Applied Eraonomicr Vol. 26, No. 1, pp.

67-72, 1995
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An anthropometric survey of
Indian schoolchildren aged 3-C
years
G.G. Ray, S. Ghosh and V. Atreya
Ergonomics Laboratory, Industrial Design Centre, Indian Znstitute of Technology, Powai, Bombay
400 076, India

Kindergartens of age group 3-5 years, a distinct and small subgroup of Indian schoolchildren,
need special emphasis on human factors. The paper presents the results of an anthropometric
survey conducted on schoolchildren. These data, previously lacking in India, can be of benefit
for the designers of kindergartens. A set of 81 different body dimensions was taken from a
sample of 198 children of age group 3-4 years and 4.1-5 years. Simple anthropometric
techniques were used to collect the data. Statistical analyses of the data have been presented in a
tabular form for designers as well as for non-technical users. It is emphasized that such data
have to be developed at the national level, including every ethnic group, or on a regional basis.
Designers, manufacturers and importers of goods should have access to these data.

Keywords: anthropometric data, preschool children, survey

Anthropometric measurements are essential for the
correct design of worksp.ace. This is especially true for
schoolchildren, who spend most of their time at their
chairs and desks, and wlho ought to be able to adopt
comfortable body postures (Jeong and Park, 1990).
The comfort and functional utility of chairs and desks
are the consequence of thleir physical design in relation-
ship to the physical structure of the user (McCormick
and Sanders, 1982): that is, the dimensions of the chair
and desks should have reasonable agreement with the
user’s physical dimension’s. Therefore, it is necessary to
know the individual variations and interrelationships
between body dimensions.
As early as 1924, Wilder and Pfeiffer (cited by
Mebarki and Davies, 19!>0) commented on the lack of
anthropometric data on the civilian population. This
position has now been remedied to a large extent, with
many anthropometric studies reported. Many studies
on the age group 6-15 have been undertaken to
determine the size of chairs and desks required for all
classes (Floyd and Roberts, 1958; Floyd and Ward,
1969; Oxford, 1969; El-Nofely, 1978; Venrooij-
Ijsselmuiden, 1978; Him, 1980; Mandal, 1982; Jeong
and Park, 1990), but few data are available on the age
group 3-5 years.
Kayis and Ozok (19911) have undertaken anthropo-
metric studies on Turkish primary schoolchildren and
published comparative data on stature of children (6-13
years) of different countries. However, in India there
ire no anthropometric studies on preschool children
from the viewpoint of product design or workspace
layout.
The purpose of this study was to determine body
dimensions of kindergarten children to facilitate the
design of furniture, fittings, toys and other components
of daily life, in order to minimize biomechanical,
circulatory and visual problems.
Method
Subjects
A total of 198 children of mixed ethnic population (102
boys and 96 girls of age range 3-5 years) from one
school were considered as subjects. They were further
divided into two groups on the basis of their age: 3-4
years as the lower age group and 4.1-5 years as the
upper age group.
The total child population in the school was 249, of
which 51 students were excluded in this study as they
were above 5 years of age. In the first group there were
57 children (27 boys and 30 girls) and in the second
group 141 children (75 boys and 66 girls).
Measurements
Eighty-one body dimensions related to school furniture,
workspace layout and other daily life activity were
measured. A standard Martin-type anthropometer
(Siber-Hegner Co., Switzerland) was used in this study.
In addition to anthropometric measurements, body
weight was ascertained using a frequently checked and
calibrated bathroom scale. Grip strength was measured
using a calibrated grip dynamometer (Takei & Co.,
Japan). The grip diameter was determined by using a

