LESSON2:THEGOODLI FE

Thegoodl if
eisal i
fethatisnotpr
imaril
ywastedwi t
hvainactivi
ti
es.I
nst
ead,itaddsval
ueand
contr
ibutestomakingt hi
swor l
dabet t
erplace.Evenmor eso,italsocontr
ibut
estoyourown
growth.Theat t
ainmentofahi ghstandardoflivi
ngalonemi ghtnotbef ul
lyful
fi
ll
i
ngandwil
l
defi
nit
elynotsetyoufr
ee.

1.Lesson2:TheGoodLi
fe
LESSON2.THEGOODLI FE

A.Lear
ningOut
comes:

examinedshar edconcernsthatmakeupt hegoodlif

einordertocomeupwi
thi
nnovat
ive,
creat
ivesoluti
onstocont
empor aryi
ssuesgui
dedbyethi
cal
standar
ds;
defi
netheideaoft hegoodli
fe;and
di
scussAr i
stotl
e’
sconceptofEudaimoniaandar
ête.
B.KeyConcept s

1
.THEGOODLI
FE

A.I
NTRODUCTI
ON

I
nAnci entGr eece,longbef orethewor d―sciencehasbeencoi ned,theneedt ounderst
and
the wor ld and r eali
tywasbound wi ththe need to under
stand the sel
fand t he good li
fe.
Accor dingt oPlat o,understandingthingsinthewor ldiswhatmakest hesoulf l
ouri
sh.Asf or
Arist
otle,hebel ievest hatdi
stincti
onofpr act
icalandtheoret
icalsci
enceswi l
lbringaboutgood
l
ife.From Ar ist
otle‘spointvi
ew inhavingagoodl i
fe,wemusthaveacl eardist
incti
onoft hetwo
branchesofsci ence.Theor eti
cal,whosepur poseissimplyandsolelyknowledgeofGod‘ str
uth;
andPr actical,f
ort heusesofl i
fe.

Theoreti
calscience.These aretheori
es and hypot
hesisthatexpl
ain nat
uralphenomenon.
Li
kewise,itoffer
saver ybroadreader
shipcoveri
ngalldi
sci
pli
nesofsci
ences,engi
neeri
ngand
medicine.
Exampl e:Logi
c,Biol
ogy,Physi
cs,et
c.

Ai
m:Tr
uth

Practi
calscience.Thetheoryoft
heart
s,ist
hatsci
encewhi
chi
ssel
ect
ed,ar
ranged,andf
urt
her
i
nvest i
gat
edi ndetai
lsasaguidet
othepract
iceofanar
t.
Example:Ethi
csandPol i
ti
cs

Ai
m:Good

B.AGREEORDI
SAGREE?

1
.Thepur
poseofl
i
fei
shappi
ness.
2.Happi
nesscomesf
rom pl
easur
e,weal
th,andr
ecogni
ti
on.

3.Happi
nessmeansmer
elyf
eel
i
nggoodorj
oyf
ul.

4.Reasoni
sani
mpor
tantel
ementofhumanhappi
ness.

5.Toachi
evehappi
ness,humansmustpur
sueonl
yext
remel
yposi
ti
vet
hings.

6.Al
i
feofhappi
nessi
sar
esul
tofabal
ancebet
weent
woext
remes.

7.Ahappyl
i
fei
savi
rt
uousl
i
fe.

8.I
ntel
l
ect
ual
andmor
alvi
rt
uesar
ethei
ngr
edi
ent
sofhappi
ness.

9.I
tisnott
her
oleofsci
enceandt
echnol
ogyt
ogui
dehumanst
owar
dsavi
rt
uousl
i
fe.

10.Ethicalstandar
dsmustbei
mposeduponsci
enceandt
echnol
ogyt
oavoi
dexcessesand
defi
ciencies.

C.AREWELI
VINGTHEGOODLI
FE?

-Consi
der
:

Uniquebackgrounds
Experi
ences
Socialcont
exts
Prefer
ences
Thesemakei tdif
fi
cul
ttohaveauni
fi
edst
andar
donwhi
cht
oteaseoutt
hemeani
ngof“
thegood
l
if
e”.

D.ARI
STOTLE’
SNI
CHOMACHEANETHI
CSANDTHEGOODLI
FE

ForAr
istot
le,moral
it
yi st
hestudyoft
hegoodli
fe.Butt
oanswerthequest
ionsar
ewel
i
vingt
he
goodl
ife,f
irst
,whatstandar
dcouldbeusedt
odefinet
hegoodl
if
e?

Thefoll
owi
ngstandardser
veasagui detowar
dli
vi
ngt
hegoodl
i
fei
nthemi
dstofsci
ent
if
ic
progr
essandt
echnologi
cal
advancement
?

-TheGoodLi
fei
ncl
udes:

Goodchoices
Goodacti
ons
Goodhabits
Goodcharacter
E.BUTWHATI S“THEGOOD”
?
TheGood

Agoodcomputerisonethatfuncti
onswell
Agoodpai
rofscissor
sisonet hatcutswell
Agoodpl
antgrowswel l
,repr
oduces,nour i
shesit
sel
f
Agoodmanfunctionswell–intel
l
ect,wil
l
,reasonswell
,chooseswel
l
F.THEHI
GHESTGOOD

“
Goodi
stheai
m ofal
lact
ion”
.

Somegoodsar esubor dinat

etoother
s
Thehighestgoodsar eintri
nsi
cal
lygood–notsubordi
natet
oanyt hi
ng
I
fsomet hingist hehi ghestgood,theniti
sgoodi ni
tsel
f,andnotmer el
ybecausei
tleadsto
somethingelse.
Goodi nit
sel
f=i ntri
nsicgood
Goodbecausei tl eadst osomethi
ngelse=extr
insi
cgood
Everyacti
onai msatsomegood.Someact i
onsaim atani nst
rument
algoodwhil
esomeai m at
anintr
insi
cgood.
G.ARETEANDHUMANHAPPI NESS

Ar
ete–“ excell
enceofanyki
nd”
Vi
rt
ue–( Arist
otl
e)Vir
tuei
swhatmakesonef uncti
onwell
. a)I
ntel
l
ect
ual
vir
tue
–vir
tueofthoughtthati
sachievedthr
ougheducati
on,t
imeandexper
ience.
-Wisdom andunderst
anding

b)Mor
alvi
rt
ue–vi
rt
ueofchar
act
eri
sachi
evedt
hroughhabi
tual
pract
ice.

