Materials Today: Proceedings 62 (2022) 4013–4017

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Environmental impacts of using recycled plastics in concrete

Furqan Tahir, Sami Sbahieh, Sami G. Al-Ghamdi ⇑
Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The urbanization process adds to the increase in solid waste generation, increased environmental
Available online 6 May 2022 impacts, and solid waste management failures. Due to the restricted deployment and proper disposal
of solid waste, the environmental implications are a concern. There has been an increase in interest in
Keywords: sustainable practices regarding waste management and recycling, which the civil construction sector
Concrete has substantially absorbed. Plastic waste can be recycled and can be used in many applications. One such
Environmental impacts application is in concrete, for which the recycled-based plastic aggregates or plastic fibers can be substi-
Life cycle assessment
tuted for natural aggregates or steel-reinforced mesh (SRM). Many researchers have investigated the
Plastic aggregate
Recycled plastic
mechanical properties of such concrete; however, the environmental assessments are limited in the lit-
Recycling erature. This research evaluates and consolidates environmental studies on recycled plastics in concrete-
like aggregates and fibers. A summary of the applications of recovered plastics is presented. Following
that, the works on environmental implications are thoroughly discussed and analyzed. In addition,
research gaps and challenges related to environmental assessments are highlighted in this work.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
ence on Materials, Processing & Characterization. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

1. Introduction
The utilization and manufacturing of plastics experienced an
enormous increase in the last few years due to their economic ben-
efits and flexibility for various applications. Plastics have been used
in a wide range to replace conventional materials such as glass,
metals, and wood [1–4]. The extensive usage of Plastics and the
insufficient recycling attitude made plastic waste an increasing
pollutant to the environment [5–8]. Nowadays, the yearly produc-
tion of solid urban garbage worldwide is around 2.01 billion tons.
In the best case, 33% of the solid waste worldwide is not being han-
dled properly in an environmentally friendly way, and the solid
garbage is expected to reach 3.40 billion tons by 2050 [9]. Some
nations, including the underdeveloped nations and the developing
nations, encounter a scarcity of infrastructure and the proper treat-
ment of waste; on the other side, it’s probable to connect the
improper use of resources in the developed nations [10]. There
are mainly two types of plastic waste, and they can be described
as recyclable and non-recyclable plastic waste. Sad to say that
around 80% of the garbage is shifted to landfills, while the leftover
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: futahir@hbku.edu.qa (F. Tahir), sasb41935@hbku.edu.qa (S.
Sbahieh), salghamdi@hbku.edu.qa (S.G. Al-Ghamdi).
fraction is divided equally between the recycling process and the
waste combustion process [11]. Sustainable solid waste manage-
ment has become an urgent need for industries attempting to
advertise sustainable growth and industrialization [12].
The waste disposal contains emissions resulting from strong
greenhouse gases GHG like methane while landfilling [13], emis-
sions resulting from toxic chemicals like polystyrene and bisphenol
A [14], and it poisons the marine life [15]. There are so many ways
to solve this issue, and one of them is by improving multiple reus-
ing and recycling methods for these materials, such as material
recycling [16], feedstock recycling [17], and energy recovery [18]
to reduce climatic change implications [19], and human and mar-
ine toxicity [7].
Considering the circular economy activities, it is possible to link
circular economy practices with the life cycle assessment LCA in
this stage because LCA is a tool that aims to assess the advantages
of material reuse and the amount of reduction in natural resources
[20]. LCA is an approach that describes the environmental impacts
of a product through its lifespan, granting better information about
the product, which will help to establish improved strategies [21].
This study concentrates on assessing and studies associated with
the recycled plastics in the applications of concrete-like aggregates
and fibers. In the beginning, a short overview is presented on the
applications of recycled plastics. After that, a full discussion and

