GERMAN / BASIC COURSE UNITS 1-12 a 4 All FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE WASHINGTON, D.C. 1961 DEPARTMENT OF STATEBASIC_COURSE GERMAN PREFACE Preface ‘This Basic Course in German has been designed to assist United States Government representatives who require a comand of spoken German. ‘The general concept of this text has grown out of the plan of Spoken Language courses prepared under the auspices of the American Council of Learned Societies during World War II. But pattern drills and other exercises have been developed extensively at the Foreign Service Ineti- tute to provide a much fuller manipulation of forms and patterns, and a conscious attempt has been"made to adapt situations and vocabulary to apecific needs of the Foreign Service. And the course is intended to lay a solid foundation for comprehensive language skills, providing systematically for the development of reading proficiency based on oral- aural skills, ‘mis text is the end-product of several years of work and has bene- fited from the labors of many members and former members of the PSI staff. In ite present form it was prepared under the supervision of Dr. Samuel A. Brown, who has had overall responsibility for the arrangement of situation al material and for the organization and presentation of structural f tures, Particular credit for the dialogs and much of the drill material goes to Mre, Ilse Christoph. Mrs. Christoph has been assisted by Mrs. Maria-tuise Bissonnette, Mr Friedrich Lehmann, Mr. Gerhard Hatzel, Mrs. Margarete Plischke and Mrs. Erika Quaid. ‘A most valuable contri- bution was also made by Mrs. Quaid in preparing the major part of the typescript, assisted by Miss Genevidve Ducastel, The project has been a cooperative venture, however, and all members of the German staff have contributed freely the fruit of their classroom experience and the gifts of their imagination and insight. Ee fee es a Dean, School of Languages Foreign Service Institute satBETRODUCTION GERMAN BASIC_COURSE Introduction am Tt 1s the aim of the course to provide the student with a useful control of the structure of the spoken language and of a basic vocabu- lary which meets at least some of the specialized needs of the Foreign Service. After completion of the basic course the Foreign Service officer should be able to make limited practical use of the language in his official duties and social obligations. He will furthermore have the means, given the proper surroundings and personal motivation, for continued rapid and efficient development of proficiency. MATERIALS The materials in this first volume of the text are organized into twelve lessons or units. zach unit contains a set of basic sentences for memorization. These are in the form of a dialog based on one or sometimes two specific situations in which a person might find himself in Germany. Notes to the basic sentences are provided as necessary to clarify occasional difficulties in vocabulary and idiom and to provide additional background on some cultural features unfamiliar to Ameri- cans. Notes on pronunciation are included in each of the first eight units, Phopological features which have been found to be particularly digficult for American students are here presented with explanations and pronunciation practice drills, The ngtes on qrammar in each unit single out those structural features illustrated in the basic sentences which are appropriate for systematic consideration at that stage in the course. substitution drijls provide for the manipulation of forms by substituting specific items in fixed sentence frames. They are in~ tended to build habits of association, so that in a given syntactic environment the appropriate grammatical form automatically comes to mind. As the German vocabulary is all familiar, no English equiva~ lent are given in these drills. Variation drills provide for the manipulation of larger syntactic patterns. In each group a model sen- tence, underscored, serves as a guide. Associated with it are ad- ditional sentences incorporating the same syntactic pattern but in which most of the individual word items have been replaced. Engliah equivalents are given to serve as cues for recall of the German variant sentences. Yocabulary drills provide both practice in the use of new vocabulary items and aiso allow for manipulation of sentence elements whose particular form and arrangement depends upon their association with that vocabulary item. The manipulation of both variation an vo- cabulary drills depends on the use of English equivalents. specific translation drills are also provided, however. In most cases they Present the material of the basic dialog in the form of a narrative ‘They thus provide content review of the basic sentences and practice in the transfornation from active dialog to descriptive narration. The response drills are question and answer drills on the situations of the basic dialogs. Conversation practice and additional situations in out~ line bridge the gap to free conversation with small pieces of supple- mentary dialog for acting out and situations providing for a freer play of the student's imagination. The finder list in each unit notes all new vocabulary which has been present MESHOD AND PROCEDURE ‘This is a course in Spoken German; the forms and patterns of the language are intentionally colloquial. ‘The emphasis in instruction is avBASIC_COURSE GERMAN HFFRODUCTION everywhere on speech, and an indispensable component of the learning Process is the voice of a tutor, or instructor, whose native language is German. Onno account should the student attempt to use these materials without either a native instructor or recordings of a native instructor's voice. The method of instruction incorporates quided imitation, repetition, memorization, pattern practice, and conversation. Working under the supervision of a linguist the tutor's role is to serve as a model for speech and to guide the student to accurate imi- tation by constant repetition and correction. ‘The student's Job is to watch and listen to the tutor carefully and to imitate as exactly as he can the sounda which he hears. He must be prepared for constant cor- rection and repetition. Each time however the instructor will give him ‘a model to follow by repeating the item first. The student should never attempt to read from his text but should always watt until he hears the word or utterance as the tutor speaks it for him. As far a possible he should leave his book closed during the presentation of new dialog material and keep his eyes on the tutor, students will be asked to repeat in chorus and individually and will be expected to re- peat many, many times, even when their imitation has been good and accurate. Only by constant repetition after an authentic model for speech can habitual fluent and accurate reproduction of the sounds and forms of the foreign language be achieved. ‘The basic sentences are preceded by "build-ups" giving the com ponent parts of the utterance separately. Each new item which is introduced appears first as a build~up, ‘The tutor will ask the students to repeat the build-ups separately first, then combined into larger units and finally the complete new sentence or utterance. The basic sentences are sub-divided into numbered sections, each to be treated as a unit, repeated in chorua and individually, with and with- out build-ups, until the students‘ imitation is satisfactory. Then a new section may be begun, The time required to cover each section in this way will differ widely depending on the size and ability of the class. After acceptable imitation and accurate pronunciation has been achieved in one or more sections they are assigned for memorization outside of class or repeated in class until memorized. The student should be able to give either the German sentence or its English equiva- lent on request or switch from one to the other and back again. The tutor will drill by repeating each sentence for each student in the class, then by giving each student a different sentence, repeating it for him first, and finally asking the students to recite the sentences in order, the first student the first sentence, the second student the yond sentence, etc., without receiving a cue from the instructor Repetition outside of class, preferably using recorded materials as a guide, whould be continued to the point of overlearning. The student should not only be able to give the correct German sentence inmediately upon hearing an English equivalent, at random selection, he should also be able to give the correct German sentence with equal ease and speed of response upon hearing its German cue. As a final step the students are expected to act out the basic dialog in entirety