-Gener
osi
ty,t
emper
ance,cour
age

Vi
rtueastheGoldenMean-Vi r
tuepl
aysasi
gni
fi
cantr
oleintheli
vingandattai
nmentofagood
l
if
e
I
tistheconst
antpract
iceoft
hegoodnomatt
erhowdiff
icul
ttheci
rcumstancesmaybe

Vir
tuei stheexcell
enceofchar act
erthatempower sonetodoandbegood.Vi rt
uei sli
feof
excell
ence mani f
ested fr
om t he personalto t he gl
obalscal
e. For exampl
e, avoidi
ng
sugar/processedfoodtokeepheal thyisanexampl eofavirtue–healt
haddstoone’ swell
-
being.Properwastemanagementcl eanstheenvironmentandaddstopeople’
swel
l-bei
ngand
happiness.Thesevir
tuousact
ionsrequir
edisci
pli
neandpracti
ce.

Avirtuewi l
lfallbetweent wovices,onerepresenti
nganexcessofacer t
ainpassionori
nclinati
on
andt heotherr epresentingadefect.
Happi ness-Theul ti
mat eendofhumanact i
on.A personwhol i
vesavirt
uousl i
fewillhavea
betterchanceatat taini
nghappinessthanonewhol i
veswithoutvi
rt
ue.Happiness(orf
lourishi
ng
orli
vingwel l
)isacompl et
eandsuf f
ici
entgood.Thisi
mplies:
thatitisdesiredf orit
self
thatiti
snotdesi r
edf orthesakeofanythingelse
thati
tsat
isfi
esal
ldesi
reandhasnoevi
lmi
xedi
nwi
thi
t,and
Thati
tisstabl
e.
H.HAPPI NESSASTHEGOALOFAGOODLI FE

JohnSt uartMi l
l(18thcent ury)aBr i
ti
shphi l
osopherdecl aredt heGr eatestHappi nessPr incipl
e.
I
tst atesthatanact i
onisr i
ghtasf arasi tmaximi zestheat t
ainmentofhappi nessf orthegr eat
est
numberofpeopl e.
Hebel i
evedi nt hephi l
osophyofUt i
li
tari
anism.Hewoul ddescr ibeUt i
li
tari
anism ast hepr inci
ple
thathol ds" t
hatact i
onsar er i
ghtint hepr opor t
ionast heytendt opr omot ehappi ness,wr ongas
theyt endt opr oducet her everseofhappi ness."
Toexpl ainf urt
her ,theGr eatestHappi nessPr i
nciplesaysact i
onsar emor aliftheypr omot eutil
it
y
butar eimmor aliftheypr omot etheopposi te.
Util
ity,forthispur pose,isdef inedashappi nesswi t
houtpai n.So,i fsomeonecommi tsanact ion
thatpr ovideshappi nesswi t
houtpai n,thent hatact i
oni smor al.Iftheact iondoesnotcause
happi nesswi thoutpai n,thent hatact i
oni simmor al.
I
ngener al
,it'
saver ysimpl i
sticidea,butdoesi twor kinr ealli
f e?Ther e'
sal otofcont roversy
aboutt hatver ythought .
Historyhasgi venbi r
thtodi ff
erentschool soft hought,allofwhi chai mf orthegoodandhappy
l
ife.Thesear easf ol
lows:

a)MATERI ALISM-Thef irstmat

eri
ali
stsweret heatomi stsinAncientGreece.Democr i
tusand
Leucippusledaschoolwhosepr i
marybeliefisthatt
hewor ldi
smadeupofandi scont r
oll
edby
theti
nyindivi
sibl
eunitsintheworl
dcalled“atomos”.ForDemocr i
tusandhisdi sci
ples,theworld,
i
ncludinghumanbei ngs,ismadeupofmat ter.I
nt er
msofhumanf l
our
ishing,mat teriswhat
makesusat t
ainhappiness.Weseethisatwor kwithmostpeopl ewhoar eclingingont omat er
ial
wealthasthepr i
marysour ceoft
hemeani ngoft hei
rexistence.

b)HEDONI
SM-Thehedonist
,ledbyEpi
cur
us,seetheendgoalofl
i
feinacquir
ingpleasur
e.The
mantr
aoft
hisschool
oft
houghti
sthef
amous,“Eat
,dri
nk,andbemerr
yfortomorrowwedi e”
.

c)STOICI
SM-St oi
cism isaschool ofHell
enist
icphi
l
osophyf oundedbyZenoofCiti
um i
nAthens.
Thestoi
csespousedt heideathattogeneratehappiness,onemustlear
ntodist
anceonesel
fand
beapatheti
c.Weshoul d,adoptthef actthatsomet hingsarenotwithi
nourcontrol
.Inother
words,we shouldt he endure pain orhardshi
p withoutthe di
spl
ayoff eel
i
ngsand without
complai
nt.

d)THEI SM-Mostpeopl
ef i
nd t
hemeaning ofthei
rli
vesusi
ng God asthef
ulcr
um oft
hei
r
exi
stence.Theul
ti
mat
ebasi
sofhappi
nessf
orthei
stsi
sthecommunionwit
hGod.

e)HUMANI SM-humani sm i
sanotherschoolofthoughtespousesthefr
eedom ofmantocar
ve
hi
sowndest i
nyandtolegisl
atehisownlaws,fr
eef r
om theshacklesofaGodthatmoni
tor
sand
cont
rol
s.Forhumani
sts,mani sl
it
eral
l
ythecaptai
nofhi sownship.