67
68 G.G. Ray et al

calibrated cone fabricated in the departmental work- Table 1 Ethnic distribution of the sample population
shop, and skinfolds were taken by using a Lange
Age M years Age 4.1-5 years
skinfold caliper. The definitions of body dimensions
Ethnic origin (No.) (%I (No.) W)
and the procedures for their measurement were taken
from Hertzberg et al (1963). Andhra Pradesh 2 3.5 5 3.5
All measurements were taken by eight highly trained Gujarat 1 1.8 6 4.3
U.P, M.P and Bihar 4 7.0 25 17.8
field recordists, who were divided into three groups;
Karnataka 3 5.3 7 5.0
each group was specialized for taking certain measure- Kerala 8 14.0 15 10.6
ments only. A recordist was considered sufficiently Maharastra 29 50.9 66 46.8
trained when three repetitive recordings made by the Tamilnadu 5 8.8 9 6.4
same person for the same dimension on the same West Bengal 1 1.8 5 3.5
Others* 4 7.0 3 2.1
subject did not exceed more than 0.2% error (Hertzberg
et al, 1954; Clauser et al, 1972). These recordist groups *Ethnic groups having single subject
were drawn from a highly trained team who had taken
similar measurements on an Indian adult male popula-
tion .
Subjects wore minimum clothing and were barefoot female subjects of a particular age group were not
(Figure 1). Subjects were then asked to pose in either a considered separately as their differences were found to
standing or sitting condition. An adjustable sitting be insignificant. Table 2 shows that most of the body
surface was used for the latter condition so that the dimensions increase with age, though sometimes
thigh remained horizontal to the ground and the knee irregularly. In certain measurements mean values of
angle was 90” downwards with respect to the thigh. the higher age group decreased in comparison to those
of the lower age group, which may be due to a lower
sample size along with the ethnic factor.
Results A simple correlation coefficient of different dimen-
sions with weight and stature, significant at 0.01% level
Table 1 shows the ethnic distribution of the surveyed and above, is presented in Table 3. The values clearly
population, of which 50% percent of the subjects were indicate that most of the vertical dimensions have a
from Maharashtra State, the local ethnic group. No higher correlation with stature than with weight,
attempt was made to find out the ethnic variability and whereas the horizontal dimensions as well as circum-
its effect on population statistics, as the number of ferences have a higher correlation with weight than
subjects studied was very low in respect to the total with stature.
Indian population. The means of the ratios of each segmental length to
The mean, standard deviation, 5th and 95th percentile stature for both groups are given in Table 4 and Figure
values of different anthropometric measurements of 2. These ratios can be used to estimate approximate
two groups are summarized in Table 2. Male and segmental length if the stature is known. To test the
hypothesis that the ratios for both the groups are the
same, t-tests among mean ratios for both the groups
were performed. The results show that the differences
of the ratios of the means of three different measure-
ments are significant to the 0.001% level, whereas
three are significant at the 0.01% level.

Discussion
The design of school furniture should be based on
anthropometric characteristics of children and their
relationships. The results show that the two relation-
ships (a) body height and vertical dimensions, (b) body
weight and horizontal dimensions, can be used to
determine different body dimensions of other children
of that particular age group if their stature or body
weight is known. Hence this study helps in understanding
the multifaceted problem associated with any popula-
tion-based anthropometric study, and also should be
considered as a pilot study towards developing a
national data bank on the kindergarten population.
The Bureau of Indian Standards, in its report No.
IS 4838 Part I and II, has specified 16 body dimensions
on children of age groups 5-11 and 12-16 years, but no
data on children below 5 years are available to
designers. Therefore, considering the limited sample
size, Indian designers will be able to have some basic
guidelines from this study for designing any product or
Figure 1 Measurement of subject in field condition work environment for children between 3 and 5 years.
 An anthropometric survey of Indian schoolchildren 69

Table 2 Mean, standard deviath, and percentile values of 81 different antbropometric measurements of both age groups. All dimensions are in cm
except age in years, weight and grip strength in kg