from menory, with the tutor or with other students. Only when the basic sentences have ‘been mastered to this extent can they be considered to provide an adequate basis for control of the spoken language. It should be noted at this point that the English text accompanying the basic sentences 4s not primarily a translation but rather a set of conversational equivalents, Many apparent discrepancies will be found if the student,summopucrioy GERMAN BASIC_COURSE or the tutor, looks for word-for-word correspondence between the English and German text. It does not exist. Rather, in such and such @ situation thie is what is said in German and thie is what is said in English. ‘he pronunciation practice drills are to be taken up after the presentation of the basic sentences has been completed and menorization has been started, Items are arranged in groups according to the par- ticular phonological feature concerned. Words in vertical colume present the same phonological feature in different environments, Several colums in a practice group contain related phonological features or related phonological environnents in which the sane feature recurs, Words are to be repeated first in chorus and then individually by each student after the tutor, at first following the vertical columns and later, for variation and comparison, horizontally nero the page. Particular attention should be paid to items in contrast. These are minimum meaningfully distinctive sound patterns, accurate control of which 1s important for communication and conprehension. Contrasting word pairs are linked by a dash, and after separate practice for accuracy the items shovid be repeated by pairs to bring out the exact distinctions between then. The notes on grammar are earmarked for hone study. After each unit has been started and the first hour or more has been apent in class on repetition of the basic sentences the student should read through the gramar notes to acquaint himself with the grammatical points presented in that unit. During the whole time a particular unit Ts being worked on in class the student should continue to atady the gramar section, Many questions which he may feel tempted to raise in ‘ill be found to be anavered in the notes on grammar. she titer ot to a ‘the 1 wit aot to ply nin vith seentions. Hime te ie to be spent using and manipulating the Janguage and not in talking about it, In each unit one or more grammatical features are presented, and the basic sentences nave been designed, as far as ia possible consitent with natural expression, to incorporate and 1l- lustrate those features. Each point of gramar discussed is illustrated by sentences which are natural utterances in the language. They are taken in neariy every case from the basic sentences of the current or preceding units. ‘Thus the examples are already familiar to the student, and the patterns they contain, which will be drilled and practiced in the sections to follow, are patterns which the student has already begun to assimilate by menorizing the sentences of the dialog. Atter the basic sentences of a unit have all been repeated several times and memorization nas been well begun, work can be started on the drills, ‘The material 18 designed to provide a naximin of additional ‘experience in using the forms and patterns of the language learned in the basic sentences. it is not sssuned, however, that the learner is autonatically able to transfer the experience gained in the basic nntences to error-free manipulation of these forma and patterns. The Grille are by no mans a test of what the student can do with the clenents given hin, It 18 a matter of no great importance whether he can or cannot "figure then out” by himself. ‘The goal in to learn to speak the language accurately and fluently, and this aim can only be achieved by correct repetition of the forns and patterns involved. Therefore all the sentences in each drill group are firet to be repented after the tutor in their correct form. The tutor then cues viBASIC_COURSE GERMAN INTRODUCTION each student in turn for repetition of one of the drill sentences until all students have given all sentences correctly. In the substitution driiis the model sentence and all its variants are firet repeated in chorus after the tutor. He then gives the model sentence again, the class repeats it in chorus, after which each student de cued individually with an item to be substituted and repeats the sentence with the substitution called for. In some cases the cue is ‘the exact form which fits into the sentence. In some cases a cue is given which requires the student to choose the proper form to fit the syntactic environnent of the model. Regardless of which type of cue 48 given or how simple or complex the exercise may appear to be, the student's task is to make the substitution without hesitation and to repeat the sentence accurately at normal conversational speed. Although no English equivalents are given in the substitution arills and the first task is rapid, fluent and accurate manipulation of the material in Ggxman, the tutor may ask for spot translations into English here and there, and on th or third repetition of the drill he may give English equivalents as word or sentence cues in place of the German cues provided. In most of the variation drilie and in all of the vocabulary drille the cues take the form of equivalent English sentences. Basic procedure Fenains the sane as in the substitution drills, All sentences in & given variation of Vocabulary group are firat repeated after the tutor in their correct form. ‘The tutor then gives the pattern sentence again, and the students repeat it in chorus, after which they are required individually to recall and repeat the correct German sentences for which an English equivalent 1s given. student my work with their books open here, covering up the right-hand side of the page on which the German sentences are printed and taking their cues from the Bnglish Sentences on the left-hand side of the page. Gonversion dxills require the conversion of one or more elenents in a sentence from one form to another - singular to plural, present tense to past tense, etc. ¥o English is provided for th ntences as arule. However, as in the substitution drills the tutor may ask for a random spot translation into English, and he may go through the drill 1 second or third time giving English sentence cues for which the student gives the German equivalent. ‘Translation and response drills, as noted above, are in most cases directly related to the basic sentences. In translation drills the Procedure is similar to that followed in variation and vocabulary driiii Students may work with their books open, covering the German text and reading the English sentences themselves, or if preferred, books may be left closed while the tutor gives the English equivalents. In the Eesponse drills it is often appropriate for the tutor to address two or ‘three questions to the same student and then two or three more to the next, so that the drill takes on a more natural character of conversation- al interchange. Both drills should be repeated in entirety several times, however, or until all students have had a chance to respond to all itens, It will be noted that alI drill material is provided with both a cue and a correct response, so that all may be prepared by the student outside of class and repeated and practiced by him as often as necessary to achieve complete accuracy and fluency. In many cases there is more than one possible response to a given cue, and instructors are encouraged vidINTRODUCTION GERMAN BASIC COURSE to accept all responses which are truiy equivalent. If a correct response has been given, however, instructors are not to suggest variant forme which may occur to them, a6 this only introduces unnecessary complexity of choice to an exercise which is difficult enough as it is In the conversation practice brief conversations, usually on the same theme as the basic dialog, are read through by the tutor three or four times while students listen. Then the tutor takes one role while fone student takes the other, and they repeat the conversation together. ‘the student's aim here is not primarily to memorize and repeat exactly, but to give as accurate an equivalent as possible in his own word After acting out the conversation with the tutor the student goes through 4 again with another student, he in turn with the next student, and eo on until all have taken both parts in the dialog. ‘The situations are brief descriptions, in English in the earlier units, later in German, of occurrences similar ta those on which the basic dialogs are based. Two or more students then act out what has been described in their own way and using