Asa resul
tofthe mot
ivat
ion ofthe humani
stcurr
ent,scient
ist
seventual
l
ytur ned t
o
technologyi
nordertoeasethediff
icul
tyoflif
e.Sci
ent
ist
soft odaymeanwhi l
earer eadyto
confrontmoresophi
sti
cat
edatt
emptsatalteri
ngtheworldfort
hebenef i
tofhumani
ty.Some
peopl
enowar
ewi
l
li
ngt
otamperwi
tht
imeandspacei
nthenameoft
echnol
ogy.

Socialmedi a,as an example,has been so fara very ef

fecti
ve way ofemploying
technologyinpur gingtimeandspace.Ifi
ntheear
li
erti
mes,communi cati
onisvi
amailsoitwil
l
taketimebef or
ei treachesther
eceiverbutt
oday,int
ernetandsmar t
phonesmader eal
-ti
me
communi cat
ionpossible.

SUMMARY

Mani sconst antl

yi npur suitoft hegoodl i
fe.Everypersonhashi sperspectivewheni t
comest owhatcompr isest hegoodl i
fe.Throughouthist
ory,manhaswor kedhar dinpoint
ingout
whatamount st o a good,happyl i
fe.Some peopl el i
ke t
he cl
assicaltheor
iststhoughtthat
happinesshast odowi ththeinsideofhumanper son.Thesoul,astheseatofourhumani ty,has
beent hefocusofat t
ent i
onoft hi
sendgoal .Atpr
esent,weseemul t
itudesofschoolsofthoughts
thatallpr
omi setheirownkeyt of i
ndinghappiness.Scienceandtechnologyhasbeen,f orthe
mostpar t
,att heforefrontofman` sattemptsatfi
ndingthishappi
ness.Theonlyquest i
onatt he
endoft hedayi swhet hersciencei stakingtheri
ghtpathtowardatt
ainingwhatitreal
lymeanst o
l
iveagoodl if
e.

LESSON3:WHENTECHNOLOGYANDHUMANI
TYCROSS
LESSON3.WHENTECHNOLOGYANDHUMANI
TYCROSS

A.Lear
ningOut
comes:

exami nedhumanr ightsinordertoupholdsuchr i

ghtsi
nt echnologicalet
hical
dilemmas;
evaluatedcont empor aryhumanexper iencei nordertost r
engt henandenl ightent hehuman
personf uncti
oninginsoci et
y;
explai
nahumanr i
ghts-basedapproacht oS&Tanddevel opment;
i
dentifykeydocument sandt hei
rpri
nciplesthatensur
et hewel l
-beingofhumansi nthemidstof
scienti
ficprogressandt echnologi
caldevelopment;and
discusst heimportanceofuphol di
nghumanr ight
sinscience,technology,anddevel opment
B.KeyConcept s

1
.INTRODUCTI
ON

The good li
fe ent
ail
slivi
ng inaj ustand progressi
ve societywhose cit
izenshave t
he
fr
eedom t oflouri
sh.A personhast heautonomyt omakechoi ceswhi chmaybeenabl ethe
fl
ouri
shingofhi s/
herselfandsoci et
y.Ingeneral
,technologykeepsofpr ogr
essingduetonot
onlyt
hechangi ngtimesandenvi r
onmentbutalsototheever -
progr essi
ngmindofmankind.

A.USEFUL DOCUMENTS FOR A HUMAN RI

GHTS BASED APPROACH TO S&T AND
DEVELOPMENT
a)Uni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s(UDHR)Ar
ti
cl
e27

Thi
sdocumentaffi
rmsever yone‘srighttopar
ti
cipat
einandbenef i
tfr
om sci
ent
if
icadvances,
andbeprot
ectedfrom sci
entif
icmisuses.Theri
ghttothebenefi
tsofsci
encecomesunderthe
domai
nofcult
ure,‘
soitusuall
yexaminedf r
om acult
uralr
ight
sper
specti
ve.

b)UNESCORecommendat
ionont
heSt
atusofSci
ent
if
icResear
cher
s–1
974(
art
.4)

Thisdocumentaffi
rmst hatalladvancesinsci
enti
fi
candt echnol
ogicalknowledgeshouldbe
sol
elybegearedtowar dst hewelfareofthegl
obalcit
izens,andcallsuponmemberst atest
o
devel
opnecessarypr otocolandpol i
ciestomonit
orandsecur ethi
sobj ect
ive.Countr
iesar
e
askedtoshowthatscienceandt echnol
ogyarei
ntegrat
edintopoli
ciesthataimtoensureamore
humaneandjustsociety.

c)UNESCODecl
arat
ionont
heUseofSci
ent
if
icKnowl
edge–1
999(
art
.33)

Thisdocumentst ates,“Today,mor ethanever,scienceandi t

sapplicati
onsar eindi
spensablef or
development.Alllevelsofgover nmentandpr ivatesectorshoul dpr ovi
deenhancedsuppor tfor
buil
dingupanadequat eandevenl ydistr
ibutedsci enti
fi
candt echnologicalcapacit
ythrough
appropri
ateeducat ionandr esearchprogramsasani ndi
spensablef oundationforeconomi c,
social
,cul
tural
andenvi ronmentall
ysounddevel opment .Thisisparti
cularl
yurgentfordeveloping
countri
es”
.Thisdecl arati
on encompassesi ssuessuch aspol l
uti
on- fr
ee producti
on,efficient
resourceuse,biodiversi
typrotecti
on,andbraindrains.

B.UNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTS(
UDHR)

I
twasprocl
aimedonDecember1 0,1
948byt heUNGeneralAssembly
Gl
obalst
andardoff
undamentalhumanri
ghtsforuni
ver
sal
recogni
ti
onandpr
otect
ion
Composedof30fundament
al humanri
ghts
Has7art
icl
es
a) UDHRPREAMBLE

“Recognit
ionoft
heinher
entdi
gni
tyoftheequalandinal
ienabl
eri
ght
sofal
lmember
soft
he
humanf amil
yist
hef
oundati
onoff
reedom,j
ust
iceandpeaceinthewor
ld”
.