Age group W years Age group 4.1-5 years

SI No. of Percentile No. of Percentile

no. Dimensions observations Mean SD 5th 95th observations Mean SD 5th 95th

1 Age 57 3.7 0.3 3.1 4.0 141 4.6 0.3 4.1 5.0
2 Weight 56 13.9 2.1 10.9 17.2 138 14.9 2.7 11.5 19.5
3 Stature 57 96.7 6.0 87.1 106.2 140 101.7 5.4 93.3 111.3
4 Eye height 57 86.1 5.8 77.1 96.3 141 90.9 5.1 82.4 99.8
5 Cervical height 57 78.0 5.4 69.2 86.9 141 82.4 4.8 74.8 90.6
6 Acromial height 57 74.8 5.0 67.0 83.6 141 79.1 4.5 71.9 86.7
7 Elbow height 57 56.2 4.2 49.5 63.4 141 60.1 3.5 54.5 65.9
8 Wrist height 57 43.5 3.2 38.9 48.6 141 46.3 3.0 41.6 51.7
9 Knuckle height 57 38.3 3.2 33.8 43.4 141 40.6 2.8 36.6 45.9
10 Buttock height 57 44.4 3.9 38.4 51.8 141 47.7 3.8 42.0 53.9
11 Gluteal furrow height 57 39.7 3.4 34.4 45.5 141 43.1 3.2 37.6 48.3
12 Tibiale height 57 25.8 3.4 20.7 30.8 141 28.0 3.0 24.5 33.5
13 Bust/nipple height 57 67.8 4.7 60.6 76.1 141 71.8 4.3 64.9 78.3
14 Waist height 57 56.1 4.3 49.6 62.6 140 60.0 5.0 52.3 68.3
15 Crotch height 56 40.2 4.4 32.9 47.2 141 43.5 4.1 37.5 51.4
16 Trochanteric height 56 46.4 4.6 39.5 53.2 141 49.6 4.1 43.2 56.2
17 Maximum arm reach 56 46.4 3.4 41.6 52.1 141 49.0 3.5 43.3 55.6
18 Functional arm reach 56 42.4 3.0 37.8 48.4 140 45.0 3.3 39.8 51.0
19 Over head reach 56 111.4 7.7 98.4 125.4 141 118.2 6.5 107.8 128.1
20 Total span 56 96.8 6.3 86.8 107.9 141 101.3 6.4 91.2 111.7
21 Span akimbo 56 44.4 4.1 38.1 51.3 141 46.9 4.8 39.0 54.4
22 Chest breadth 56 16.8 1.1 15.0 19.1 141 17.2 1.3 15.1 19.3
23 Waist breadth 56 15.9 1.1 14.2 18.1 141 16.4 1.3 14.6 18.8
24 Bitrochanteric breadth 53 17.7 1.3 15.8 20.0 137 17.9 1.4 16.2 20.1
25 Chest depth 56 12.7 0.7 11.7 14.0 141 13.0 1.0 11.7 14.8
26 Waist depth 56 12.9 1.1 11.1 14.7 141 13.2 1.3 11.1 15.5
27 Buttock depth 56 12.0 1.3 10.0 14.4 141 12.4 1.6 10.3 15.0
28 Olecrenon breadth 51 4.1 0.4 3.5 4.7 133 4.2 0.4 3.7 4.9
29 Epieondyle breadth 51 6.3 0.5 5.6 7.2 133 6.5 0.4 5.8 7.2
30 Head circumference 56 48.1 2.1 44.9 50.6 141 48.2 1.9 45.4 51.0
31 Neck circumference 56 23.4 1.5 20.9 25.8 141 23.6 1.5 21.6 26.2
32 Chest circumference 56 49.2 2.9 44.9 53.4 141 51.0 3.2 46.4 56.8
33 Waist circumference 56 46.6 2.9 42.1 52.3 141 48.1 3.8 43.0 55.0
34 Mid-thigh circumference 56 26.5 2.7 21.2 30.9 141 27.2 3.8 22.5 33.0
35 Knee circumference 56 21.3 1.7 19.0 24.8 141 21.9 1.7 19.5 25.1
36 Calf circumference 56 19.3 1.6 16.5 22.2 141 19.7 1.7 17.5 22.8
37 Ankle circumference 56 14.0 1.3 11.8 16.0 141 14.1 1.4 12.2 17.5
38 Biceps circumference 56 14.4 1.1 12.7 16.4 141 14.7 1.5 12.6 17.5
39 Forearm circumference 56 14.5 1.0 12.9 16.2 141 14.7 1.1 13.0 16.8
40 Wrist circumference 56 10.6 0.7 9.6 11.8 141 10.8 0.9 9.5 12.2
41 Bitragion coronal curvature 51 32.3 1.4 30.0 34.6 133 32.1 1.4 30.0 34.7
42 Bitragion chin curvature 51 20.2 1.9 17.4 23.4 133 20.8 1.8 18.2 23.7
43 Lateral malleolus height 55 4.8 0.6 4.0 6.5 140 5.1 0.6 4.0 6.0
44 Ankle height 55 6.4 0.8 5.4 7.6 140 6.6 0.7 5.5 7.5
45 Sitting height 56 54.2 2.9 49.9 58.6 141 55.7 3.0 50.8 61.0
46 Eye height, sitting 56 44.3 2.9 39.3 49.4 141 45.5 2.6 40.7 50.0
47 Mid-shoulder height,
sitting 56 33.5 2.5 29.9 37.5 140 34.5 2.1 31.7 38.5
48 Subscapular height, sitting 56 25.1 1.8 22.2 28.5 140 25.7 2.1 22.8 29.5
49 Upper lumbar height,
sitting 56 17.4 1.5 15.0 20.1 141 17.8 1.5 15.7 20.5
50 Lower lumbar height,
sitting 56 11.7 1.6 8.1 14.2 139 12.3 1.4 9.8 14.4
51 Elbow rest height, sitting 56 13.6 1.5 10.8 16.0 140 13.7 1.8 11.0 16.8
52 Thigh clearance height,
sitting 56 7.7 0.9 6.3 9.4 140 8.1 0.9 6.7 9.9
53 Popliteal height, sitting 56 22.5 1.9 19.8 26.2 141 24.5 1.9 21.2 27.6
54 Buttock-knee length, sitting 56 29.5 2.6 25.4 34.2 141 31.3 2.7 26.1 36.0
55 Buttock popliteal length,
sitting 56 24.8 2.5 21.2 30.4 141 26.7 2.6 23.0 31.5
56 Knee-knee length, sitting
relaxed 56 25.6 3.8 20.5 33.7 141 25.7 3.5 18.9 31.4
57 Thigh-thigh length, sitting
relaxed 56 25.1 3.8 19.4 32.9 141 25.2 3.2 19.2 30.2
58 Biacromial breadth 56 21.7 1.4 19.5 24.2 141 22.2 1.5 19.6 24.5
59 Bideltoid breadth 56 23.8 1.6 20.8 26.8 141 24.6 1.7 22.3 27.8
60 Elbow-elbow breadth 56 25.4 1.3 23.1 27.3 141 26.1 2.4 23.1 29.8
61 Hip breadth, sitting 56 18.9 1.5 16.4 21.4 141 19.4 1.9 16.9 22.8
62 Head breadth 55 13.5 0.7 12.4 14.4 141 13.7 0.8 12.5 14.9
63 Hand length 55 11.1 0.7 10.0 12.5 140 11.5 0.7 10.3 12.6
64 Palm leneth 55 6.4 0.4 5.7 7.0 140 6.7 0.4 6.0 7.4
70 G.G. Ray et al