their owa words. They are free to use their imagination and £111 in any supplementary details that occur to them. The whole conversation should not be prolonged however more than four of five minutes maximum duration. Then other students may try their hand at the same situation. ‘The nagratives, beginning with the ¢ifth unit, are designed for reading purposes, In the early units they introduce a minimum of additional vocabulary ané snfamiliar forms, and they may be used in the class for oral narration, the student re-telling in his om words what he has read. In later units some features of expository prose ~ matters ‘of both form and style ~ which differ from normal spoken usage are introduced through the narratives in order to bridge the gap between conversational Gernan and those reading skills of a specialized nature which require particular study and attention. The ultimate goal of the course, as has been stated above, is to ‘gpeak accurately, fluently and easily. The text provides for the ‘Assimilation of all basic forms and patterns of the language by the guided imitation, meworization, and manipulation of a large number of sentences and by practice in confronting several widely occurring every~ day situations. Actual living use of the language in free conversation is a necessary and essential adjunct. The tutor should therefore encourage his students from the start to use the language in every way possible, above and beyond what is provided for in the text. After the First few days of work both students and tutors shoald avoid the use of English in the classroom for any purpose at all, and they are encouraged to speak German outside the classroom as well. Only by constant use of the skill he is learning can the student hope to master it and retein it as a useful tool of Ris profession. vatsBASIC_COURSE GERMAN TABLE OF CONTENTS murts 1 - 12 unit 4 Baaic Sentences mumbers 1 - 12 Notes on Pronunciation: A. Short vows! B. Long Vowels: €. Distinguishing Long and short Vowels D. Diphthongs Notes on Grammar: A. The German Noun-Clat Wir sind in Deutachland. ification (‘Gender’) system B. The Pointing-Word das Substitution Drill variation Drill Translation Drill. Pinder List 2 ‘Basic Sentences: In miinchen Bei der Passkontrolle und beim Zoll Motes on Pronunciation: A. Long and Short Vowels B. Diphthongs ©. Post-vocalic © D. Pre-vocalic x (voiceless) otes on Grammar: A. Pronouns - Forms and Functions B. The Principle of Substitution ¢. Verb Forms and Functions - the Present D: Hin and her Substitution Drill Variation Drill Vocabulary Drill Translation Drill Response Drill Conversation Practice situation Finder List Basic Sentence: Stadtbesichtigung Munbers 13-20 Notes on Pronunciation: A. Pre-vocalic x in clusters B. Pre-vocalic ¢ after vowels and initially €: the German 1 Introduction to Units 3 - 9 dez-Type Speci fiers Notes on Grammar: Substitution Drill Vocabulary Drill variation Drill Translation Drill Response Drill Conversation Practice Situations Finder List ax comersCoummers GERMAN BASIC COURSE Sse sentences: tn Konsulat 81 musbere 21 = 50 88 Bows to the basic sentence & Notes on Pronunciation: A. The German = sound 89 3B. The German = sound 85 Notes on aramar: A. sinvtype Speci fie 3 Bi Serb Pataees and Word Order 3 C: the words gern, Aiebak, Al _Liebsten 38 substitution peta part 1 % Part Iz part Ht variation Deitt 180 Vocabulary Beli bd Tranelatiba Beil age Response Driii a Conversation Practice 188 Situations ior Pinder List Fo sme § Mesto sentences: Herr Atlan Kiingelt bei Herzn Wilson 109 Notes to tne Basic Sentence 399 Notes on Pronunciation A orman sch i 3: Strman & Fet &: German £ 4 Notes on Grammar: A. Nouns and Specifiers (Plural and Genitive Forms) 446 3! Reflexive Pronouns # substitution Deiat Part 1 124 Pare iz Fe pare Hr i part iV 7 variation Deilt Fr Vocabulary Drilt 18 Troneleeien brid i Response Drtit i Conversation Practice 8 sieuseione a Barrative Fed Finder cist 38 URES. gentancess relephongespriche 439 Hotes co the Baeie gentence id Hotes on Pronunciation: hc gone difficult cluscers ns 3: Reviey of vowel cones i Motes on Gramar: A. Adjectives (specifier-Agjactive-Woun sequences) thé 3. Time Expressions 14g substitution Drill vert 19 Part iz ie Conversion pri3 1 farintion Drill g Vocabulary betta 2 Tranelatign beta a Response. Driii Fy Conversation Practice i Steuntions i Barzetive ig Pinder List 382BASIC_COURSE GERMAN cowrewrs nat 7 Bagic Sentences: Beim Einrichten Numbers 101 - 1000 Notes to the Basic Sentence: Notes on Pronunciation: A. Vowels in Syllables Not Having Primary Stress 3B. Review Notes on Grammar: A. Adjectives - The Adjective-Noun sequence An Irregular Adjective - hoch Summary of Two-Way Prepositions Verbs ~ legen, liegen, Verbs - Review of Pre: Substitution Drill Part I Part Ir Part IIT variation Drill Vocabulary Drill ‘qranslation Drill Response Drill Conversation Practice Situations Narrative Finder Lint Sentences: Beim Einkaufen to the Basic Sentences fon Pronunciation: A. German ng and nk B. Final -b, -a and ~¢ C. Final -m'and -n yt final -en Notes on Grammar: A. and Adjectives: B Adjectives with Dative cl Word Order D. Compound Nouns Substitution Drill Expansion Drill ‘Transformation Drill variation Drill Vocabulary Drill ‘qranslation Drill Drill tion Practice Situations Narrative Finder List pnit 9 Basic Sentences: Hine Fahrt in die Berge Notes to the Basic Sentence Notes on Grammar: A. Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs B. quantity Adjectives C: Verbs. The Future Phrase D. Specifiers: jeder E. Time Expressions Substitution Drill Part 1 Part Xr Conversion Drill variation Drill. Vocabulary Drill Pranslation Drill Finder bist xt 163, an 229 239 au 243, au 247 Bug 250 2 250 253 253,CONTENTS: nse 10 ‘Baaic Sentence: Notes on Grammai Substitution Drill Conversion Drill Part Part Part Part Variation Dri11 Vocabulary Drill ‘Translation Drill Response Drill GERMAN Gasthof "Zum Weissen Hirsch" Word order in larger Sentences Ordinal Numerals Prepositions with the Genitive Telling Time ‘The Superlative stem Metst- Ir mur Conversation Practice situations Narrative Pinder List unit L Baaic Sentences Not Notes on Grammar: A. Substitution prill Conversion Driil Variation prilt Vocabulary Dritl ‘translation Drill Response Drill Ein Wochentag to the Basic Sentences Verb forms in Familiar speech Pronouns and Possessive Words in Familiar Speech ‘The Auxiliary Verb lassen complex Verb Phrase: Derivative Rouns Conversation Practice Situations Narrative Finder List wait 12 Basic Sentences: Auf einer Gesellschaft Notes to the Basic Sentences Notes on Grammar: A. B c Db E, Substitution prill Conversion Driil variation Drill Vocabulary Drill Translation Drill Response Drill Verbs. Past Tine Verbs: The Perfect Phrase Verbs. Past Participle forms Verbs. Past Time continuing in the Present Time Expressions Conversation Practice Situations Narrative Finder List BASIC_COURSE 2 2b 264 265 266 267 268 269 20 270 309 Ban 332BASIC_COURSE GERMAN WIR SIND IN DEUTSCHLAND Basic Sentences good, morning Good morning. mee Becker Me. Becker Good morning, Mr. Becker. aay Hello (Good day). aes. Kunze Mrs. Kunze Hello, Mrs. Kunze. evening Good evening. Miss Schneider Miss Schneider Good evening, Miss Schneider- qr Hello, Miss Schneider. Hello, Mr. Becker- now goes ie to you, with you How are you? (How goes 1 with you thanks very good, well Fine, ‘Thank: and ‘And how are you, Mr. Becker? also, too ‘Thank you, I'm fine too. Ems guten Morgen Guten Morgen. Herr Becker Herr Becker Guten Morgen, Herr Becker- tag Guten Tag. Frau Kunze Frau Kunze Guten Tag, Frau Kunze. bend Guten Abend. Fraulein Schneider Fréulein Schneider Guten Abend, Fréulein Schneider. Ir Guten Tag, Friulein schneider. Guten tag, Herr Becker. wie gent Thnen Wie gent es Ihnen? danke senr gue Danke, sehr gut. und und wie geht es Ihnen, Herr Becker? auch Danke, auch gut. unit 4UNIT 1 aur understand you Do you understand Mrs. Kunze? no I I understand not Wo, I don't understand mrs. Kunze. me Do you understand me? yes Yes, I understand you well. w vnere is the airport Where's the airport? there over there ‘Te airport is over there. please I beg your pardon. what aid you say? speak slow, slowly Please speak slowly. ‘The airport 1s over there. Do you understand? thank you Yes, I understand. Thank you. you're welcome You're welcome. that the railroad station Is that the railroad station? GERMAN BASIG_COURSE nt verstehen Ste Verstenen Sie Frau Kunze? nein ich, ich verstehe nicht Nein, ich verstehe Frau Kunze nicht. mich Verstehen Sie mich? ja Ja, ich verstehe sie gut. wv wo ist der Flughafen Wo ist der Flughafen? dort @riiben Der Flughafen ist dort driben, bitte Wie pitte? sprechen Jangsam sprechen Sie bitte langsam. Der Flughafen ist