 meters above mean sea
level. The main source of water for domestic activities is GWCL. But due to the rapidly
increasing population in the region (2.7% growth rate) pressure is exerted on the socio-economic
facilities over a short period of time. As such water supply to the area is limited. GWCL pumps
water for about 10 to 12 hours daily.

7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

The strategic environmental and social issues discuss in this section are those envisage from the
activities of construction work for the cargo and warehouse facilities. The development of civil
engineering infrastructures such as a water supply and distribution are expected to have both
direct and indirect impacts on the natural environment. This is because the implementation of the
project changes the land use pattern and the natural dimension of the surrounding environment.

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7.3.1 Environmental Impacts

The potential environmental impacts from the construction of the facilities can be due to the
following;
Air Pollution
Air pollution from dust particles is a potential environmental impact from the implementation of
the project. The removal of the surface layers of the soil during site clearing will generate dust
particles. The generated dust particles will pollute the atmosphere and if inhaled will lead to
related health hazards for workers and the surrounding people resident at close proximity to the
sites.
Ground and Surface Water Contamination and Alteration of water Table
Oil spills from operational equipment may leach and contaminate ground water. Contaminated
ground and surface water holds potential health hazards since the contaminated water is
exploited for drinking purposes. Additionally construction of boreholes may cause depression of
the water table around the area of construction.
Noise Pollution
Construction and vehicular activities at the site and drilling of boreholes lead to noise pollution
to surrounding offices and residential areas. This may cause related health hazards and distress
and nuisance to the surrounding residents, workers and people working in offices around the site,
quarry and borrow pit areas.

7.3.2 Social Impacts

The potential social impacts from the construction of the facilities can be due to the following;
Socio-economic Development
The construction of the infrastructures will have both direct and indirect impacts on the
economic development of the country. Directly, the infrastructures are expected to provide for
the water needs of the 800 bed hospital. Employment will also be created during the construction
and operation phase of the project. Indirectly, the project is expected to stimulate the
participation of private businesses. For example taxi services to and fro hospital.
7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT
PLAN.
7.4.1 Environmental Management
Traditional construction environmental mitigation and management including awareness
building
for health and safety at work sites are regarded as significant adverse environmental impacts
mitigation measures. There are obvious advantages to ensuring construction sites are properly
managed and that there is limited off site pollution. These measures can be
very effective in mitigating environmental impacts for sustainable infrastructural and economic

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development. The following measures geared towards environmental mitigation and

management
is recommended to be implemented during and after construction work to address the various
impacts highlighted above.
7.4.2 Air Pollution Mitigation
The spraying of water around the areas of the construction site, during
construction work must be done to mitigate the escape of dust particles to the atmosphere. The
process of spraying water should be carried out at least three times on every construction day
especially if construction work is carried out during the dry season.
7.4.3 Water contamination Mitigation Measure
Removal of soil vegetative cover should be kept at minimum and should only be carried out with
absolute necessity. The development of the landscape and planting of trees and vegetative cover
should be carried out after construction work. To avoid oil contaminant into water bodies, a
system
for the proper collection and disposal of lubricants at both site and maintenance depot should be
maintained. Waste control measures should be implemented to prevent litter and construction
waste from infiltrating into the groundwater table. The constant monitoring of ground water level
and control of water extraction to match as close as possible the groundwater recharge rate
7.4.4 Noise Mitigation Measure
Mitigation measure to reduce noise around the vicinity of the site is geared towards ensuring that
surrounding inhabitant and people working in offices around the site are not adversely affected
by noise due to the activities at the construction sites. Therefore the following measures are
deemed to mitigate the impact of noise to the surrounding environment
 All machinery and vehicles are to be fitted with appropriate mufflers, and that all
mufflers and acoustic treatments are in good working order.
 The use of hearing protection gears by workers when exposed to noise levels above 85
dB(A).

7.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Key issues for environmental management on works will be in day to day contractor
environmental performance at work sites and at the contractor’s workshops. The major concerns
will be in the areas of health and safety, pollution mitigation and natural resource conservation.
Throughout the period of construction, site inspections will need to be made to monitor the
effectiveness of environmental protection measures, as well as to check that no previously
unforeseen impacts are occurring.

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7.5.1 Requirements for Contractor Facilities, Plant and Operations

Any facilities installed by the Contractor for the purpose of conducting construction works
should meet appropriate standards of responsible environmental management and safety
practice. These include:
 Environmentally sensitive location of temporary construction yard sites and space for
plant
and materials storage.
 Safe location and protection of fuel facilities, safe storage of hydrocarbons and other
chemicals, re-use/disposal of used oil at approved sites.
 Adequate facilities for collection and treatment of wastewater (as required), storage and
legal disposal of general construction waste, solid waste, chemicals etc.
Discharge of dust and fumes should be minimized and there should be no burning of
toxic
substances.
 Noise abatement on construction sites should minimize avoidable inconvenience to local
populations.
 There should be no disposal of non-biodegradable materials on site without the expressed
permission of the Supervising Engineer’s Representative local authorities. Oil collection
traps should be in use in workshop areas.
 Used oils should be containerized and transported to an approved local agent for safe
disposal or transported with other scrap equipment to an approved facility elsewhere.
 There should be no disposal of material in environmentally sensitive areas,
e.g wetlands, protected vegetation
 The contractor should remove all construction equipment and scrap waste from his sites
on
completion.
7.5.2 Health and Safety Management
During the construction period there should be opportunities to increase awareness of health
and safety issues and implement appropriate standards of performance. Occupational and
environmental health in and around the contractor’s camps and facilities should be subject to
such scrutiny. It should be a requirement that the contractors supervising foremen will have
basic First Aid training which should be available from hospitals and medical NGOs. There
should also be plans for coping with emergencies. A fully stocked First Aid kit (and set of
emergency numbers) will be available at each worksite and workshop.
Appropriate safety protection equipment should be warn at all workshops, yards and
construction sites to conform with national regulations and/or as specified by the Supervising
Engineer’s Representative. Protective equipment includes hard boots and hats, protection for