Table 2 Continued

Age group H years Age group 4.1-5 years

Sl No. of Percentile No. of Percentile

no. Dimensions observations Mean SD 5th 95th observations Mean SD 5th 95th

65 Hand breadth at thumb 56 5.8 0.5 4.9 6.7 141 5.9 0.5 5.1 6.8
66 Hand breadth at
metacarpal III 56 5.1 0.4 4.5 5.8 141 5.2 0.4 4.6 5.9
67 Hand thickness 56 1.6 0.2 1.3 2.0 141 1.7 0.2 1.4 1.9
68 First phalanx III length 56 3.9 0.2 3.5 4.3 141 4.0 0.3 3.6 4.5
69 Foot length 56 15.2 0.9 13.6 17.0 141 16.0 1.0 14.4 17.8
70 Foot breadth 56 5.9 0.5 5.2 6.7 140 6.1 0.5 5.3 7.1
71 Heel breadth 56 3.5 0.4 2.9 4.2 141 3.6 0.4 3.0 4.4
72 Head length 56 16.3 0.8 15.1 17.6 141 16.5 1.0 15.0 18.1
73 Biocular breadth 56 8.3 0.5 7.5 9.2 140 8.3 0.4 7.5 9.0
74 Interocular breadth 55 2.7 0.3 2.3 3.3 141 2.7 0.3 2.3 3.2
75 Interpupillary distance 55 5.0 0.3 4.5 5.5 141 5.0 0.3 4.3 5.4
76 Grip diameter 39 3.2 0.2 3.0 3.5 113 3.3 0.3 3.0 3.7
77 Grip strength 41 3.6 1.3 1.6 6.0 131 4.2 1.8 2.0 8.0
78 Biceps skinfold 50 5.4 1.5 3.0 9.0 132 5.3 1.6 3.0 9.0
79 Triceps skinfold 50 8.3 2.4 4.3 12.8 133 8.1 2.3 5.0 12.3
80 Subscapular skinfold 50 6.0 1.7 4.0 11.0 133 6.0 2.1 4.0 9.0
81 Suprailliac skinfold 50 5.5 2.1 3.0 11.0 132 5.2 2.4 3.0 9.0