dort ariiben. Verstehen Sie? danke schén Ja, ich verstehe, Danke schén- bitte schén Bitte schén. aas der Bahnhof Ast dae der Bahnhof? HETBASIC COURSE Wo, that’ not the station. he, tt to’ the left It's there to the left. the restaurant Is the restaurant there too? Fs Yes, it's there too. vi what, there what's that there? the hotel ‘That's the hotel. here to the right the embassy Is the embassy here to the right? she, tt 8, it's here to the right. vir excuse me the café Excuse me, where is the café? straight ahead There, straight ahead. the bank isn't it? (not truer) ‘The bank is there too, isn't 1e7 Yes, it's there too. thanks ‘Thanks. you' re welcome you're welcome. DREI GERMAN UNIT 4 Nein, das ist nicht der Bahnhof. er Links Er ist dort Links. das Restaurant rst das Restaurant auch dort? es ist auch dort. vr = Was ist das da? das Hotel Das ist das Hotel. hier rechts die Botechage Ist die Botechaft hier rechts? ste ga, sie ist hier recht: vir Verzeihung das café Verzeihung, wo ist das café? geradeaus Dort, geradeaus. ate Bank nicht wane Die Bank ist auch da, nicht wahr? Ja, ste ist auch aa. danke Danke. bitte Bitte.UNIT 1 vi Good morning. I would 1ike with pleasure I'd like very much some cigars to have I'd like to have some cigars. how many ALL right. flow many? five and some matches Five, and some matches too, please. Were you are. how much costs How much does that cost? the cigars coat wo mark The cigars cost two Marks the matches ten Penny, pennies The matches cost ten pennies. would like would you like some cigarettes Would you like to have some cigarettes too? they they cost Yes, how mich do they cost? one ‘one Mark. Here you are. ‘Tank you. GERMAN BASIC_COURSE virr Guten Morgen. ich méchte gern ten méchte gern Zigarren haben Ich méchte gern Zigarren naben. wleviele cern. Wieviele? fi und Streichhdlzer 7 Fiinf, und bitte auch streichhélzer. Hier, bitte. wieviel kostet Wieviel kostet das? die zigarren kosten zwei Mark Die Zigarren kosten zwei Mark. die streichhélzer zehn Prennig Die streichhélzer Kosten zehn Pfennig. néchten, méchten Sie Zigaretten MScnten Sie auch Zigaretten haben? sie Bie Kosten Ja, Wieviel kosten sie? eine ine Mark. pitte schin. Danke schén. VIERBASIC_COURSE GERMAN uNiT mx ~ Good evening. Guten Abend. to eat en Would you like to eat? sausage and werkraut sausage and sauerkraut please. some, a little bread And a little bread. x the wine How's the wine, and how's the beer? ‘The wine and the beer are good. but the coffee But the coffees not good. the tea not -.. either And the tea isn't good either. the milk Ie the milk good? re ‘the milk 18 very good. the water How's the water here? ‘The water is good. xx Zero - one - two ~ three ~ four five = six - ven - eight, nine - ten - eleven - twelve Foxe Méchten Sie essen? Bratwurst mit Sauerkraut Ja, Bratwurst mit Sauerkraut, bitte. etwas Brot Und etwas Brot. der Wein Wie ist dex Wein und wie ist das pier? sind Der Wein und das Bier sind gut. aber der Kaffee Aber der Kaffee it nicht gut. der ‘tee auch nicht Und der Tee ist auch nicht gut. ate iach Ist die Kilch gut? ga, die Milch ist sehr gut. das Wasser Wie {st hier dae Masser? Das Wasser ist gut. xa hull - eine - zwei - drei - vier flint - sechs - sieben ~ acht neun ~ zehn - elf - swileUNsT GERMAN How mich is three and five? Three and five ts eight. How mich 18 seven and four? Seven and four is eleven. How mich 18 two and ten? ‘wo and ten is twelve. again say 1t again, please. two and ten is tvelve. xr ‘one, you says does one say in German How do you say ‘good bye’ in German? gooa bye You say ‘Auf Wiedersehen' *ronune: BASIC COURSE Wieviel ist @rei und fing? Drei und flint ist acht. Wieviel ist sieben und vier? Sieben und vier ist elf. Wieviel ist zwei und zehn? Zwei und zehn ist zwSlf. nochmal Nochmal, bitte. Zwei una zehn ist awSle. xr wie gt man ‘good bye’ auf deutsch? Auf Wiedersenen man sagt ‘Auf Wiedersenen' - tion The spelling of a language only symbolizes to the native speaker the sounds which he already knows. You will learn these sounds directly from your instructor: the spelling will gerve as an aid to listening. No spelling aysten adequately represents the sounds of the spoken language, and no attempt will be nade at this point to outline symbols of the German spelling system. actly what sounds are represented by What We will however present for particular ‘@zill and attention in each unit certain sounds which have shown thenselves to be difficult for speakers of American English. In the meantime we ask you to remenber two cardinal points: 1. The German of your text is printed in the standard German written style. The letter-symbols used, although in most cases the same symbols we use in written English, in most cases do not represent exactly the same Sounds we use in English. ‘Therefore, DO NOT EXPECT GERMAN WRITTEN ‘SYMBOLS TO REPRESENT SOUND VALUES YOU KNOW IN ENGLISH. Pronunciation Practices. To be drilled in cls A. Short Vowels ‘The German short vowels i,e,a and u are not di: milar from English sounds. ‘he 0, however, 18 probably different from any sound that you have in English. Do not try to replace it by a sound from English, but rather reproduce the pronunciation of your instructor. The German front rounded vowels 6 and u do not occur in English. To produce the 6, put your tongue in the position for the German e and round your lips for i, put your tongue in the position for the German i and round your lips. You will then produce a sound similar to the German sound. Experiment until your instructor is satisfied with your pronunci- ation. Po not worry about the meaning of the words in these practices. Concen- trate instead on the sounds.BASIC_COURSE GERMAN UNIT Practice 1(a) short 4 u bitte éenn as kostet, muss ist essen Mann Sonne mutter in etwas an Doktor und short e(unstre: kénnen, Mutter bitte genug méchte flint danke gesenen Bfter mitte Sonne ‘bekommen Practice 1(b) mit - kennen - kénnen missen - stecke - Sticke ong vowels ‘There are no sounds in English exactly like the German long vowels. If you wili pronounce English gate and then ask your instructor to pronounce German geht, you will notice that the English vowel sound seems to change during its Pronunciation, but the German sound seems tense and stable throughout its du- Fation. Your tongue actually moves during the production of the English vowel aound, but during the production of the German sound the tongue remains in the same position. The long 8 and are formed approximately like short 8 and J. Pronounce German long e and round your lips to form 6 , and pronounce German long 4 and round your lips to form Practice 2(a) long k= wie Sonn gut Konig flr Ahnen tee Abend oder au schén Tir, viel den Bahn wo Flug eae ber Practice 2(b) vier - lesen - ldsen ter - Tir Senne - s8hne SIERENyNIT 1 GERMAN BASIC_COURSE ¢. Distinguishing Leng and short vowels Yt 4s NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE to distinguish long and short vowels in written German, as the German spelling system does not consistently mark them as such. Your best guide to the pronunciation of any given word is the way your native instructor Pronounces it. However, a few hints can be given which will help you to recognize them most of the time. If you look back at the practice lists above you will see that the short vowels in mos 8 are followed by two or more consonants and they are always written with a single letter symbol. Then note that the long vowels are pot always written with a single letter symbol and usually are followed by only one consonant. The following combinations of letters always designate long vowels: ie, ih - eh, ee - ah, as ~ ah, oo - uh — n-th D. — DEBEETHONGS. ‘These combinations of two vowel sounds in German are very similar, though not identical to certain vowel combinations in English. Practice 3 et au eu (u) nein avch deutsch eins rau neun Wein saat ute Motes on Grammar For Home study) ‘he German Noun-Classification (*Gender') system. I. The three classes of nouns. Der Wein ist nicht gut. The wine isn't good. Bier ist gut. The Peer is good. Die Milch iat auch gut. The milk is good too. 1. German haa three words for ‘the': der, le; and German nouns can be divided into three clasees according to which of the three words for ‘the’ they go with. Wein goes only with der, never with das, never with die. Bier goes only with das, and so on. 2. We will refer to these three classes of nouns, for obvious reasons, as der-nouns, das-nouns and die-nouns. (‘Mein is der-noun.' ‘Hotel is a gas-noun.*) 3. The traditional statement about this phenomenon is: ‘German noune have three genders--nasculine, feminine, and neuter.’ We will not use this terminology because it tends to mislead English-speaking students by suggesting that the German noun classification nas something to do with sex differentiation. It doesn't. See paragraph III. 4. Insofar as the basic stock of German nouns is concerned (nouns like house, grass, sky, wine, Deer, milk), there is absolutely no sense or rationale to the classification system; there is no way at all of anticipating which class any given noun belongs to. You must simply leacn the word for ‘the’ as a part of the nouns the German word for ‘wine’ is der Wein. And you mist practice saying der Wein often enough 20 that dag Wein or die Wein sounds as wrong to you aa ‘The father of his country -- Henry washington.‘BASIC 5. IX. Pronouns Corresponding to the Three Cla ur. COURSE GERMAN UNITL Wow, Henry Washington is a perfectly good name; but it's wrong, and every Anerican knows it's wrong. By the eame token, das Wein is a perfectly good form; but it’s wrong, and every German knows it's wrong. In time, you will too, With derivative nouns (that is, nouns made from other words, like our happi-neas, brother-hood) your problem is easier. The classification of German derivative nouns is fairly orderly and consistent. Nouns ending in ung, for example, are always die~nouns: die Verzeihung ‘the forgive- ness, the pardon.‘ And nouns ending with the diminutive suffixes ~lein and -chen are always das-nouns: das Priiglein ‘the miss, waitress," das Widenen ‘the little girl.’ We will deal with the formation of the various kinds of derivative nouns as we go along through the units. But 4£ the classification of derivative nouns is orderly and consistent, the classification of the basic stock of German nouns remains virtually’ chaotic. There really is no system at all for guessing which class a noun belongs to; it’s not something you can reason out or get the knack of. It ig not the same as our he-she-it system, as we'll see in.a minute. There is absolutely nothing in english like it. Your only solution is to use the nouns until you know them as well as you know “George Washington. 8 of Nouns. Wo ist der Bahnhof? Er ist dort. Where is the station? It's there, Wo ist das Hotel? Es iat dort. Where is the hotel? It's there, Wo ist die Rotschaft? Sie ist dort- Where is the embassy? It's there. As these examples show, there is a special pronoun for each of the three classes of nouns. Notice the correspondence in the final sounds of the pairs der-er, dag-es, and die-gie- This is no coincidence. contrast between German and English Pronoun Usage- Wo ist der Bahnhof? Ex ist dort. Where's the station? t's there. Wo ist der Mann? Ex ist dort. Where's the man? He's there: Wo ist das Hotel? ist dort. where's the hotel? there. Wo ist dag Kina ? Eg ist dort. Where's the child? "8 there. She's there. Wo ist Wo ist ie Botschaft? Sie ist dort. aie Frau? Sie ist dort: + These examples show that the German pronouns er, sie, and es do not match up with the English pronouns the’, "she", and At"; “The English Recahe-it eyaten nas an entirely different. fouhdation fim the Gernan Roun-classification (‘gender’) aystem. In the English system, the choice Of pronoun depends upon the sex (male, female, or sexless) of some Ronslinguistic entity--a man ("he"), a woman (‘she’), or a table (*it'). In the German system, on the other hand, the choice of pronoun depends Upon the linguistic classification of the noun you are replacing, except in reference to human beings- IV. Pronouns Referring to People. Wo ist das Friulein? Where's the waitress? Sie ist dort. She's there.UNIT 3 GERMAN BASIC_COURSE 4+ Since all German nouns referring to men are der-noune and virtually iL German nouns referring to wonen are die-novne,ar and sie correspond to 'he' and ‘she' -~ when they refer to human beings. Consequently, one says sie when referring to das Fr¥ulein, whe 18. after all, Dane "the young lady", die Sochter ‘the daughter’, die schwestel "the Bieter, ana so on, as well an dap Prfulein. classification in the Plural. ind die Bannhfe? Sie sind hier. Where are the stations? ind die Hotels? Sie sind hier. Where are the hotels? sind die Frauen? Sie sind hier. Where are the wonen? a8 8 As these examples show, the three-fold classification we've been iscussing applies only to nouns in the singular. In the plural, there is only one word for ‘the’, and only one Pronoun, B. The Pointing-word das. Das ist der Bahnhof, nicht wahr? This is the station, san't 17 Ja, dag ist er. Yes, that's St: Ist das die mich? Is that the milk? Das ist Wasser- This is water. Sind dag die streichhélzer? Are these the matches? Daz sind die Zigarren. ‘Mose are the cigars 1. The pointing~word dag (often accompanied by a pointing gesture) is used to call any object or group of objects to the hearer's attention, without any reference to noun classification or to the number of cbject: 2. ™e pointing-word das is an entirely different entity from the dag of das Hotel. ‘The English equivalents of the pointing-word das are ‘this’, "that", "these', and ‘those’. SUBSTITUTION DRILL. mis section in made up of a number of model sentences. One or two words 4n each sentence are underscored. Below each group will be found a series of 4aolated words. The drill consists in substituting these words, one by one, for the one that is underscored in the model sentence, and meking necessary changes in the rest of the sentence. The instructor says the model sentence out loud, and the class repeats after him. The first student makes the first substitution, the next student ‘the secand. and so on. Repeat until all students have had’a chance to make each substitution at least once. then Proceed to the next model sentence. ‘This drii1 may be done with books closed. ‘The instructor then gives the students the item to be substituted. Keep things moving along. Maintain a lively pace. If one student gets stuck, the next one takes over after three or four seconds. 10 EHSBASIC_COURSE GERMAN UNIT 1 1. Der Flughafen ist dort. a. Bahnhof - Kaffee - Tee - Wein der Bahnhof - der Kaffee - der Tee - aer Wein Restaurant ~ Bier - Wasser - das Restaurant - das Bier - das Wasser - Hotel - café das Hotel - das café c+ Bank = Milch ~ Botechast aie Bank - die Milch - dle Rotachafe 4, streichnSlzer - zigarren dle streiehndizer - ate zigarren e. Bahnhof - Hotel - Tee - Milch- der Bahnhof - das Hotel - der Tee - Kaffee - Restaurant — die Milch ~ der Kaffee - das Streichhdlzer - Botschaft — Restaurant ~ die Streichhdlzer - die Flughafen ~ Bier = Wein ~ Wasser - Botachaft - der Flughafen - das Bier - Zigarren - café der Wein - das Wasser - die Zigarren - das café 2. Wo ist der Bahnhof? Flughafen - Kaffee - Tee - Wein der Flughafen - der Kaffe - der Tee - der Wein b. Restaurant ~ Bier - Wasser - das Restaurant - das Bier - das café - Hotel Wasser - das Café - das Hotel e+ Bank ~ Mich ~ Botschagt ase Bank - die Wilch - die Botschaft 4. streichhdizer - Zigarren Ale stretchhdizer - die zigarren fe. Restaurant - Flughafen - Bank - das Restaurant - der Flughafen - die Kaffee ~ Wasser = Milch ~ Bark = der Kaffee - das Wasser ~ die Streichhlzer = Bahnhof - Tee - Mich ~ die Streichhdizer ~ der Hotel Wein = Bier ~ Botechaft - Bahnhof = der tee ~ daa Hotel ~ der Zigarren ~ Café Wein = das Bier - die Botachatt = die Zigarren ~ das café 3. Wieviel kostet der Kaf: a. Wein - Tee der Wein - der Tee b. Bier das Bier c+ Zigarren - Streichhdlzer aie zigarren - die Streichhdlzer @. Wein - zigarren - Tee - der Wein - die zigarren - der Tee - Streichhélzer ~ Bier aie Streichhdlzer ~ das Bier 4. Wie tet das Bier? a. Wasser - Hotel - Restaurant - das Wasser - das Hotel - das Restaurant - case das case b. Kaffee - Tee - Wein - der Kaffee - der Tee - der Wein c+ Bank ~ Milch Ate Bank - die Mitch 4. Zigarren - Streichhdlzer die zigarren ~ die streichhéizer @. Bier - Tee - Hotel - Wein — das Bier - der Tee - das Hotel - der Wasser ~ Kaffee - Milch - Wein - das Wasser - der Kaffee - dic Zigarren - café - Bank - Milch ~ die Zigarren - das café - die Bark ~ die Streichhélzer ELF aUNIT 4 5 12 Das Hotel ist gut. a. Bier - Restaurant ~ Wai cagé b. Wein ~ Kaffee - Tee e+ Witch ~ Bank a. Zigarren - Streichhéizer e. Bier - Wein - Restaurant - Kaffee - Bank - Tee ~ Hotel ~ Streichhélzer - Wasser ~ Zigarren ~ Caté ~ Wilch Das Hotel ist da dritben- a. Restaurant - Bier - Wa casé b, Flughafen ~ Bahnhof ~ Kaffee - Tee - Wein Botschaft - Milch ~ Bank a. Streichhdlzer ~ zigarren e, Hotel ~ Restaurant - Tee - Wlch - Bier ~ Kaffee - Botschaft ~ Wein ~ Zigarren ~ Streichhdlzer ~ café - Bank Das it des Flughafen. ynnhof = Wein - Tee - Kaffee b. Hotel - Restaurant - Bier ~ caté c+ Bank - Botschaft - Milch 4. streichhdizer - Zigarren e. Botschaft - Flughafen - Hotel ~ Milch ~ Reataurant - Bahnhof - Bier ~ Wein - Tee ~ Zigarren — café = Bank Mier ist Herr pecker. Plughafen - Bahnhof - Wein - Tee - Kaffee ~ Herr Keller