Arti
cle1.Allhumanbei ngsar ebor nf r
eeandequali ndigni
tyandr i
ght s.Theyar eendowedwi th
reasonandconsci enceandshoul dactt owardsoneanot herinaspi r
itofbr otherhood.
Arti
cle2.Ever yonei sent it
ledtoal ltheright
sandf reedomssetf orthint hi
sDecl arati
on,wi
thout
dist
incti
onofanyki nd,suchasr ace,color,sex,language,r el
igion,pol i
ti
calorot heropinion,
nati
onal orsocialorigi
n,pr operty,birthorotherstat
us.Fur t
hermor e,nodi sti
nctionshallbemade
onthebasi soft hepolit
ical,juri
sdicti
onal ori
nter
nati
onal st
atusoft hecount ryort er
rit
orytowhi ch
aper son belongs,whet heritbei ndependent ,tr
ust,non- self
-gover ning orunderanyot her
l
imitati
onofsover eignty.
Arti
cle3.Everyonehast her i
ghttol i
fe,l
ibert
yandsecur i
tyofper son.
Arti
cle4.No oneshal lbehel di nslaveryorser vit
ude;slaver yandt hesl avet r
adeshal lbe
prohibi
tedinalltheirforms.
Arti
cle5.Nooneshal lbesubjectedt otor
tureort ocruel
,inhumanordegr adi
ngtreat
mentor
punishment.
Arti
cle6.Everyonehastherightt
or ecognit
ioneverywhereasaper sonbeforethelaw.
Arti
cle 7.Allare equalbeforethe law and are enti
tl
ed wit
houtanydi scrimi
nati
on t
o equal
protect
ionofthelaw.Allareenti
tl
edt oequalprotect
ionagainstanydiscr
iminati
oninvi
olat
ionof
thi
sDecl ar
ati
onandagai ns
tanyincitementtosuchdi scr
imi
nation.
2.WHYDOESTHEFUTURENOTNEEDUS?

A.HUMANI
NTELLI
GENCE

Bil
lJoy,anAmericancomputersci
ent
ist
,st
atedi
nhisfamousWiredmagazi
neessay,“Whyt
he
fut
uredoesn’
tneedus,”hi
sdeepconcernsovert
hedevel
opmentofmodernt
echnol
ogies.

Joyt
raceshisworri
est oadi scussionhehadwi t
hRayKur zwei
l
,theaut
horof“ TheAgeof
Spi
ri
tualMachines:WhenComput ersExceedHumanI nt
ell
i
gence”andfoundi
tdeeplydist
urbi
ng.
Subsequentl
y,heencounteredar gument sbytheUnabomberTedKaczynski.Kaczynskiargued
t
hatifmachinesdoallofsociet
y’swor k,astheyi
nevi
tablywil
l
,thenwecan:

a)Letthemachinesmakeal lt
hedeci sions-Ifwechoose“ a”thenweareatthemercyofour
machines.I
tisnotthatwewoul dgivet hem cont
rolorthattheywoul
dtakecontr
ol,r
ather
,we
mightbecomesodependentont hem thatwewoul dhavetoacceptthei
rcommands.Needless
tosay,Joydoesn’
tl
ikethi
sscenari
o.

b)Maintai
nhumancontr
olovert
hemachi
nes-Ifwechoose“
b”t
hencont
rolwoul
dbei
nthe
handsofanel
i
te,andt
hemasseswoul
dbeunnecessar
y.

I
nthatcase,t
het
inyel
i
te:

Wouldext ermi natethemas ses

Reducet heirbi r
thratesotheyslowl
ybecameext i
nct
Becomebenevol entshepher dstot
hemasses.Thef ir
sttwoscenar
iosentai
lourext
inct
ion,but
even the t hir
d opt i
on is bad.Inthi
sl astscenari
o,the el
it
e wouldfulf
ilal
lphysicaland
psychological needsofthemasses,whil
eatt hesamet i
meengineer
ingthemassestosublimate
thei
rdesiref orpower .I
nthiscase,t
hemassesmi ghtbehappy,butt
heywouldn’
tbefree.
B.HUMANVSROBOT

Aroboti
sdefi
nedasamachineresembli
ngahumanbei
ngandabl
etor
epl
i
cat
ecer
tai
nhuman
movementsandf
unct
ionsaut
omati
cal
ly.

a)TYPESOFROBOTS

Ser
vicer
obot-Arobotthatper
for
msusef
ult
asksf
orhumansorequi
pmentexcl
udi
ngi
ndust
ri
al
aut
omati
onappl
icat
ion.

Personalservice r
obotora service r
obotforpersonaluse -
A servi
ce robotused fora
noncommer cialt
ask.Pr
ofessi
onal
servi
cerobotoraser
vicer
obotforpr
ofessi
onaluse.As
ervi
ce
r
obotusedf
orcommer
cial
task,usual
l
yoper
atedbyapr
oper
lyt
rai
nedoper
ator
.

b)USESOFROBOTI
CTECHNOLOGY

Robot
icsurgery
ü Approvedbyt heFoodandDrugAdmi
nist
rat
ioni
n2000,adoptedbyhospi
tal
sint
heUSand
Eur
opef oruseinthet
reat
mentofawi
der
angeofcondi
ti
onse.g.mit
ral
val
verepl
acement
.

ü Al
lowsdoct
orst
oper
for
m manyt
ypesofcompl
expr
ocedur
eswi
thmor
epr
eci
si
on,f
lex
ibi
l
it
y
andcont
rol
.

üAssoci
atedwi
thmi
nimal
l
yinvasi
ves
urger
y.

Robo-advisor
s
ü Onlineservicest
hatusecomput
eral
gor
it
hmst
o bui
l
dand manageacl
i
ent
‘si
nvest
ment
por
tfol
io.

ü Yousetyourpar
ameters,suchasyourt
imehor
izonandhow muchi
nvest
mentr
iskyou‘
l
l
accept
,andl
ett
hecomputermodelsdot
herest
.

I
nsectint
ell
i
gence
ü Insectintel
l
igence i
sthe f
ocusofr
esear
ch and devel
opmentbecause i
nsect
sand t
hei
r
behavi
orareeasiertomimi
c.