Table 3 Correlation coefficients of different dimensions with weight and stature @ < 0.01)

Age group 3-4 years Age group 4.1-S years

SI no. Dimensions Weight Stature Weight Stature

1 Age 0.3043
2 Weight 1.0000 0.8429 l.oooo 0.7675
3 Stature 0.8429 1.0000 0.7675 l.OoOo
4 Eye height 0.8206 0.9478 0.7820 0.9514
5 Cervical height 0.8629 0.9457 0.7543 0.9209
6 Acromial height 0.8186 0.8923 0.7700 0.9317
7 Elbow height 0.7756 0.8251 0.6871 0.8583
8 Wrist height 0.7222 0.7606 0.7146 0.7771
9 Knuckle height 0.5875 0.5955 0.5421 0.6926
10 Buttock height 0.5830 0.6447 0.6929 0.8690
11 Gluteal furrow height 0.5661 0.7325 0.6304 0.8514
12 Tibiale height 0.6923 0.8295 0.3168 0.4567
13 Bust/nipple height 0.7085 0.8350 0.7182 0.9072
14 Waist height 0.6459 0.5845 0.6061 0.7257
15 Crotch height 0.5562 0.4371 0.6789
16 Trochanteric height 0.4620 0.5961 0.5097 0.6026
17 Maximum arm reach 0.5657 0.5478 0.5762 0.6748
18 Functional arm reach 0.4560 0.4995 0.5190 0.6475
19 Over head reach 0.7764 0.8344 0.7251 0.9349
20 Total span 0.7394 0.7768 0.7736 0.8710
21 Span akimbo 0.4358 0.5191
22 Chest breadth 0.6670 0.6111 0.6661 0.4984
23 Waist breadth 0.6418 0.5919 0.7088 0.4880
24 Bitrochanteric breadth 0.7779 0.6871 0.8761 0.6601
25 Chest depth 0.4534 0.6863 0.4450
26 Waist depth 0.5802
27 Buttock depth 0.5362 0.4462 0.7116 0.5171
28 Olecrenon breadth 0.6440 0.5369 0.7085 0.5572
29 Epicondyle breadth 0.7359 0.6833 0.5336 0.5408
30 Head circumference 0.3787 0.3160
31 Neck circumference 0.7019 0.5356 0.7202 0.5405
32 Chest circumference 0.5090 0.4807 0.8539 0.6174
33 Waist circumference 0.5527 0.7346 0.4202
34 Mid-thigh circumference 0.5096 0.5326 0.6573 0.4251
35 Knee circumference 0.7858 0.7026 0.8368 0.6575
36 Calf circumference 0.9191 0.7772 0.9149 0.6917
37 Ankle circumference 0.5894 0.5087 0.6682 0.4948
38 Biceps circumference 0.8765 0.6982 0.8678 0.5658
39 Forearm circumference 0.7730 0.6309 0.8753 0.6009
40 Wrist circumference 0.6359 0.4717 0.7917 0.5692
41 Bitragion coronal curvatu Ire 0.3985 0.2767
42 Bitragion chin curvature 0.3949 0.3504
43 Lateral malleolus height 0.4953 0.4837 0.5136
44 Ankle height 0.4430 0.3871
45 Sitting height 0.8457 0.8031 0.6993 0.8067
 An anthropometric survey of Indian schoolchildren 71

