DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN

LEC 2: NUMBER SYSTEMS AND CONVERSIONS

LECTURER MEHREEN JAVAID

Number Systems
• A number system defines how a number can be
represented using distinct symbols. A number can be
represented differently in different system.
Positional Number System
• In positional number system, there are only few symbols called
digits, and these symbols represent different values depending on
the position they occupy in the number.
Commonly used number systems are:
• Decimal
• Binary
• Octal
• Hexadecimal
Number System
Why do we need more number systems?
• Humans understand decimal
• Digital electronics (computers) understand binary
• Since computers have 32, 64, and even 128 bit busses, displaying
numbers in binary is cumbersome
• Data on a 32 bit data bus would look like the following:
0110 1001 0111 0001 0011 0100 1100 1010
• Hexadecimal (base 16) and octal (base 8) number systems are
used to represent binary data in a more compact form.
Decimal Number System
• The word decimal is a derivative of decem, which is the Latin word
for ten.

• The number system that we use day-to-day life is called the Decimal
number system.

• The most popular & commonly used number system is the Decimal
number system as it supports the entire mathematical & accounting
concept in the world.

• The base is equal to ten because there are altogether ten digits (0,1,2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)10
Binary Number System
• The binary number system uses two digits to represent numbers, the
values are 0 & 1. This numbering system is sometime called the
Base 2 numbering system (0,1).

• Binary digit is often referred to by the common abbreviation BIT.

Thus, a “bit” in a computer terminology means either a 0 or a 1.

• This number system is natural to an electronic machines or devices

as their mechanism based on the OFF or ON switching of the
circuits.

• Therefore, 0 represent the OFF & 1 represent ON state of the circuit.

Octal Number System
• The octal number system uses eight values to represent numbers.
The values are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)8 and the base of this system is
eight.
Hexadecimal Number System
• The hexadecimal number system has 16-digits or symbols (hexa
means six & decimal means 10 so sum is sixteen) are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5,6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F)16, so it has the base 16.

• This system uses numerical values from 0 to 9 & alphabets from A

to F.

• Alphabets A to F represent decimal numbers from 10 to 15.

Caveman Number System

•A number system discovered by archeologists in a prehistoric cave

indicates that the caveman used a number system that has 5 distinct
symbols ∑, ∆, >, Ω and ↑. (Sigma, Delta, Greater than, Omega and
Arrow)

• ∑, ∆, >, Ω and ↑

• Base – 5 Number System

Caveman Number System
Decimal Number Caveman Number Decimal Number Caveman Number

0 ∑ 10 >∑
1 ∆ 11 >∆
2 > 12 >>
3 Ω 13 >Ω
4 ↑ 14 >↑
5 ∆∑ 15 Ω∑
6 ∆∆ 16 Ω∆
7 ∆> 17 Ω>
8 ∆Ω 18 ΩΩ
9 ∆↑ 19 Ω↑
Quantities/Counting
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
Quantities/Counting
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Quantities/Counting
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17
Conversion Among Bases

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Converting To and From Decimal
Decimal10
0123456789
Successive Weighted
Division Multiplication
Weighted Successive
Multiplication Division

Successive Weighted
Division Multiplication

Octal8 Hexadecimal16
01234567 0123456789ABCDE
F
Binary2
01

15
Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
Decimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125

Base
Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Decimal
• Technique
n
• Multiply each bit by 2 , where n is the “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
• Add the results
Example

Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
Conversion Binary to Decimal

•100112 = (?)10

= (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (1 x 20)

= (1 x 16) + (0 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 1)

= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1

= (19)10
 Binary FRACTIONS to Decimal
•1011.1012 = (?)10
= (1 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (1 x 20)
+ (1 x 2-1) + (0 x 2-2) + (1 x 2-3)

= (1 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 1)
+ (1 x 1/2) + (0 x 1/4) + (1 x 1/8)

= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125

= 11.625
Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Decimal
• Technique
n
• Multiply each bit by 8 , where n is the “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
• Add the results
Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Octal Number To Decimal
Number Conversion
( 26 ) 8 = ( ? ) 10

= (2 x 81) + (6 x 80)

= 2x8 + 6x 1

=16+ 6= (22)10
Octal Number To Decimal
Number Conversion
( 4033) 8 = ( ? ) 10
Octal Number To Decimal
Conversion
( 4033) 8 = ( ? ) 10

=(4 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (3 x 81) + (3 x

0
8)

=(4 x 512) + (0 x 64) + (3 x 8) + (3 x

1)

=2048 + 0 + 24 + 3 = (2075)
Octal FRACTIONS
To Decimal Number
( 6.35) 8 = ( ? ) 10

=(6 x 80) + (3 x 8-1) + (5 x 8-2)

=(6 x 1) + (3/8) + (5/82)
=6 + 0.375 + 5/64
=6 + 0.375 + 0.078125
= (6.453125)10
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
n
• Multiply each bit by 16 , where n is the “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
• Add the results
Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
(1E) 16 = (?) 10

=(1 x 161) + (E x 160)

=1 x 16 + E x 1

=16 + 14 x1 =16 + 14

=(30) 10
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

(CA02) 16 = (?) 10
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
Sum-of-Weights

