FOURIER SERIES

Fourier Series and Application

1. The need for Fourier Series
2. Periodic Functions
3. Piecewise Continuous Function
4. Definition of Fourier Series
5. Dirichlet conditions
6. Odd and even functions
7. Half range Fourier sine and cosine series
8. Parseval’s identity
9. Differentiation and Integration of Fourier Series
10. Application of Fourier Series
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1. The need for Fourier Series

To obtain a solution to a particular boundary value problem
we should need to know how to expand a function into a
trigonometric series (Fourier Series).
Since each term of the trigonometric series considered is
periodic, it is clear that if we are to expand functions in such
series, the functions should also be periodic.
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2. PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to have a 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑇 or to be periodic with
period 𝑇 if for all 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑇 = 𝑓(𝑥). where 𝑇 is a positive
constant. The least value of 𝑇 > 0 is called the 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 or
simply the period of 𝑓(𝑥).
Example 1.
The function sin 𝑥 has periods 2𝜋, 4𝜋, 6𝜋, ..., since
sin(𝑥 + 2𝜋), sin(𝑥 + 4𝜋), sin(𝑥 + 6𝜋), ... all equal sin 𝑥.
However, 2𝜋 is the 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 or 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 of sin 𝑥.
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Example 2.
The period of sin 𝑛𝑥 or cos 𝑛𝑥, where 𝑛 is a positive integer,
is 2𝜋Τ𝑛.
Example 3. The period of tan 𝑥 is 𝜋.
Other examples of periodic functions are shown in the graphs of
𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 1(𝑎), 1(𝑏), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1(𝑐).

1(𝑎) 1(𝑏) 1(𝑐)

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3. Piecewise Continuous Function

A function 𝑓 𝑥 is said to be piecewise continuous in an
interval if,
𝑖 the interval can be divided into a finite number of
subintervals in each of which 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous
𝑖𝑖 the limits of 𝑓 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches to endpoints of each
subinterval are finite.
Another way of stating this is to say that a piecewise
continuous function is one that has at most a finite number of
discontinuities.
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Example.
𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2, a piecewise continuous function
The function of 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 (1𝑎) and (1𝑐) are piecewise continuous.
The function 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 (1𝑏) is continuous.

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 2. 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒: (1𝑎) (1𝑏) (1𝑐)

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4. Definition of Fourier Series

Let 𝑓(𝑥) be defined in the interval (−𝐿, 𝐿) and determined
outside of this interval by 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝐿) = 𝑓(𝑥), i.e. assume that
𝑓(𝑥) has the period 2𝐿. The 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
corresponding to 𝑓(𝑥) is defined to be
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝐿 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝐿 1
2
where the Fourier coefficients 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 are
1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬
𝐿 −𝐿
𝑥 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 0,1,2 … . 2
1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬−𝐿
𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 0,1,2 … . 2
𝐿 𝐿
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4. Definition of Fourier Series