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.593
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials, Processing & Characterization.
This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
F. Tahir, S. Sbahieh and S.G. Al-Ghamdi
analysis of the studies related to environmental impacts are per-
formed. Moreover, a summary of the challenges in the environ-
mental analysis is conducted.
2. Recycled plastics in concrete
In the past few years, in order to enhance the performance of
the concrete, macro plastic fiber (MPF) has been adopted to be
used in construction industries. The applications of using MPF to
enhance the performance include reducing drying shrinkage, con-
trolling cracks, and improving the behavior of post-crack for con-
crete elements [22]. The process of producing plastic fibers is
done through many steps. It begins with plastic melting; after that,
the plastic grains are extruded into filaments; the monofilament is
hot stretched to form fibers and break into a 30–90 mm length. The
drawing procedure directs the molecular chains enhancing the
crystallinity, therefore increasing the tensile strength and the mod-
ulus of elasticity of the fibers, as shown in [23].
Virgin PP fiber outperforms other plastic fibers in terms of sta-
bility and performance, and is commonly utilized in concrete for
tunnel linings, pathways, and precast parts. Due to the loss of
water from the hardened concrete, drying shrinkage occurs, which
can be severe in walkways in hot and dry locations like North
Queensland, Australia. Steel reinforcing mesh (SRM) has tradition-
ally been used to avoid drying shrinkage cracks, but PP fibers are
now replacing it due to their ease of manufacturing and accompa-
nying labor and cost reductions [24]. Another solution is to use
fibers made from recycled plastic waste (Fig. 1) to minimize the
resources and the associated energy.
Although the tensile strength of recycled plastics is lower than
that of virgin plastics, both virgin and recycled plastics are strong
enough to be employed in concrete reinforcement [24,25]. The
bags and bottles of the recycled and crushed polyethylene tereph-
thalate (PET) were broadly considered and studied for the utiliza-
tion in concrete [26,27], paving [28,29], mortar [30,31], clay
bricks [32], asphalt-concrete mixture [33], and soil-cemented
blocks [34]. Steel reinforcing mesh (SRM) has traditionally been
used to reinforce concrete walkways to minimize drying shrinkage
cracks. In recent years, macroplastic fibers have progressively
replaced steel reinforcement in concrete to improve fracture resis-
tance and toughness. Virgin polypropylene (PP) fibers are the most
often utilized synthetic fibers in concrete.
Mining quarries and solid waste dump sites, in general, have a
negative impact on groundwater systems [35]. More crucially, nat-
ural aggregates account for 13–20% of the total carbon dioxide
emissions produced by the concrete industry [36]. Many scholars
studied the replacement of natural aggregate with plastic like the
research presented by [37–39]. The studies indicated that the
replacement quantity of plastic plays a huge role in compressive
Fig. 1. Steps for reusing the plastic waste.
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Materials Today: Proceedings 62 (2022) 4013–4017
strength and workability. More explicitly, the concrete workability
resulting from the usage of recycled plastic aggregates was
decreased by 43–95%, while the strength decreased by 9–62%
[37,38,40].
Choi et al. [41] looked at the impact of using plastic trash (PET
bottles) as aggregate on concrete characteristics. This investigation
revealed that these wastes might reduce the weight of normal
weight concrete by 2–6% and the compressive strength by up to
33% compared to conventional concrete. Rebeiz’s research [42]
proved that resins made from recycled PET might be utilized to
make high-quality precast concrete. Ghernouti et al. [43] analyzed
the effect of using recycled plastic bags as aggregates in concrete
on mechanical and thermophysical properties. They concluded
that the bulk density reduces by 40%, and the compressive strength
lowers by 24% for the 20% recycled-based aggregate in concrete.
Plastic wastes are considered wastes; hence their value is low to
none. As a result, using such construction materials will avoid
the costs associated with traditional building materials, lowering
the overall construction cost [44]. Hence, it can be concluded that
the recycled based plastic fibers and aggregates can be used suc-
cessfully substituted for traditional reinforcements or aggregates
in concrete without causing long-term deterioration and with ade-
quate strength development qualities.
3. Environmental impacts
The LCA technique is widely regarded as a good managerial tool
for assessing and comparing product eco-performance [6,7]. Many
researchers have investigated the mechanical properties of such
concrete; however, the environmental assessments are limited in
the literature [45–50]. In studies by Yin et al. [45] and Tuladhar
and Yin [46], the environmental assessment of recycled PP fibers
from industrial and domestic waste used to reinforce concrete
footpath applications in Australia was conducted. The steel rein-
forcement mesh and virgin PP were also considered for comparison
purposes. SimaPro was used to quantify life-cycle impacts, and
100 m2 of the concrete footpath was set as the functional unit.
They found that equivalent carbon emissions can be reduced by
40.3% and 20.4% for producing PP fiber from industrial and domes-
tic wastes, respectively, compared with virgin fibers’ PP fiber pro-
duction. Furthermore, PP fibers produced from industrial waste
were found to be more environmentally beneficial as 93% of equiv-
alent carbon emissions, 97% of equivalent PO4, 91% of equivalent
fossil fuel, and 99% of water usage can be reduced compared to
steel reinforced mesh. In another study, Alqahtani et al. [47] con-
ducted a life-cycle cost analysis for low-density polyethylene
(LDPE) aggregates in concrete. They considered 24 scenarios by
varying the number of floors, slab span, and types of concrete.
F. Tahir, S. Sbahieh and S.G. Al-Ghamdi Materials Today: Proceedings 62 (2022) 4013–4017