ü Nanobot
scoul
d bebasedoni
nsectbehavi
or,wor
king i
nswar
mst
oget
hert
o per
for
m a
f
unct
ion.

Ar
ti
fi
cial
int
ell
i
gence
ü AIisanareaofcomput
ersciencethatemphasizesthecreat
ionofint
ell
i
gentmachi
nest
hat
workandreactl
i
kehumansSpeechrecognit
ion,Lear
ning,Pl
anni
ng,Pr
oblem sol
vi
ng.

c)LAWSOFROBOTbyI
saacAsi
mov

Law1 .Arobotmaynotinjureahumanbeingor,t
hroughi
nact
ion,al
lowahumanbeingtocome
toharm.
Law 2.Arobotmustobeyt heorder
sgi
venitbyhumanbeingsexceptwheresuchorder
swould
confl
i
ctwitht
heFir
stLaw.
Law 3.Arobotmustprotectit
sownexi
stenceaslongassuchpr ot
ect
iondoesnotconf
li
ctwi
th
Fir
storSecondLaw.
C.NATIONALPOLICIES/LAWSONMORALCONCERNSOFTECHNOLOGI CALERA

REPUBLI CACTNO.2067( ScienceActof1958) :Anactt oi nt

egrate,coordinat
e,andi ntensi
fy
scienti
fi
candtechnol
ogi
calresearchanddevelopmentandt of ost
erinventi
on;toprovidef unds
therefor
;andforot
herpur
poses.
REPUBLI CACTNO.7687( ScienceandTechnologySchol arshipActof1 994):Anactinsti
tuti
nga
scienceandtechnol
ogyscholarshi
pprogr
am andot herpurposes.
REPUBLI C ACTNO.1 01
75( Cyber cri
mePr event
ionActof201 2):Anactdef
iningcybercr
ime,
provi
dingforthepreventi
on,investigati
on,suppressionandtheimposi
ti
onofpenalti
esther
efor
andforotherpurposes.
Humanr i
ghtsshouldbei nt
egralt ot hejourneytowardtheulti
mategood.Theyshouldgui de
humansnotonl yt ofl
ouri
shasi ndi vi
dualmember sofsoci
ety,butal
sotoassisteachotherin
fl
ouri
shingcoll
ect
ivel
yasasoci ety.Theymayf uncti
onasthe―GOLDENMEAN.

3.I
NFORMATI
ONSOCI
ETY

A.Lear
ningOut
comes:Att
heendoft
hel
esson,youwi
l
lbeabl
eto:

Deter
minethehumanandsociali
mpactsofthedevelopment
sintheinformati
onage;
Di
scusstheevol
uti
onoft
echnologyfr
om ancientt
imesuptothepresent;and
I
ll
ustr
atehowsoci
almedi
ahaveaf f
ectedhumanl i
ves.
A.INFORMATIONAGE

Humansar e surr
ounded on al
lsides by t
echnol
ogy cl
aiming t
o supplyinfor
mati
on:
tel
evision,smartphones,andint
ernetdevi
ces.However,dotheyallpr
ovideinf
ormationorj
ust
noise?Mor evoicesaretryi
ngtogetourat tent
ionbuthow canwebesur ethattheyshare
knowl edgeandt r
uth?

A wordisacombi nat
ionofsoundst hatr
epresentssomethi
ng.Wordsar emadeupof
soundst hatt
ransmitamessage.Thewor dsar e―inf
ormed‖becausetheycarry―infor
mation‖.
TheI nformat
ionAge,al soknownasDi gitalAge/New Medi aAge,i sdef
inedasa―per i
od
start
inginthelastquart
erofthe20thcenturywheninformati
onbecameef f
ortl
essl
yaccessible
throughpubli
cationsandthrought
hemanagementofi nformat
ionbycomputersandcomput er
networks.

B.THEROLEOFLANGUAGE

Inthehumanquestf orunders
tandingt henaturalworld,theabil
i
tytonameandcl assify
obj
ectsfoundi nnaturewasseenasaf i
rststepinknowi ng.Thus,thescient
if
icsear
chf
ort ruth
ear
lyonr ecognizedtheuseful
nessoflanguageandt heabili
tyitgavetomakesenseofnat ure.
Fort
heanci entGreeks,l
anguagewasanobj ectwort
hyofadmi r
ation.Wordshavepower
.

C.MATHEMATI
CSASTHELANGUAGEOFNATURE

Technologyi nthemoder nwor l

di sthef r
uitofscience.Becausethesci ent
if
icmet hod
helpedpeopl edi scoverhownaturebehaves,t heywereabletocontrolnat
urewithtechnology.A
mor eaccurat est atementis:Si
ncepeopl ehavedi scoveredthelawsandl anguageofnat ure,
theycandevel opt echnol
ogythatusesthesel awsandl anguageforthei
rbenefi
t.Thislanguage
i
smat hemat ics,t hegreatcontr
ibut
ionofI saacNewt on.Naturecanbeunder stoodbecausei t
speaks int he l anguage ofmat hematics and the human br ai
n,t o a cer
tain extent,can
compr ehendt hislanguage.

D.THEPRI
NTI
NGPRESSANDBEYOND
 Theanci
entf
asci
nat
ionwi
thl
anguagegaver
iset
othepr
eser
vat
ionoft
he

wor
dsofear
li
erpeopl
e.Thedevel
opmentoft
hepr
int
ingpr
essi
sregar
dedast
he

begi
nni
ngofat
ruer
evol
uti
on.Usi
ngpr
int
ingpr
ess,peopl
eondi
ff
erentsi
desof

t
hewor
ldcoul
dshar
ethei
rthought
sandi
deaswi
theachot
her
,for
ming

communi
ti
esoft
hinker
sacr
ossspaceandt
ime(
Connel
l
,1958)
.