If 𝑓(𝑥) has the period 2𝐿, the coefficients 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 can
be determined equivalently from
1 𝑐+2𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬𝑐
𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 0,1,2 … . 3
𝐿
1 𝑐+2𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬𝑐
𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 0,1,2 … . 3
𝐿
where 𝑐 is any real number. In the special case 𝑐 = −𝐿, (3)
becomes (2)
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4. Definition of Fourier Series
To determine 𝑎0 in (1), we use (2) or (3) with 𝑛 = 0. For
example, from (2) we see that
1 𝐿
𝑎0 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
𝐿 −𝐿
Note that the constant term in (1) is equal to
𝑎0 1 𝐿
2
= 2𝐿
‫׬‬−𝐿
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
which is the 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 of 𝑓(𝑥) over a period.
If 𝐿 = 𝑟, the series (1) and the coefficients (2) or (3) are
particularly simple. The function in this case has the period
2𝜋.
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5. Dirichlet conditions
Theorem 1. Suppose that
(1) 𝑓(𝑥) is defined and single-valued except possibly at a
finite number of points in (−𝐿, 𝐿)
(2) 𝑓(𝑥) is periodic outside (−𝐿, 𝐿) with period 2𝐿
(3) 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓′(𝑥) are piecewise continuous in (−𝐿, 𝐿).
Then the series (1) with coefficients (2) or (3) converges to
(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑥) if 𝑥; is a point of continuity
𝑓 𝑥+0 +𝑓 𝑥−0
(𝑏) 2
if 𝑥 is a point of discontinuity
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5. Dirichlet conditions
In this theorem 𝑓(𝑥 + 0) and 𝑓(𝑥 − 0) are the 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 and represent lim 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝜖) and
𝜖→0
lim 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝜖) respectively where 𝜖 > 0. These are often written
𝜖→0
lim 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝜖) and lim 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝜖) to emphasize that 𝜖 is
𝜖→0+ 𝜖→0+
approaching zero through positive values.
The conditions (1), (2) and (3) imposed on 𝑓(𝑥) are
𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 but not necessary, and are generally satisfied in
practice. There are at present no known necessary and
sufficient conditions for convergence of Fourier series. It is of
interest that continuity of 𝑓(𝑥) does not alone insure
convergence of a Fourier series.
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6. Odd and even functions

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is called 𝑜𝑑𝑑 if 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥
Thus 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥, sin 𝑥 , tan 3𝑥 are odd functions.
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is called 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 if 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
Thus 𝑥 4 , 2𝑥 6 − 4𝑥 2 + 5, cos 𝑥, 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 are even functions.
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6. Odd and even functions

The functions portrayed graphically in 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 1(𝑎) and 1(𝑏)
are odd and even respectively, but that of 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 1(𝑐) is neither odd
nor even.

𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑎 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑏 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑐

In the Fourier series corresponding to an odd function, only 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒
terms can be present. In the Fourier series corresponding to an
even function, only 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 terms (and possibly a constant which
we shall consider a cosine term) can be present.
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7. Half range Fourier sine od cosine series

A ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 is a series in which
only 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 or only 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 are present respectively.
When a half range series corresponding to a given function is
desired, the function is generally defined in the interval (0, 𝐿)
[which is half of the interval (−𝐿, 𝐿), thus accounting for the name
ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒] and then the function is specified as odd or even, so
that it is clearly defined in the other half of the interval, namely
(−𝐿, 0).
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7. Half range Fourier sine od cosine series

In such case, we have

2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = 0, 𝑏𝑛 = 𝐿 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐿
൞ 2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥 4
𝑏𝑛 = 0, 𝑎𝑛 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑥 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐿 0
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8. Parseval’s identity
1 𝐿 𝑎02
‫׬‬
𝐿 −𝐿
𝑓 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = 2
+ σ∞ 𝑎
𝑛=1 𝑛
2
+ 𝑏𝑛
2
5

if 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 are the Fourier coefficients corresponding to

𝑓(𝑥) and if 𝑓(𝑥) satisfies the Dirichlet conditions.
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9. Differentiation and Integration of Fourier Series Differentiation

and Integration of Fourier Series
Differentiation and integration of Fourier series can be
justified by using the theorem 3 which hold for series in general. It
must be emphasized, however, that those theorems provide
sufficient conditions and are not necessary. The following theorem
for integration is especially useful.
Theorem 2. The Fourier series corresponding to 𝑓(𝑥) may be
integrated term by term from 𝑎 to 𝑥, and the resulting series will
𝑥
converge uniformly to ‫ 𝑢𝑑 𝑢 𝑓 𝑎׬‬provided that 𝑓(𝑥) is piecewise
continuous in −𝐿 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿 and both 𝑎 and 𝑥 are in this interval.
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7. Differentiation and Integration of Fourier Series Differentiation

and Integration of Fourier Series
Theorem 3. The series σ 𝑢𝑛 , where 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑛 ≥ 0, converges or
diverges according as
∞ 𝑀
‫׬‬1 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ‫׬‬1 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 exist or does not exist.
𝑀→∞
This theorem is often called the 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡.
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Example 1. Graph the function