Hier ist er. b. Frau Kunze - Milch - Botechaft ~ Bank - Prau schneider c+ Restaurant ~ Bier ~ wasser - café - Hote1 GERMAN BASIC COURSE das Bier ~ dag Restaurant - das Wasser ~ das café der Wein - der Kaffee - der Tee die Milch - ate Bank die Zigarren ~ die streichhdlzer das Bier - der Wein ~ das Restaurant — der Kaffee - die Bank ~ der Tee ~ das Hotel - die streicnhélzer ~ das Wasser ~ die Zigarren ~ das café - ate Mich das Restaurant - das pier - das Wasser ~ dag Café ex Flughafen ~ der Bahnhof - der Kaffee ~ der Tee - der Wein die Botschaft ~ die Milch ~ die Bank die Streichhélzer - die Zigarren das Hotel ~ das Restaurant - der Tee - die Milch - das Bier - der Kaffee — die Botschaft - der Wein - die Zigarren ~ die Streichhdlzer ~ das café ~ die Bank der Bahnhof - der Wein - der Tee - der Kaffee das casé die Bank - die Botschaft - die miich Ale Streichhdizer - die zigarren Ate Botschaft - der Flughafen - das Hotel - die Milch - das Restaurant — der Bahnhof ~ das Bier ~ der Wein - der Tee - die Zigarren ~ das café - @ie Bank der Piughafen.er - der Bahmhof.er - der Wein.er ~ der Tee.er - der Kaffee. er - Werr Keller-er Frau Kunze.sie ~ die Milch.sie - die Botschaft.sie - die Bank.sie — Frau Schneider.sie das Reataurant.es ~ das Bier.es res - das Café,es - das ZWOLE Hote} - das Restaurant - das Bier -BASIC_COURSE GERMAN UNIT 4 a. Streichhélzer - Zigarren - die Streichhdlzer-sie - die Zigarren. Herr und Frau Becker aie - Herr und Frau Becker-sie fe. Bier - MLlch - Wasser - Wein - das pier.es ~ die Milch.sie ~ das Streichhdlzer - Bahnhof - Wassor.es - der Wein.er ~ die Restaurant ~ Zigarren ~ Hotel - Streichhélzer.sie - der Bahnhof-er - Herr und Frau Becker ~ Botschaft - das Restaurant.es - die Zigarren.sie ~ Tee - Café - Frau Schneider - das Hotel.es - Herr und Frau Becker. Flughafen - Herr Keller - Bank ~ sie ~ die Botachaft.sie - der Tee.er - Kaffee das Café.es ~ Frau Schneider-sie ~ der Flaghafen.er - Herr Keller-er ~ die Bank.sie - der Kaffee.er VARIATION DRILL ‘Tis section is made up of several groups of sentences. Each group is headed by a model sentence which is underscored. The instructor reads the mode). sentence out loud, and the class repeats after him. The first atudent then gives the German version of the first English variation sentence under the model fentence. ‘The next student takes the second sentence, and so on. While doing this drill, STUDENTS MUST COVER THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE OF THE PAGE. English versions must be read silently, and the German version must be given without stopping, with the proper pronunciation, including intonation. Te you have to ‘translate’ word by word you need more practice with the basic sentences. ‘The instructor must insist on COMPLETE SENTENCES. + Ich _verstehe Sie. Lunderstand you. a. T understand you well. Ich verstehe sie gut. b. I understand you very well. Ich verstehe Sie sehr gut. ¢. I understand you well, too. Ich verstehe Sie auch gut: a. I don't understand you. Ich verstehe Sie nicht. fe: I don't understand you either. Ich verstehe Sie auch nicht. 2. Verstehen Sie mich? Do you understand me? a. Do you underatand me well? Verstehen Sie mich gut? b. Do you underatand me well to? Verstehen Sie mich auch gut? 1 Don't you understand me? Verstehen Sie mich nicht? @. Don't you understand me either? Verstehen Sie mich auch nicht? @: Don't you understand me ‘vel Verstehen Sie mich auch nicht gut? either? 3+ Mo ist der Flughafen? Where 1s the airport? a. There is the airport. Da ist der Flughafen. b. Is that the airport? Ist das der Flughafen? c. Yes, that's the airport. Ja, das ist der Flughafen. a. No,’ that's not the airport. Nein, das ist nicht der Flughafen. e: Is the airport over there? Ist der Flughafen da driiben? £ it's over there. Ja, er ist da driben. g- No, it's not over there. Nein, er ist nicht da drifpen. Repeat the same Grill and for airport substitute: hotel - embasay - restaurant - atation. DREIZEEN BUNIT 4 GERMAN BASIC_COURSE 4. Wo sind die StreichhSlzer? Where are the matches? a. Where are they? Wo sind sie? bi There are the matches. Da sind die streichhSizer. c. There they are, Da sind sie. a. Are the matches over there? e: Yes, the matches are over there, £. They're over there. Sind die Stretchhdlzer da dridbent Ja, die Streichhélzer sind da driben. Sie sind da driben. Repeat the same drill and for potatoes substitute: cigara - Mr. and Mra. Kunze. 5. Wie tet dye Mitch? a. it''s good. b. It's very good. ¢: The water is qood too. 4. It's very good too. 6. Mie ist das pier? a. It's good. bi It's very good. : The cigars are good too- . They're very good too. 7. Mie ist der tee? a. It's not good. bb. It's very good. ¢: The milk isn't good either. 4. It's not very good eitner. 8. Wie »: Streichh3lzex? a. They're not good. b: They're not very good ¢: The wine is not good either. a. e's not very good either. 9. Das kostet viel. a. How much does that cost? b. Does that cost much? ¢: That doesn't cost much. @. That doesn't cost much either. fe: That costs three mark: £1 That costs three marks, too. 10. Das Bier ist gut. a. The wine is not good. Bi The coffee 1s good, too. ¢: The restaurant is very good. 4. Is the tea good? fe: Wa, the tea isn't very good. £. Ia he café good? 11. Die StreichhSizer sind nicht ehz_qut- a. The beer and the wine are good. Db. The cigars are good, too. c: Are the coffee and the tea good? 4. Yes. they are very good. a How's the mitk? Sie ist gut. Sie ist sehr gut. Das Wasser ist auch gut. Es ist auch sehr gut. How's the bee: Ee 3st gut. Es ist sehr gut. Die Zigarren sind auch gut. Sind auch sehr gut. How's the tea? Br ist nicht gut. Er ist sehr gut. Die Mich ist auch nicht gut. Sie ist auch nicht sehr gut. How are the matches? Sie sind nicht gut. Sie sind nicht sehr gut. Der Wein ist auch nicht gut. Er ist auch nicht sehr gut. hat costs a lot. Wieviel Kostet daa? Kostet das viel? Das kostet nicht viel. Das kostet auch nicht viel. Das kostet drei Mark. Das kostet auch drei Mark. he beer is good. Der Wein ist nicht gut. Der Kaffee ist auch gut. Das Restaurant ist sehr gut. Ist der Tee gut? Nein, der Tee ist nicht sehr gut. Ist das café gut? ema ve) 7 Das Bier und der Wein sind gut. Die Zigarren sind auch gut. Sind der Katfee und der Tee gut? Ja, sie sind senz gut. VIERZENBASIC_COURSE 412. Wo ist der Flughafen? Er tet café? It's there restaurant? It's bank? t's there straight ahead. a. Where is Mr. Schneider? He 8 Mrs, here, too. f. Where is the station? It's over there, to the right. Schneider? she's 13. Mie ist der Kaffee? Er ist gut. A. How 4s the milk? It's very good. b. How is the water? xt's good, too- ‘ cs How is the hotel? it's not very good. a. How 4a the beer? It's very good here. e. How 4a the tea? It's not good. £. How is the vine? It's very good, too. 14. Ich mdchte gern Zigaretten haben. a. Would you 1fke to have some cigars, too? bb, 118 Like to have some matche: ¢: Would you like to have sone bread? @ I'd like to have some milk. fe: I'd like to have some sausage and sauerkraut. 45+ Ich michte gerne essen. a. What would you like to eat? b. I'd like to eat some sausage and sauerkraut. c+ Would you also like to eat some bread? d. Yes, I'd like to eat some bread. 16. Das ist der Bahnhof. a. Is that the enba bi No, that's not the embassy. ¢: That's the hotel. a. Is that Mr. Kunze? fe: No, that's not Mr. Kunze. £. That's Mr. Schneider. unit 4 7 It's there Mo ist das café? zs ist dort links. Wo ist das Restaurant? Ee ist auch dort. Wo ist die Bank? sie ist dort geradeaus. Wo ist Herr Schneider? kr ist hier. Wo ist Frau Schneider? sie ist auch Br ist da driiben, It 18 qooa. Wie ist die Milch? Sie ist sehr gut. Wie ist das Wa xr? Ee ist auch gut. Wie ist das Hotel? xs ist nicht sehr Wie ist das Bier? xe ist hier sehr Wie ist der Tee? Er ist nicht gut. Wie ist der Wein? Er ist auch sehr W'd like to have some cisarettes, please, Méchten Sie auch Zigarren haben? Ich méchte gern Streichhéizer haben. MBchten Sie etwas Brot haben? Ich michte gern Milch haben. Ich méchte gern Bratwurst mit Sauerkraut haben. Like to eat. Was michten Sie essen? néchte Bratwurst mit Sauerkraut Ja, ich michte gern etwas Brot es That's the rajiroad 6 7 Ist das die sotechaft? Nein, das ist nicht die Botschaft. Das ist das Hotel. Tet das Herr Kunze? Nein, das ist nicht Herr Kunze. Das ist Herr Schneider. 45unr 1 17. Hier ist das Hotel. a. There's the restaurant- b. Over there is the airport. €. There to the right is the embassy. d. Here on the left is the station. @: Over there, to the right is the cagé. 18. Die Zigarren Kosten fiint Mark. a. The beer costs one mark. b. The wine costs two marks ten. ¢. The matches cost ten pennies. 