Thepr i
nti
ngpr essisadevicethatal
lowsforthemasspr oducti
onofuni for
m pri
ntedmat t
er,
mainlytexti
nt heform ofbooks,pamphlet
sandnewspaper s.Creat
edi nChina,thepri
nti
ng
pressrevol
uti
onizedsoci
etyther
ebeforebei
ngf ur
therdevelopedi nEuropeinthe15thCentur
y
byJohannesGut enbergandhisi
nvent
ionoftheGutenbergpr ess.

E.THEWORLDWI
DEWEB

Theint
er neti
sawor l
dwi
desystem ofi
nter
connect
ednet wor
ksthatfaci
li
tat
edat
at r
ansmissi
on
amongi nnumerabl
ecomputer
s.In1989,Si
rTi
m Berners-
Leeinventedi
tasawayofaddr essi
ng
dat
apr ocessi
ngandi nf
ormat
ionshari
ngamongsci enti
stsf
ort heEuropeanOrgani
zat
ionfor
Nucl
earResear ch(
CERN).

ByOct oberof1990,Ti
m had wri
tt
en t
he t
hree f
undamentalt
echnol
ogi
est hatr
emainthe
foundat
ionoft
oday‘
swebandwhichyoumayhaveseenappearonpart
sofyourwebbrowser
:

HTML:HyperTextMar kupLanguage.Themar kup( for

mat t
ing)languagef ortheweb.
URI :Uni
form ResourceIdenti
fier
.Aki ndof―addr ess-thatisuniqueandusedt oidenti
fytoeach
resourceont heweb.I ti
salsocommonl ycalledaURL.
HTTP:Hyper textTr
ansferProtocol
.Al l
owsf orther etri
evalofl i
nkedresour cesfrom acr ossthe
web.
Witht heeaseofshar inginformat i
onatpr esent,i
tsr eli
abi
li
tybecomescompr omised.
Never t
heless,humanbei ngshaveal waysf oundawayt oaddr esstheirneedsanddi scovernew
fronti
erswi t
hscienti
fi
cthinki
ng.Consi deri
ngt hemanybenef it
swegetf rom theset echnologi
es,
wemustal sober esponsi
bleinuti
li
zi
ngt hem toavoidhar mingot her
sandour sel
ves( McNamar a,
et.,al
.201 8).

F.LEARNABOUTEVALUATI
NGSOURCES:Fi
veCr
it
eri
aforEval
uat
ingWebPages

I
t'
ssoeasyt of i
ndinformati
ononmostanyt opicont heI
nternet.Whet herornott hat
i
nformat i
oni sreli
able,up-to-dateand unbi ased i
sr eall
yt hebig questi
onf oranyonedoi ng
researchont heweb.Books,magazi ne,journalandnewspaperar t
icl
eshavet omeetst r
onger
qualit
ycont r
olstandards,andit'
susual l
ynothar dtofigureoutwhensomet hingwaspubl ished,
whopubl i
sheditandi ftheinformat
ioni srel
iableornot .I
t'snotquit
el i
kethatwi t
hinfor
mat i
on
youf indont heweb.Anyonecancr eateaWebsi t
e,andusual l
y,therear en'
tstandardsto
evaluatethequal i
tyandaccur acyoft heinformati
on.Sot hatmakesi tevenmor eimport
antto
t
ake the ti
me to make sur
et o cri
ti
cal
l
yexami ne t
he i
nfor
mat i
on and t
he websi
te.Usi
ng 5
i
mportantcrit
eri
a-Accuracy,Author
it
y,Objecti
vi
ty,Curr
ency,andCoverage-canmakewadi ng
t
hrough the mass ofinfor
mation l
ess confusi
ng,and,hel p you be a bet
terconsumerof
i
nfor
mat i
on.

Fi
veCri
ter
ia-Accur
acy,Aut
hor
it
y,Obj
ect
ivi
ty,Cur
rencyandCover
age(
CCCOnl
i
neLi
brar
y,201
9)
EVALUATI
ONOFWEBDOCUMENTS

HOW TOI
NTERPRETTHEBASI
CS

1
.Accur
acyofWebDocument
s

Accur
acy

ü Whowr
otet
hepageandcanyoucont
acthi
m orher
?

üWhati
sthepur
poseoft
hedocumentandwhywasi
tpr
oduced?

üI
sthi
sper
sonqual
i
fi
edt
owr
it
ethi
sdocument
?

üMakesur
eaut
horpr
ovi
dese-
mai
loracont
actaddr
ess/
phonenumber
.

üKnowt
hedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenaut
horandWebmast
er.

2.Aut
hor
it
yofWebDocument
s

Aut
hor
it
y

üWhopubl
i
shedt
hedocumentandi
sitsepar
atef
rom t
he"
Webmast
er?"

üCheckt
hedomai
noft
hedocument
,whati
nst
it
uti
onpubl
i
shest
hisdocument
?

üDoest
hepubl
i
sherl
i
sthi
sorherqual
i
fi
cat
ions?

üWhatcr
edent
ial
sar
eli
stedf
ort
heaut
hor
s)?

üWher
eist
hedocumentpubl
i
shed?CheckURLdomai
n.

3.Obj
ect
ivi
tyofWebDocument
s

Obj
ect
ivi
ty
üWhatgoal
s/obj
ect
ivesdoest
hispagemeet
?

üHowdet
ail
edi
sthei
nfor
mat
ion?

üWhatopi
nions(
ifany)ar
eexpr
essedbyt
heaut
hor
?

üDet
ermi
nei
fpagei
samaskf
oradver
ti
si
ng;i
fsoi
nfor
mat
ionmi
ghtbebi
ased.

ü View anyWebpageasyouwoul
dani
nfomer
cialont
elevi
si
on.Askyour
sel
fwhywast
his
wr
it
tenandf orwhom?

4.Cur
rencyofWebDocument
s

Cur
rency

üWhenwasi
tpr
oduced?

üWhenwasi
tupdat
ed?

üHowup-
to-
dat
ear
ethel
i
nks(
ifany)
?

üHowmanydeadl
i
nksar
eont
hepage?

üAr
ethel
i
nkscur
rentorupdat
edr
egul
arl
y?

üI
sthei
nfor
mat
ionont
hepageout
dat
ed?