sin 𝑥 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ Period =2𝜋
0 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋
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𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Example 2. If the series 𝐴 + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝐿 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝐿
converges uniformly to 𝑓 𝑥 in −𝐿, 𝐿 , prove that
for 𝑛 = 1,2,3 …
1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎 𝑎𝑛 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬
𝐿 −𝐿
𝑥 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥,
1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏 𝑏𝑛 = 𝐿 ‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝐿 𝑑𝑥,
𝑎0
𝑐 𝐴=
2
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Solution 𝑎 .
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
multiplying 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴 + σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝐿 𝐿
𝑚𝜋𝑥
by cos 𝐿 and integrating from −𝐿 to 𝐿
𝐿 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝐿 𝑚𝜋𝑥
‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴 ‫׬‬−𝐿 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 +
𝐿 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝐿 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
σ∞𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 ‫׬‬−𝐿 cos 𝐿 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 ‫׬‬−𝐿 cos 𝐿 sin 𝐿 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝐿 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝐿
For: 𝐴 ‫׬‬−𝐿 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 = (𝐴) 𝑚𝜋 sin 𝐿 ቚ−𝐿
𝐴𝐿
= 𝑚𝜋 sin 𝑚𝜋 − sin −𝑚𝜋 =0
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Solution 𝑎 .
𝐿 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
For: 𝑏𝑛 ‫׬‬−𝐿 cos 𝐿 sin 𝐿 𝑑𝑥
1
From trigonometry: sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 + 𝐵
2
𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑚𝜋𝑥 1 𝐿 𝑛−𝑚 𝜋𝑥 𝑛+𝑚 𝜋𝑥
‫׬‬−𝐿 sin 𝐿 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬
2 −𝐿
sin
𝐿
+ sin
𝐿
𝑑𝑥
1 𝐿 𝑛−𝑚 𝜋𝑥 𝑛+𝑚 𝜋𝑥
if 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛 ‫׬‬ sin + sin 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2 −𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
1 𝐿 𝑛−𝑚 𝜋𝑥 𝑛+𝑚 𝜋𝑥 1 𝐿 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
if 𝑚 = 𝑛 ‫׬‬ sin + sin 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬sin 𝐿 =0
2 −𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 2 −𝐿
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Solution 𝑎 .
𝐿 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
For: 𝑎𝑛 ‫׬‬−𝐿 cos 𝐿 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥
1
From trigonometry: cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
2
𝐿 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝐿 𝑚−𝑛 𝜋𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 𝜋𝑥
‫׬‬−𝐿 cos cos 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬−𝐿 cos + cos 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿 2 𝐿 𝐿
1 𝐿 𝑚−𝑛 𝜋𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 𝜋𝑥
if 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛 ‫׬‬ cos + cos 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2 −𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
1 𝐿 𝑚−𝑛 𝜋𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 𝜋𝑥 1 𝐿 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
if 𝑚 = 𝑛 ‫׬‬ cos + cos 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 1+ cos =𝐿
2 −𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 2 −𝐿 𝐿
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Solution 𝑎 .
therefore:
𝐿 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑚 𝐿 or ‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝐿
1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
hence: 𝑎𝑛 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬
𝐿 −𝐿
𝑥 cos 𝐿
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 1,2,3, … . . answer
for 𝑏 d.i.y
Solution 𝑐 .
𝐿 𝐿
𝑓 𝑥 =𝐴→ ‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬−𝐿 𝐴 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 1 𝐿
‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝐴𝐿 → 𝐴 = 2𝐿 ‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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Solution 𝑐 .
𝐿 𝐿
𝑓 𝑥 =𝐴→ ‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬−𝐿 𝐴 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 1 𝐿
‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝐴𝐿 → 𝐴 = 2𝐿 ‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
from: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿 ‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥; if 𝑛 = 0
1 𝐿 0 𝜋𝑥
𝑎0 = 𝐿 ‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝐿 𝑑𝑥
1 𝐿
𝑎0 = 𝐿 ‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝐿 𝑎
therefore: 𝐴 = ‫׬‬−𝐿 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2𝐿 2
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10. Application of Fourier Series