4. The coffee costs three marks eight. fe, The tea costs two marks four. £) The milk costs twelve pennies. g: Bratwurst and sauerkraut costs two marks five. 49. Dred und vier ist sieben- a+ Pive and three is eight. bs How much is two and six? ¢: Seven and five is twelve. @: Three and three is six. @: How much is seven and four? £. Is nine and one eleven? g- No, nine and one is ten. GERMAN BASIC_COURSE Here ie the hote: Dort ist das Restaurant. Da driben ist der Flughafen. Dort rechts ist die Botschart. Hier links ist der Bahnhof. Da driven, rechts, ist das café. The cigars cost five marks. Das Bier kostet eine Mark. Der Wein kostet zwei Mark zehn. Die Streichhélzer kosten zehn Pfennig. Der Kaffee kostet drei Mark acht. Der Tee kostet zwei Mark vier. Die Milch kostet z2vlf Pfennig. Bratwurst mit Sauerkraut kostet awed Mark fing. Three and four is seven Fiin€ und drei ist acht. Wieviel ist zwei und sechs? Sieben und flint iat 2W1f. Drei und drei ist sechs. Wieviel 1st steben und vier? Ist neun und eins elf? Nein, neun und eins ist zehn. ‘TRANSLATION DRILL Students cover right-hand side of page and take turns giving the German version of the sentences in English column. each student give his version without hesitation. ‘The instructor must insist that. Go over the drill several times, until each student has had an opportunity to give all sentences. Unless students can do this drill confidentiy, they need more preparation. 4. Is that the embassy? 2. No, that's not the enbassy, that's the hotel. 3. The embassy 1s over there, to the left. 4. How is the beer, is it good? 5. No, it's not very good. 6! wnat 4s that there, the airport? T. ves, that's the airport. 8. Is Mr. Becker here? 9. No, he isn't (here) ~ 40: Is'the wine good here? 11. Yes, ithis (gond here) « 12. Where is Miss Schneider? 13. Isn't she here? 1h: Ho, she isn't (here). 15. How mich does sausage and sauerkraut cost? 16. It doesn't cost much. 17: Where are the cigars? 4B. Aren't they here? 16 Ist das die Botschaft? Nein, das ist nicht die Botachaft, das ist das Hotel. Die Botschaft ist da driben, links. Wie ist das Bier, ist es gut? Nein, es ist nicht sehr gut. Was ist das dort, der Flughafen? Ja, das ist der Flughafen. Ist Herr Becker hier? Nein, er ist nicht hier. Ist hier der Wein gut? Ja, er ist gut hier. Wo’ ist Fraulein schneider? Ist sie nicht hier? Nein, sie ist nicht hier. Wieviel kostet Bratwurst mit Sauerkraut? Es kostet nicht viel. Wo sind die zigarren? Sind sie nicht hier? SECHZEHNBASIC_COURSE GERMA\ No, they aren't (here). They cost four marke. Do you understand me? What did you say? Yes, I understand you very well {Would you like to eat? Yes, T would. RESPONSE Di Students are to prepare this drill at directed toward the situation or situations The answers suggested are obviously not the N unit 4 Nein, sie sind nicht nier. Sie kosten vier Mark. Verstehen sie mich? Wie bitte? Ja, ich verstehe Sie sehr gut. Méchten sie gern essen? Ja, gerne. RILL home. The questions are generally presented in the Basic sentences. only possible answers to these questions, and the student should feel free to vary them or to replace them by This own formulations ad libitum, within the limitations of structure and vocabulary covered. 4. Wo ist Herr Becker? 22 Ist dag Frau Kunze? 31 Wo sind Herr und Frau Schneider? 42 Wie gent es thnen? 5. Verstenen Sie mich? 6! verstehen Sie mich auch gut? 1. Wo ist der Bahnhof? 8. Ist das der Bahnhof? 9.°Wo ist der Flughafen? 40: Ist das Hotel dort Links? At! das Restaurant ist dort driben, nicht wahr? 42. Was ist das dort? 43. Wo 4st hier die Bank? AR. Ist das die Botgchaft da driiben? 15. Wie ist das cafe? 46. Ist das Restaurant auch gut? 17. Wie sagt man "good bye” auf deutsch? 48. Wie sagt man “thank you" auf deutsch? 49. Was méchten Sie haben? 20. Méchten Sie auch Zigarren haben? 21. Wieviele méchten Sie haben? 22. Méchten Sie auch Streichhélzer haben? 23, wieviel kosten die Zigarren? gh. Kostet das Bier eine Hack? 25. Wieviel kostet der Wein? 26: Wieviel kosten der Kaffee und sr Tee? 2]. Méchten Sie gern etwas essen? 2h: Was 'nécnten Sie essen? 29. Michten Sie auch Brot e: 30. Wie ist hier das Bier? 31. Tat der Wein auch gut? 32: Wie ist der Kaffee? 33. Ist der Tee auch nicht gut? 3h. Tet die Milch gut? 35. Wieviel ist zwei und zwei? 36. Ist drei und vier acht? 37: Wieviel ist fiinf und vier? 36: Ist sechs und flint 2w51f? STEBZEHN Er ist dort driiben. Nein, das ist nicht Frau Kunze. Herr und Frau Schneider sind hier. Danke gut. Und Ihnen? Ja, ich verstehe Sie gut. Nein, ich verstehe Sie nicht. Der Bahnhof ist dort rechts. Nein, das ist nicht der Bahnof. Er ist dort, geradeaus. Er ist dort driben. Nein, es ist dort recht Ja, es ist dort driiben, geradeaus. Das ist die Botschaft. Die Dank ist hier links. Ja, das ist die Botschait. Das Café ist senr gut. Nein, das Restaurant ist nicht sehr gut. Man sagt "Auf Wiederschen". Man sagt "Danke schén". Ich méchte zehn Zigaretten haben. Ja, ich méchte auch Zigarren haben. Vier, bitte. Ja, ich méchte auch streichhéizer haben. Die Zigarren kosten eine Mark. Nein, es kostet eine Mark zehn. Er kostet sechs Mark flint. Der Kaffee und der Tee kosten flinf Mark 2wOlt- Ja, ich néchte gern etwas essen. Ich méchte Bratwurst mit Sauerkraut Ja, ich mBchte auch etwas Brot essen. Das Bier ist hier sehr gut. Ja, der Wein ist auch sehr gut. Der Kaffee ist nicht gut. Nein, er ist auch nicht gut. Ja, die Milch ist sehr gut. Zwei und zwei ist vier. Wein, drei und vier ist sieben. Finf und vier ist neun Nein, sechs und fine ist nicht zwlé. Sechs und fiinf ist elf. a7uNT 1 GERMAN BASIC _COURSE CONVERSATION PRACTICE Students keep books closed. Preparation before class is recommended. te instructor reads one conversational bout three or four times, out loud, at normal speed. Class listens and students memorize. qhe instructor and one student now ‘play back' the conversation. Repeat each bout until each student has taken each part once. Then proceed to the next bout. Keep the ball rolling. If students are heaitant, abandon this drill for the day. Students will prepare themselves at hone for the next repetition of the drill. ‘he instructor will POSTPONE CORRECTING OF MISTAKES during a bout until after it 1a concluded so as not to discourage the student. After the bout, the instructor simply says the mistaken or mispronounced item to the student and has him repeat it after him. 2 3 A: Wo det die Botschaft hier in Bonn? cr Guten Morgen. B: Die Botechaft ist dort, geradeaus. Ich méchte gern zehn Zigarcen Ar Wie bitte? haben. B Sie ist dort, geradeaus. Verstehen —D: Bitte. Méchten Sie auch Sie mich? Zigaretten haben? : Ja, danke. Und wo ist der Plug- Cr Nein, danke. Aber ich michte hafen? Streichhélzer haben. Der Flughafen ist da links. Dt Hier bitte. Danke schén. Cz Wieviel kosten die zigarren? D: Sie kesten fiinf Mark sieben. 2 4 $: Guten Taq, Herr Becker. Ki Guten Tag, Herr Kunze. Wie geht es Thnen?. Danke, gut. Und Thnen? Verzeihung, wo ist das Restaurant? Daa Restaurant ist dort, rechte. Yet das der Flughafen dort driben? Nein, das ist nicht der Flughafen, Auch gut, danke. dae ist der Bahnhof. Wie ist das Bier hier? Der Flughafen ist dort, links. Bs ist sehr gut und der Wein ist Er Wie bitte? Ich verstehe Sie nicht. auch gut. Sprechen Sie bitte langsam, S: Wieviel Kostet das Bier? Fr Dag ist nicht der Flughafen, das Kt Eg koatet eine Mark zehn. ist der Bahnhof. St Méchten Sie auch etwas easen? Der Flughafen ist dort, links. Kt Nein, danke. Verstehen sie mich? E: Ja, ich veratehe Sie. Auf Wiedersehen. 18 ACHSZEENBASIC_COURSE GERMAN UNIT 4 SITUATIONS You are now ready for free conversation which are slight variations on the bi Act out the following situations, ntences, as freely and fluently as you can, making use of all the patterns you have learned. Finding the way An Aperican has just arrived in Germany and doesn't understand too well yet. He asks a German on the street where the hotel is. The German tells him it's over there to the left. The American doesn't understand hin and asks him to say it again pleat He still does not understand and aske ‘the German to speak slowly. The latter repeats much slower and aske the Anerican if he understands. The Anerican says he does, thanks him and says good-bye. Go through this conversation again with the American asking for the em- passy, café, airport, etc., and the German giving different directions: straight ahead, over there, to the right, etc. Question Practice Each student asks the next student ‘a question in addition (numbers one to twelve). He answers it and asks the next student, etc. At the Cigar store Mr. Becker is the proprietor of a cigar store. xr. Schneider stops in for some cigarettes. They exchange greetings, and Mr. Becker asks what Me. schneider would like. After getting him the cigarettes he asks if Mr. Schneider would like some cigars, too. He