5.Cover
ageoft
heWebDocument
s

Cover
age

üAr
ethel
i
nks(
ifany)eval
uat
edanddot
heycompl
ementt
hedocument
s't
heme?

üI
sital
li
magesorabal
anceoft
extandi
mages?

üI
sthei
nfor
mat
ionpr
esent
edci
tedcor
rect
ly?

üI fpagerequi
resspeci
alsof
twar
etovi
ew t
hei
nfor
mat
ion,how muchar
eyoumi
ssi
ngi
fyou
don'thavet
hesoft
ware?

üI
sitf
reeori
sther
eaf
ee,t
oobt
aint
hei
nfor
mat
ion?

üI
sther
eanopt
ionf
ort
extonl
y,orf
rames,orasuggest
edbr
owserf
orbet
tervi
ewi
ng?
Put
ti
ngi
tal
lt
oget
her

Accuracy.Ifyourpagel i
ststheauthorandinsti
tut
ionthatpubl
ishedthepageandpr ovidesaway
ofcontacti
nghi m/her.
Authori
ty.Ifyourpagelist
stheaut horcr
edential
sandi t
sdomai nisprefer
red(.
edu,.gov,.org,or
.
net).
Objecti
vit
y.Ifyourpagepr ovidesaccurat
einformationwithli
mitedadverti
si
nganditisobj ect
ive
i
npr esenti
ngt heinf
ormation.
Currency.Ifyourpagei scur r
entandupdat edregularl
y(asstatedonthepage)andt hel i
nks( i
f
any)arealsoup- to-
date.
Coverage.I fyoucanview thei nf
ormati
onpr operl
y--notli
mit
edt ofees,browsert
echnology,or
soft
war erequirement.
LESSON4:BI ODIVERSITYANDTHEHEALTHYSOCI ETY

A.Lear
ningOut
comes:Att
heendoft
hel
esson,youwi
l
lbeabl
eto:

Determinetheint
err
elatednessofsoci
ety,envir
onment
,andheal
th;
I
dentif
yever ydaytasksand evaluatewhet hertheycont
ri
but
et othewel
l
nessand heal
thof
biodi
versi
tyandsocietyornot.
1.BIODIVERSITYANDECOSYSTEM

Theterm Bi
odiversi
tywasfi
rstcoi nedbyWalterG.Roseni ntheyear1986.Thebiosphere
comprisesofacompl excoll
ect
ionofi nnumerableorganisms,knownast heBiodi
versi
ty,which
const
it
utethevi
tall
if
esuppor tf
orsur vivalofhumanr ace.Asoft hi
syear,t
hereareabout1 .75
mil
li
onspeciesi
denti
fi
ed.

Decrease i
n biodi
ver
sit
yis emi
nentwor l
dwi
de and fastert han usual
.Thisis caused t
he
i
ncreasi
ng rat
e ofhuman populat
ion.However
,the disappear ance ofspeci
esin a cer
tain
envi
ronmentcausesandi mbal
ancei nt
heecosyst
em,pr oducingmor echaoti
cchangest hat
harmtheentir
eecosyst
em.

Biodiver si
tyi
sdefinedasthevastvari
etyofl
if
efor
msi ntheEar
th.Thisrecogni
ti
onstar
tedwhen
naturalistsbegant ocl
assi
fyorganismsinthenatur
alworldusi
ngt axonomy( t
axonomyisthe
hierarchicalsyst
em ofclassi
fyi
ngandnami ngorganisms),asystem devisedbytheSwedish
scientistCarlLi
nnaeus.

Biodi
versi
tyisalsodefi
nedast hevariabil
it
yamongl i
vi
ngorganismsfr
om allsour
ces,
i
ncl
udi
ngterrest
ri
al,mari
neandot heraquaticecosystemsandecologi
calcomplexesofwhich
t
heyar
epart;thi
sincl
udesdi
versi
tywithinspecies,bet
weenspeci
esandofecosystems.

2.THREELEVELSOFBI
ODI
VERSI
TY:

a.Ecosyst
em diversi
ty.Thevari
etyofhabi
tats,bi
oti
ccommuni t
ies,ecol
ogi
calpr
ocessesinthe
bi
osphere.Thi
scover sat r
emendousdiver
sit
ywi t
hinecosyst
emsintermsofhabi
tatdi
ffer
ences
andvari
etyofecologi
cal pr
ocesses.
b.Speci
esdi
versi
ty.I
tist
heef
fect
ivenumberofdi
ff
erentspeci
est
hatar
erepr
esent
edi
na
col
l
ecti
onofi
ndi
vidual
s.

c.Genet
icdi
ver
sit
y.Thel
evel
ofbi
odi
ver
sit
yref
erst
othet
otal
numberofgenet
ic

char
act
eri
sti
csi
nthegenet
icmakeupofaspeci
es(
Ecol
ogi
cal
Soci
etyofAmer
ica.n.
d.)
.

3.BENEFI
TSOFBI
ODI
VERSI
TY

Biodi
ver
sit
yist
hesour ceoft heessent
ial
goodsandecol
ogi
calservi
cesthatconsti
tut
ethe
sour
ceofl i
fef
orallandithasdir ectconsumptiveval
uei
nfood,agri
cult
ure,medicine,andin
i
ndustr
yaswellasnon-consumptivevalue.

Consumpt
iveval
ue:Food/
Dri
nk,Fuel
,Medi
cine,Bet
tercr
opvar
iet
ies,I
ndust
ri
alMat
eri
al

Non-
Consumpt
iveVal
ue:Recr
eat
ion,Educat
ionandResear
ch,Tr
adi
ti
onal
val
ue

Ecol
ogicalser
vices:Controlofpotenti
alpestanddiseasecausi
ngspecies,Det
oxi
fi
cat
ionofsoi
l
andsediments,Stabil
izat
ionoflandagainsterosi
on,Carbonsequest
rati
onandcli
matechange,
Maintenanceofsoi lfert
il
it
y,Balanceofnat ur
e,Biologi
calpr
oducti
vi
ty,Regul
ati
onofcli
mate,
Degradati
onofwast e,Cleaningofairandwater,Cycl
ingofnut
ri
ent
s

4.APPLI
CATI
ONSOFBI
ODI
VERSI
TY

a.Biol
ogi
calcont
rol
-Biol
ogicalcontroli
sa componentofan i
ntegrat
ed pestmanagement
st
rat
egy.I
tisdefi
nedast her educti
onofpestpopul
ati
onsbynaturalenemiesandtypi
cal
ly
i
nvol
vesanacti
vehumanrole.(
Shelton,n.
d.)