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eyes and ear mufflers (when using pneumatic drills, grinders, etc.). Likewise fire prevention
measures should be in place, including the deployment of adequate functional extinguishers
and simple dry sand buckets. The project monitoring programme should include inspection of
safety equipment use.
Basic hygiene standards should be required at all residential and other contractor facilities,
with proper approved waste disposal arrangements. HIV Aids awareness development and
disease spread mitigation should be fostered by the contractor among his staff. Contact with a
appropriate specialist to conduct basic training and awareness among workers should be
facilitated.

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8.0 CONCLUSION
The design of the water supply distribution has been successfully designed in accordance with
the Terms of reference and appropriate design guides.
All drawing necessary for the execution of the project have been produced and are ready for use.

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9.0 REFERENCES
DEMAND
Consumption per bed
Handbook for the Assessment of Catchment Water Demand and Use. HR Wallingford in
collaboration with the Department for Water Development: page 135, table 7.15
Percentage Water consumption in hospitals (EPA):
(http://www3.epa.gov/watersense/commercial/types.html)

Daily Visits
Statistics from Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, a 1200 bed hospital, show that they record an
average of about 800 out-patients a day which is two-thirds of the bed capacity of the hospital.
This statics was used to estimate the number of visits per day to the out-patient department of the
new hospital as 530.
Peak Factors
Daily peak factor: Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing. Community Water and
Sanitation Agency. Small Town Sector Design Guidelines (Volume 3, December, 2010) Page: 5
Design life- Design of water supply pipe networks by Prabhatak K., Asahok K. (page 109)
EIA- Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan for
Upgrading of
Lungi International Airport, Sierra Leone – Final Report. January 2005.

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CWSA-Small Town Sector Guidelines (Community Water Supply Guidelines-2010)

CWSA-Small Town Sector Guidelines (Operation and Maintenance Guidelines-2010)
Terms of reference

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10.0 APPENDIX A
DEMAND CALCULATIONS
Residential:
Assumption: There are 5 people per house.
There are:
 30 No. 2 bedroom flats
 12 No. 2 bedroom type bungalows
 4 No. 3 bedroom type bungalows.
Total number of houses = 46
Total number of residents = 230
Residential demand = 23000 l/d (100 l/c/d)
Using CWSA guidelines, the Handbook for the Assessment of Catchment Water Demand
and Use. (HR Wallingford) and EPA research findings the calculations were made:

 800 Beds:
Water consumption per bed (including laundry, cleaning, kitchen) = 350 l/bed/d
Water consumption for 800 beds = 280000 l/d

 Staff:
Number of staff = 200 – (46 resident staff) + 200 (students) = 354
Water demand = 14160 l/d (40 l/c/d)

Daily visits to the hospital (outpatient department and visitation)

Daily visits = 530 persons
Water demand for daily visits = 7950 l/d (15 l/c/d)

Administration block (Conference rooms and offices)

Conference and library users (per floor) = 105 people
Number of staff in offices (per floor) = 10 people
Total number of people using the Admin. Block = 345

Nodal Demand Calculations

Daily peak factor: 1.2
Hourly peak factor: 2.5
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Peak factor: 3
Peak Demands (Sample Calculations)
Node 10 (Mortuary, plant/Eng. Maintenance, kitchen, laundry
3 x 0.25(280000+14160) = 220620 l/d
Node 5 (Administration block Annex)
3 x 6900 = 20700 l/d
Node 12 (800 bed hospital)
3 x (0.75 x 294160 + 7950) = 685710 l/d

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8.0 APPENDIX B
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
Sizing of pipes
Sample Calculations
Q = AV
Assume initial Velocity of 1 m/s.
For Pipe 11-12

𝑄𝑋4
D =√𝑉 𝑋 𝜋

Q =685.71 m3/d = 0.00794m3/s

V = 1 m/s

D = 0.1 m
Therefore choose 100 mm (minimum pipe diameter)
Actual velocity
𝑸𝒙𝟒
V= 𝑫𝟐 𝑿 𝝅

V = 1.01 m/s

Head Loss Sample Calculations

𝝀𝒙𝑳
hf = 𝟏𝟐.𝟏 𝑿 𝑿 𝑸𝟐
𝑫𝟐

𝟏 𝟓. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝑲
= −𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( +
√𝝀 𝑹𝒆𝟎.𝟖𝟗 𝟑. 𝟕 𝑫

Reynolds number,

Kinematic viscosity

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Parameters
T = 20 degrees Celsius
K = 0.02 mm (For HDPE pipes)

For Pipe 10-8

L= 120m
Velocity = 0.1927 m/s
Q = 0.00794 m3/s

Inserting parameters into equations

Kinematic viscosity, v = 1.01 x10-6 m/s

Re = 14366

𝜆 =0.028
hf = 4.995m

Height of Elevated Tanks

Minimum head is to be 10 m
 P8 + H8 = P10 + H10 + hf
P8 + 270.475 = 273.637 + 10 + 0.68
P8 =13.842 m

 P6 + 275.028 = 270.475 + 13.842 + 0.232

P6 = 9.521 m
 P4 = 6.534m
 P2 = 4.015 m
 P1 = 1.91 m

The tank will be placed at an elevation of 12 m to achieve a minimum pressure of 5 meters in the
system,

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