There are numerous application of Fourier series to solutions
of boundary value problems
1. Heat flow
2. Laplace equation
3. Vibrating system
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Example 3. Application to Heat Conduction

Find the temperature of the bar if the initial temperature is
250 𝐶. The temperature of the bar is defined by 1 , and the
length of the bar is 3 𝑚.
∞ −2𝑒 −2𝑚2 𝜋2 𝑡Τ9 𝑚𝜋𝑥
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = σ𝑚=1 𝐵𝑚 𝑒 sin 3 1
Solution:
from given condition 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 25
substituting to eq.1 the initial condition,
∞ −2𝑒 −2𝑚2 𝜋2 0 Τ9 𝑚𝜋𝑥
25 = σ𝑚=1 𝐵𝑚 𝑒 sin 3 0<𝑥<3
FOURIER SERIES

Application to Heat Conduction

∞ 𝑚𝜋𝑥
25 = σ𝑚=1 𝐵𝑚 sin 0<𝑥<3
3
applying Fourier series;
2 𝐿 𝑚𝜋𝑥
𝐵𝑚 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬
𝐿 0
𝑥 sin 𝐿 𝑑𝑥
2 3 𝑚𝜋𝑥 50 1−cos 𝑚𝜋
= 3
‫׬‬0
25 sin 3
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚𝜋
hence the temperature of the bar can be defined as
50 1−cos 𝑚𝜋 −2𝑚 2 𝜋2 𝑡Τ 9 𝑚𝜋𝑥
∞
σ𝑚=1 −2𝑒
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑚𝜋
𝑒 sin 3 ans.
FOURIER SERIES
Example 4.
𝑎 Find the Fourier coefficients corresponding to the function

𝑓 𝑥 = ቄ03 −5<𝑥<0
0<𝑥<5
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 10
also 𝑏 write the corresponding Fourier series
Solution:
𝑎 Period= 2𝐿 = 10; 𝐿 = 5
1 𝑐+2𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 5 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬𝑐
𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬−5
𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿 5 5
1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 5 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ‫׬‬−5 0 cos 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 3 cos 𝑑𝑥
5 5 5
FOURIER SERIES

Example 4.
1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 5 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = 5
‫׬‬−5 0 cos 5 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 3 cos 5 𝑑𝑥
3 5 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 5
‫׬‬0
cos 5
𝑑𝑥
3 5 𝑛𝜋𝑥 5
= 5 𝑛𝜋
sin 5 ቚ0 = 0 if 𝑛 ≠ 0
3 5 0 𝜋𝑥
if 𝑛 = 0, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎0 = 5
‫׬‬0
cos 5
𝑑𝑥 =3
FOURIER SERIES
Example 4.
1 𝑐+2𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 5 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬
𝐿 𝑐
𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝐿 𝑑𝑥 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬
5 −5
𝑥 sin 5 𝑑𝑥
1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 5 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = 5
‫׬‬−5 0 sin 5 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 3 sin 5 𝑑𝑥
3 5 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 5
‫׬‬0
sin 5
𝑑𝑥
3 5 𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 1−cos 𝑛𝜋
= − 𝑛𝜋 cos 5 ቚ50 =
5 𝑛𝜋

𝑏 The corresponding Fourier Series is

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 3 1−cos 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin = 2 + σ∞
𝑛=1 sin ans
2 𝐿 𝐿 𝑛𝜋 5
FOURIER SERIES
Assignment:
𝑥 0<𝑥<4
1. Expand 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ in a series of
8−𝑥 4<𝑥 <8
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠, 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠

2. Show that the solution of the boundary value problem

𝜕𝑦 𝜕2 𝑢
= 𝑢𝑥 0, 𝑡 = 𝑢𝑥 𝜋, 𝑡 = 0 𝑢 𝑥, 0 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2
where 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋, 𝑡 > 0, is given by
1 𝜋 2 ∞ −𝑚 2𝑡 𝜋
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑡 = ‫𝑓 ׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜋 σ𝑚=1 𝑒 cos 𝑚𝑥 ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0