(CA02) 16 = (?) 10
=(C x 163) + (A x 162) + (0 x 161) + (2 x 160)
=(12 x 163) + (10 x 162) + (0 x 161) + (2 x 160)
=(12 x 4096) + (10 x 256) + (0 x 16) + (2 x 1)
=49152 + 2560 + 0 + 2
=(51714) 10
Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Binary
• Technique
• Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
• First remainder is LSB, least-significant bit
• Last remainder is MSB, most-significant bit
Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
62 1
2
31 0
2
2 15 1
7 1
2
2 3 1

2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Repeated division by 2
number Quotient after division Remainder after division
392 196 0 (b0)
196 98 0 (b1)
98 49 0 (b2)
49 24 1 (b3)
24 12 0 (b4)
12 6 0 (b5)
6 3 0 (b6)
3 1 1 (b7)
1 0 1 (b8)
Binary FRACTION to
-Decimal FRACTION
•Decimal to Binary Conversion

• Repeated Multiplication by 2
Decimal-Binary fraction conversion
•Decimal to Binary Conversion
• Repeated multiplication by 2

Number Mult. By 2 Integer

0.8125 1.625 1 (b-1)

0.625 1.250 1 (b-2)
0.250 0.500 0 (b-3)
0.500 1.000 1 (b-4)

(0.8125)10=(0.1101)2
Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Octal
• Technique
• Divide by 8
• Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?8
8 1234
8 154 2

8 19 2
2 3
8
0 2

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Octal Conversion
• Repeated Division by 8

(2075)10 =( ?) 8
Number Quotient Remainder
2075 =259 =0.375 x 8 = 3 (O0)
259 =32 =0.375 x 8 = 3 (O1)
32 =4 =0 x 8 = 0 (O2)
4 =0 = 0.5 x 8= 4 (O3)
Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
• Divide by 16
• Keep track of the remainder
Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
77 2
16
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
• Repeated Division by 16

(2096)16 =( ?
Number ) 10
Quotient Remainder

2096 131 =0x 16= 0 (O0)

131 8 =0.1875x16=3 (O1)

8 0 =0.5 x16= 8 (O2)

Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Binary
• Technique
• Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary representation
Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
• Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary
representation
Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Octal
• Technique
• Group bits in threes, starting on right
• Convert to octal digits
Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
• Group bits in fours, starting on right
• Convert to hexadecimal digits
Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
• Use binary as an intermediary
Example
10768 = ?16
1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
• Use binary as an intermediary
Example
1F0C16 = ?8 1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
Caveman Number System to Decimal

( Ω∆ ) 5 = ( ? )10

= Ω x 51 + ∆ x 50
=Ωx5+∆x1
= (3) x 5 + (1) x 1
= 15 + 1 = 16
Caveman Number System to Decimal

(∆Ω↑∑ ) 5 = ( ? )10

= ∆ x 5 3 + Ω x 52 + ↑ x 51 + ∑ x 5 0
= ∆ x 125 + Ω x 25 + ↑ x 5 + ∑ x 1
= (1) x 125 + (3) x 25 + (4) x 5 + (0) x 1
= 125 + 75 + 20 + 0 = 220
Decimal to CAVEMAN Conversion
• Repeated Division by 5

(220)10 =( ?) 5
Number Quotient Remainder
220 =44 =0 x 5 = 0 (∑) (O0)
44 =8 =0.8 x 5 = 4 (↑) (O1)
8 =1 =0.6 x 5 = 3(Ω) (O2)
1 =0 = 0.2 x 5= 1(∆) (O3)
Exercise – Convert ...

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF
Exercise – Convert …

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
Binary Arithmetic

•Binary Addition
•Binary Subtraction
•Binary Multiplication
•Binary Division
Binary Addition
•Four Basic rules for binary addition

1st digit 2nd digit Sum Carry

0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1

■ Addition of multiple binary numbers

Binary Addition

Carry 1 1 10 1
1st Number 1 0 1 1
2nd Number 1 1 0
3rd Number 1 0 0 0
4th Number 1 1
Result 1 1 1 0 0
Binary Subtraction

•Four Basic rules for binary subtraction

1st digit 2nd digit Difference Borrow

0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
Binary Subtraction

Borrow 1
1st Number 1 0 1 1
2nd Number 1 1 0
Result 1 0 1
Binary Multiplication

•Four Basic rules for binary multiplication

1st digit 2nd digit Product

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

■ Example of Binary Multiplication

Binary Multiplication

1101 (13)
x 101 (5)
1st product term 1101
2nd product term 0000x
3rd product term 1101xx
Product 1000001 (65)
Multiplication by shifting left

•Decimal 29 shifted left by one digit

•290
•Shift left 1 digit is multiply by 10

•Binary 111012 (29) shifted left by one bit

•1110102 (58)
•Shift left 1 bit is multiply by 2
Binary Division(OPTIONAL)

10
101 | 1101
2
101 5 | 13
011
10
000
11 3
Division by shifting right

•Decimal 29 shifted right by one digit

•2.9
•Shift left 1 digit is divide by 10

•Binary 111012 (29) shifted left by one bit

•1110.12 (14.5)
•Shift left 1 bit is divide by 2