Someoftheexamplesar
easf ol
lows:
üPredat
orymitesasbi
ologi
calagent
s

üBenef
ici
alnemat
odes(
Het
eror
habdi
ti
sbact
eri
ophor
a)t
hatat
tacksoi
l
-dwel
l
ingi
nsect
s

üTr
ichoder
mahar
zianum usei
ntr
eat
ingsoi
l
-bor
nedi
seases

b.Bi
oremedi
ati
onandbi
odegr
adat
ion

Microorganismsfrom marineandterrest
ri
alsour
ceswhi chproduceusefulenzymesfori
ndust
ry,
agri
cult
ure,bioenergy,bi
oremedi
ationandwast erecycl
i
ng
Cladospori
um cladospori
oideswasf oundtodegradepolyur
ethane(Brunner,I
.etal
.,201
8)
c.Bio-f
umi gati
on

Useofbr occol
ipl
antpartsorothercruci
fer
ousplant
sinthesoil
fort
hreeweeksbef or
eplanti
ng.
Thiswil
lincreasefree-l
i
vingnemat odesint hesoi
landot herbenefi
cialmicr
oorgani
smst hat
helpsint hedecompositi
onofor gani
cmat eri
alst
herebyreduci
ngr ootinf
ecti
onscaus edby
several
fungiandplantparasi
ti
cnemat odes
5.THREATSTOBI
ODI
VERSI
TY

Therearemaj ort
hreatstobiodiver
sit
ythatwer
eident
if
iedbyt
heUni
tedNat
ions`Envi
ronment
Program.Thesearethefoll
owing:
üHabi t
atlossandfragmentati
on

üOver
-expl
oit
ati
onf
orcommer
cial
i
zat
ion

üI
nvasi
vespeci
es

üPol
l
uti
on

üCl
i
mat
echange

üPopul
ati
ongr
owt
h

üOver
consumpt
ion

üI
l
legal
wil
dli
fet
rade

6.BI
ODI
VERSI
TYCONSERVATI
ON

I
nt henearf uture,thisbi odiversit
ylosswillhaveagr eatnegati
veeffectespeciall
ytoushumans.
―Theval ueofbi odiversityist hevalueofever yt
hing‖.Wemustr ecognizetheval ueofeach
organism we shar et he pl anet.Bi odi
versity conser vat
ion i
ncorporat
es t he preservati
on,
maintenance,sust ainabl euse( conservat
ion),recover yandenhancementoft hecomponent sof
biol
ogicaldiversi
ty,wher e:
Conser vat
ion-i st hesus tai
nabl euseofr esour cesand encompassespr otecti
onaswel las
exploit
ati
onand;
Preservati
on-i sanaspectofcons ervati
onmeani ng tokeep something withoutalteri
ng or
changingi t
.
2.Nat i
onalPar ks:Nat i
onalpar ksarer el
ativelylargeareasnotmat eri
all
yal t
eredbyhuman
acti
vitywher eext racti
ver esour ceus esar enotal lowedandmai nt
ainedt oprotectoutstanding
naturalandsceni car easofnat i
onalorinternati
onalsi gni
fi
canceforscienti
fi
c,educationaland
recreati
onaluse.

Exampl
es:

MtDataNationalPark(Benguet/MtProvi
nce,1936)
MtPulagNat i
onalPark(Benguet,1987)
PoaoyLakeNat i
onalPark(Il
ocosNor t
e,1969)
Prot
ectedLandscapeandSeascape:Ar easofnati
onalsigni
fi
cancewhichar echaract
erizedby
t
hehar moniousinter
acti
onofmanandl andwhil
eprovidi
ngopportunit
iesforpubl
icenjoyment
t
hroughrecreati
onandt our
ism wit
hinthenormall
if
est
yleandeconomi cacti
vit
yofthesear eas.
Examples:
Taal VolcanoPr otectedLandscape(Bat
angas,1996)
ApoI slandPr otectedLandscapeandSeascape( NegrosOr ient
al,1994)
BatanesPr otectedLandscapeandSeascape( Batanes,1994)
2.Wi ldl
i
f eSanct uar
y:Compr i
sesanareawhi chassur esthenat uralcondi
ti
onsnecessaryto
protectnat i
onallysigni
fi
cantspeci
es,gr
oupsofspeci es,bioti
ccommuni ti
esorphysi
calfeatur
es
oftheenvi ronmentwher ethesemayrequi
respecifi
chumanmani pulati
onfort
heperpetuati
on.

Ex
ampl
es:

AgusanMar shWi l
dli
feSanctuary(
AgusandelSur,1
996)
MtCalavit
eWi l
dli
feSanctuary(Occi
dental
Mindor
o,2000)
MtHami guit
anRangeWi l
dli
feSanctuar
y(DavaoOri
ent
al,2004)
Refer
ences :

Mcnamara,D.J.
,et
.al
.(201
8).Sci
ence,Technol
ogy,andSoci
ety.C&EPubl
i
shi
ng,I
nc.
:Quezon
Ci
ty,Phi
l
ippi
nesNo.

Ser
afi
ca,J.P.
,et
.al
.(201
8).Sci
ence,Technol
ogy,and Soci
ety.Rex Book St
ore:Mani
l
a,
Phi
l
ippi
nes.

Si
smondo, (2004). Sci
ence Technol
ogy and Soci
ety.
ht
tps:
//www.encycl
opedi
a.com/
sci
ence/encyclopedi
as-al
manacs-t
ranscr
ipts-
and-
maps/sci
ence-t
echnol
ogy-and-
soci
ety-
studies.