Their results showed that 7.23% of concrete and 7.18% of steel
amounts could be saved by utilizing linear LDPE aggregates.
Javadabadi [48] did a cradle to gate analysis to examine the
environmental effects of using recycled PET as a fine aggregate
for a concrete application. He found that recycled-based aggregate
utilization substantially reduces the environmental impacts such
as global warming potential and human toxicity. Some researchers
used plastic waste and fly ash in concrete applications. For exam-
ple, Ersan et al. [50] observed the environmental impacts of using
fly ash and recycled plastic waste in the concrete. They imple-
mented a cradle to grave approach, considered one cubic meter
of concrete as the functional unit, and calculated the life-cycle
impacts in SimPro software. It was found that the carbon emissions
were lowered by 13% compared to conventional ones. Further-
more, all the environmental effects were lowered except eutroph-
ication. The LCA studies for applying recycled plastic waste to the
concrete are summarized in Table 1.
4. Discussion and challenges
Recycled plastics as aggregate or reinforced fibers in concrete
applications have shown environmental and economic benefits.
Furthermore, the mechanical strength was found to be in accept-
able ranges. Thus, the reduced demand for natural aggregates in
concrete applications is economically and environmentally justi-
fied since it reduces overexploitation of aggregate quarries, energy
usage, and greenhouse gas emissions. Several studies have con-
firmed the environmental advantages of such aggregates. However,
there is a paucity of literature when it comes to verifying the finan-
cial benefits of these recovered plastic aggregates. Furthermore,
the conclusions are constrained by the studies’ assumptions. For
recycling plastics, electricity is used in all steps, such as sorting,
shredding, smelting, and producing aggregates/fibers. The electric-
ity can be made available via renewable resources that can further
lower the environmental burdens [51–53].
Occasionally, there is a high level of contamination with various
components. Other materials, which are commonly added at a later
processing stage, are frequently contaminated with PET wastes. It
may be necessary to apply further treatment to remove the speck
components in such circumstances. PET waste has a relatively low
density. The low density is advantageous in some construction
applications, such as insulating materials and lightweight struc-
tural concretes. This limits its application in situations where con-
siderable stiffness and strength are required [54]. Lastly, there are
no guidelines or restrictions in place for the use of plastic waste in
construction material manufacturing. The vast majority of plastic
waste applications are now based on the findings of scientific
research and development projects.
5. Concluding remarks
In the past few years, the utilization of waste in environmen-
tally friendly and energy efficient has been the main focus of many
researchers to reduce the resource consumption, required energy,
the environmental impacts. Furthermore, the plastic consumption
has grown exponentially because of their favorable properties that
increased the plastic waste generation. Since, the natural plastics
degradation takes more than 100 years and the disposal has many
detrimental effects; hence, it is of utmost importance to lower the
plastics waste by reusing, recycling, and producing energy and
other products. The recycled plastic based aggregates and fibers
in concrete application, has proved to be alternatives to the natural
aggregates and steel-reinforcement mesh. In this work, a literature
survey has been carried out to discuss and summarize the environ-
mental effects related to the recycled plastic based aggregates and
fibers in concrete application. The studies have shown that the
environmental burden such as global warming potential, ozone
depletion, and energy usage, can be considerably reduced for
recycled-based plastics compared to the conventional process.
The deployment of recycled plastics not only offers mechanical
and environmental benefits but also economic perspectives. Fur-
thermore, more LCA studies are required to assess the feasibility
of different recycled based plastics.
CRediT authorship contribution statement

Table 1
Summary of environmental-related studies of the application of recycled plastic
waste in concrete.
Study Description
Yin et al. [45], Evaluated environmental
Tuladhar and impacts of using recycled
Yin [46] PP fibers from domestic and
industrial wastes for
concrete footpath
application and compared
with steel reinforced mesh
Alqahtani et al. Analyzed the life-cycle cost
[47] of utilizing LDPE aggregates
in concrete
Javadabadi [48] Examined the
environmental effects of
using recycled PET as a fine
aggregate for a concrete
application.
Betita [49] Conducted LCA for recycled
plastic aggregate for
concrete application.
Ersan et al. [50] Observed the
environmental impacts of
using fly ash and recycled
plastic waste in the
concrete
Furqan Tahir: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investiga-
tion, Methodology. Sami Sbahieh: Investigation, Visualization.
Sami G. Al-Ghamdi: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Pro-
Key Findings
ject administration, Resources, Software, Supervision.
93% of eq. CO2 emissions,
91% of eq. oil, and 99% of
water usage can be reduced Declaration of Competing Interest
as compared to that of
steel-reinforced mesh. The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
7.23% of concrete and 7.18%
to influence the work reported in this paper.
of steel amounts can be
saved by utilizing linear Acknowledgements
LDPE aggregates.
The environmental impacts
are reduced by 58% for the This work was made possible through the National Priorities
concrete mixture with 47% Research Program (NPRP), grant: (NPRP13S-0209-200311) from
aggregate. the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF), and through Hamad
Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), a member of Qatar Foundation
Carbon emission and
(QF). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations
energy consumption were
reduced by 15.4% and expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not nec-
16.1%, respectively, for 15% essarily reflect the views of QNRF, HBKU or QF.
recycled content in
concrete.
Carbon emissions were
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