Table 3 Continued

Age group 3-4 years Age group 4.1-5 years

SI no. Dimensions Weight Stature Weight Stature

46 Eye height, sitting 0.8314 0.7738 0.5953 0.7431

47 Mid-shoulder height, sitting 0.7795 0.7507 0.6917 0.7600
48 Subscapular height, sitting 0.6037 0.6642 0.3765 0.4782
49 Upper lumbar height, sitting 0.5327 0.5283 0.3269 0.3181
50 Lower lumbar height, sitting 0.4847 0.3201 0.3821
51 Elbow rest height, sitting 0.4280 0.2462
52 Thigh clearance height, sitting 0.7044 0.6272 0.7173 0.5177
53 Popliteal height, sitting 0.6912 0.7564 0.6109 0.7993
54 Buttock-knee length, sitting 0.7021 0.6333 0.7624 0.7622
55 Buttock popliteal length, sitting 0.6598 0.7119 0.5631 0.6638
56 Knee-knee length, sitting relaxed 0.5678 0.4300 0.3660 0.3927
57 Thigh-thigh length, sitting relaxed 0.6124 0.4378 0.4130 0.4282
58 Biacromial breadth 0.7283 0.7180 0.7245 0.7052
59 Bideltoid breadth 0.7116 0.5716 0.8363 0.6561
60 Elbow-elbow breadth 0.5318 0.6399 0.5129
61 Hip breadth, sitting 0.8441 0.7455 0.8323 0.5959
62 Head breadth 0.6582 0.4598 0.3880 0.4225
63 Hand length 0.7654 0.7239
64 Palm length 0.5525 0.5258 0.6257 0.6717
65 Hand breadth at thumb 0.5672 0.5335 0.5769 0.5213
66 Hand breadth at metacarpal III 0.5726 0.5761 0.6290 0.5328
67 Hand thickness 0.5487 0.6303 0.3931 0.3849
68 First phalanx III length 0.4608 0.4929 0.6304 0.6245
69 Foot length 0.7368 0.7488 0.7510 0.7592
70 Foot breadth 0.6276 0.6945 0.5843 0.5115
71 Heel breadth 0.5081 0.4221 0.3841 0.3194
72 Head length
73 Biocular breadth 0.4575 0.2513
74 Interocular breadth
75 Interpupillary distance
76 Grip diameter 0.4766 0.5476 0.3363 0.3800
77 Grip strength 0.5601 0.5862
78 Biceps skinfold 0.4332 0.5667 0.2969
79 Triceps skinfold 0.6140 0.3437
80 Subscapular skinfold 0.6632 0.3519
81 Suprailliac skinfold 0.4687 0.7018 0.3614

Table 4 Ratio relationships among different segmental lengths to stature for two different age groups

Ratio

SI no. H years 4.1-5 years t-value”

1 Eye height 0.89 0.89

2 Cervical height 0.81 0.81
3 Acromial height 0.77 0.78 ;.16**
4 Elbow height 0.58 0.59 4.48*’
5 Wrist height 0.45 0.45
6 Knuckle height 0.40 0.40
7 Buttock height 0.46 0.47 2.77*
8 Gluteal furrow height 0.41 0.42 2.77*
9 Tibiale height 0.27 0.27
10 Bust/nipple height 0.70 0.71 2.77*
11 Waist height 0.58 0.58
12 Crotch height 0.41 0.43
13 Trochanteric height 0.47 0.49
14 Ankle height 0.06 0.06
15 Sitting height 0.55 0.55
16 Eye height sitting 0.45 0.45
17 Mid-shoulder h’eight,sitting 0.34 0.34
18 Subscapular height, sitting 0.26 0.25
19 Upper lumbar height, sitting 0.18 0.17
20 Lower lumbar height, sitting 0.12 0.12
21 Elbow rest height, sitting 0.14 0.13 3.16**
22 Thigh clearance height, sitting 0.08 0.08
23 Popliteal height, sitting 0.23 0.24
24 Buttock knee length, sitting 0.30 0.31
25 Buttock popliteal length, sitting 0.25 0.26
aTest of equality of means far lower and upper age group
**Significant difference at 0.001 level
*Significant difference at 0.01 level
72 G.G. Ray et al

Acknowledgement
The authors sincerely thank all the children of IIT KG
school who participated as volunteers in this study, the
management bodies of the school for helping us in
conducting this study, and Mr A. Sengupta for develop-
ing the computer program for data analysis. The
authors are also grateful to MS L. Patil, MS M. Dargar,
Mr H. Nagool, Mr S. Chavan, Mr T. Negi, Mr Y.
Rane, Mr J.P. Chavarkar and Mr S. Banerjee for their
kind cooperation towards the successful completion of
the project. The study was funded by the Ministry of
Human Resource and Development, Government of
India.

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