says no thanke, but he would 1ike some matches. Figuring up his own bill he says that costs one mark ten, doesn't it, but Mr. Becker says no, it costs two marks. Mr. Schneider gives him the money, and they say good-bye to each other. At the Restaurant Miss Schneider is the waitress in a restaurant. ber as returns tis greeting and asks if he is well, too. He says yes, thanks, and asks’ 1f they have sausage and sauer- kraut, and how the beer and the wine are, etc. Finally he says he'd like to have sausage and sauerkraut, beer and sone bread. After the meai he pays her - it costs three marks - and says good-bye. PINDER LIST der aie aaa die Botschaft Bratwurst mit Sauerkraut Brot das caré aa danke danke schén as dort @ret driiben eins NEUNZEHN evening but eight also, too ‘not... either 4n German ‘good-bye station bank beer please here you are enbassy sausage and sauerkraut bread cate there thanks many thanks that there three over there 19unit 4 GERMAN BASIC_COURSE eleven he, it it eat some bread ‘irport ars. hrs. Kunze wise ‘Miss Schneider five goes Straight ahead with pleasure good, well ‘g00d evening good morning nateite (se0d” w) Mr. Me. Becker here hotel I $9 you, wien you ye coffee cost costs slow, slowly left, to the left fone,” you Mark, Marks fone Mark two Marks ne (acc) milk would like would you 1ike T would like I'd like very much morning no nine not. nicht wahr? isn't it (not true)? nochmal again pull zero Pfennig rechts staurant sagt says sagt man does one say sechs six sehr very sie she, it Sie sieben sind sprechen die Streichhélzer Tag der Tee der ate das Eo ZWANZIGBASIC COURSE und verstehen verstehen Sie ich verstehe wie bitte? wieviel wieviele zebn Zigaretten die 2igarren ze zwOlt EINUNDZWANZIG. GERMAN UNIT 4 and understand do you understand I understand feur what, water wine how I beg your pardon. What did you say? how many where ten cigarettes 2aUNIT 2 GERMAN BASIC_COURSE 22 ‘ZWETUND2WANZIGBASIC COURSE GERMAN unit 2 I wOwCHE Basic Sentences I x to meet, encounter treffen he meets er triffe ir. (object) Heren (accusative form) in an munich Minchen Mr. Becker meets Mr-and Mrs-Allen in’ Munich. the Allens the American Americans ‘the diplomat ( used loosely to designate any Foreign Service Officer abroad a diplomat, a Foreign Service Officer ‘he Allens are Americans. Hr. Allen 4s a Foreign Service Officer. qr (Wo English equivalent. Unstressed particle express- ing polite interest or con- cern.) MR. ALLEN Hello, Mr. Becker. How are you? MR._BECKER Fine, thanks. to know, be acquainted with you know (speaking to family or intimate frienda) (no exact equivalent. Here: unstressed particle stressing an obvious fact.) mary, you of course We have for a long tine DREIUNDZWANZIG Herr Becker trifft Herren und Frau Allen in Minchen. Allens der Anerikaner Anerikaner der Diplonat Diplomat, Allens sind Anerikaner. Herr Allen ist Diplomat. ar denn HERR ALLEN Guten Tag, Herr Becker. Wie geht es Thnen denn? HERR BECKER Danke, gut. kennen du kennst doch, HERR ALLEN Maria, du kennst doch Herrn Becker, nicht wahr? natiirlich wir wir haben lange gesenen 23UNIT 2 Ms. ALLEN Yes, of course. We haven't seen you for a long time, Mr. Becker. Twas ‘the month for two months Bonn Mg. BECKER 1 was in Bonn for two months. how long to stay, remain MR ALLEN How long are you staying here in monich? probably the year one year KR. BECKER Probably for one year. arr to prease it pleases Like it Gpoiite way of addressing a married woman. Here ‘Mrs-Allen‘) ‘g-_BECKER How do you like it in Munich, Mrs. Allen? to us we like it beautiful the city a beautiful city ‘NRS._ALLEN We like it here very mich. Munich is a beautiful city. to live, dwell the vicinity, ‘nearness in the vicinity, near the consulate of the consulate By GERMAN BASIC_COURSE FRAU ALLEN Ja, natirlich. Wir haben Sie lange nicht gesehen, Herr Becker. ich war der Monat zwei Monate Bonn HERR_BECKER Ich war zwei Monate in Bonn. wie lange bleiben HERR_ALLEN Wie lange bleiben Sie hier in Miinchen? wahracheinlich das Jahr ein Jahr HERA BECKER Wanracheinlich ein Jane. aur gefalien es gefilie es gef¥llt Thnen gnidige Frau HERR_BECKER Wie geffillt es Thnen in Minchen, gnidige Frau? uns (dative) es gefillit uns ‘schn die staat eine achine stadt FRAU ALLEN Es gefllt uns hier sehr gut. Miinchen ist eine schine stadt- wohnen, die mine in der Nine das Konsulat, vom Konsulat \VIERUNDZWANZIGBASIC _COURSE ‘MR. BECKER Do you live in the vicinity of the consulate? 4n the Bayrischen Hof (Hotel) wes. Attn in the Bayrischen Hof. nice It's very nice there. Ww to plan to do you plan to do MR. BECKER What do you plan to do now? to want or intend (to) we want, we intend (to) to go and eat MR. ALLEN We're planning to go and eat. to come along Don't yeu want to come along? MR. BECKER I'd be very glad to. Where are you going to eat? on lndwigstrasse MB._ALLEN Do you know the restaurant on Ladwigatrasse? the food ‘Te food 1s very good there GERMAN UNIT HERR BECKER Wohnen Sie in der Nihe vom Konsulat? 4m Bayrischen Hof FRAU ALLEN Ja, 4m Bayrischen Hof. nett fs ist dort sehr nett. vorhaben Sie haben ... vor jetzt Was haben Sie denn jetzt vor? wollen wir wollen essen gehen HERR ALLEN Wir wellen essen gehen. mitkonen Wollen Sie nicht mitkonnen? HERR BECKER Sehr gern. Wo essen Sie denn? in der Ludwigstrasse HERR ALLEN Kennen Sie das Restaurant in der Indwigatrasi das Essen Das Essen ist dort sehr gut. 25uNIT 2 GERMAN wo actually, really ‘the lady wes. ALLEN 1 wonder who the lady over there is? she is speaking, talking just with the waiter with the waiter She's just talking to the waiter. ‘SR. BECKER Mise Adams. her (object) Don't you know her? to believe I believe as. ALLEN Wo, I don't believe so. mat! to go Igo often to the movies MR. ‘BECKER X often go to the movies with ber. or Sem aw? the carmen (Jaeys) 2 German (lady) ws. LL Is she an American or a German? 2. DECKER she! an Anerican. German English RS. ALLEN Bo you speak English or German with her? 26 BASIC_COURSE wer eigentlich aie Dane ‘TRAY ALLEN Wer ist eigentlich die Dame dort? sie spricht gerade mit. der ober mit dem Ober Sie spricht gerade mit den Ober. ‘HEBR_BECKER Das ist Friiulein Adame. sie (accusative) Rannen Sie sie nicht? glauben ich glaube ‘FRAU ALLEN Mein, ich glaube nicht. gehen ich gene oft ins Kino ‘HBRR_BECKER Ich geke oft mit ihr ins Kino. oder die Amerikanerin Amar ikanerin ‘dhe Deutsche Deutsche ‘BAU ALLE Ist sie Amerikanerin oder Deutsche? ‘HEBA_BECKER Ste ist Anerixanerin. deutech englisch ‘EBAY ALLER Sprechen Sie deutsch oder englisch nit ihr? ‘SECHBUUDZWANZIGBASIC_COURSE GERMAN nit 2 to be able xénnen she can ‘ste kann ‘KR._BECKER ‘HERR BECKER ‘She can speak German very well. vr to go, ride (in a vehicle) to chat place today WR. ALLEN Where are you going today? 1 intend, I plan then, to, toward whom (object) to visit MR. ALLEY Who are you going to visit there? the parents of Mr. (object) ‘MR. BECKER Me. Keller's parents. You know Mr. Keller, don't you? to work he worke I believe he worke at the consulate too. even, as a matter of fact Re ALLE Yes, as a matter of fact I know him very well. to live he lives Row quite in my vicinity, near me He lives quite near me now. SIEBENUNDZWANZIG Sie kann sehr gut deutsch sprechen. vr fahren nin heute ‘HERR ALLEN ‘Wo fahren Sie heute hin? ich wil. dann nach ‘HBBR_BECKER Ich will nach Schwabing fahren, und dann nach Télz. wen (accusative) besuchen ‘BBRR ALLEN Wen wollen Sie denn dort besuchen? die Bitern von Herrn (dative) HERR_BECKER Die Eitern von Herrn Keller. Sie kennen doch Herrn Keller, nicht wane? arbeiten er arbeitet Ich glaube, er arbeitet auch im Konsulat. sogar ‘HERR ALLEN ich kenne ihn sogar sehr gut. wohnen er wohnt, Jetzt ganz in meiner Nie Er wohnt jetzt ganz in meiner Nine.uNiT_2 I go, % ride him (object) with, with him hone I often ride home with him. can you me, to me the address his new address to give MR. BECKER can you give me his new addr MR. ALLEN ciaay. BEI DER PASSKONTROLLE vir to be allowed (to) may I May I see your passport? MR._BRAVER Here you are. to be called, named you are called, your name is Tap OFFICIAL What is your name, Bauer or Brauer? Tam called, my name is ‘MR._BRAVER, wy name is Brauer. were you, have you been already, before once (Here: ‘ever’ .) Germany ‘THE OFFICIAL Have you ever been in Germany before? still, yet not yet 28 GERMAN BASIC COURSE ich fahre thm (dative) mit mit ihm nach Hause Ich fahre oft mit thm nach Hause. xnnen Sie mir (dative) die Adr Kénnen Sie mir seine neve Adresse geben? ‘HERR ALLEN cerne. UND BEIM Z0LL vir diirten darf ich der Pai Thren Pass (accusative) sehen Mier, bitte. hetesen Sie heissen Ich heisse Brauer. waren Sie schon einmal Deutschland DER BEAMTE waren Sie schon einmal in Deutschland? noch noch nicht ACHTUNDZWANZIGBASIC_COURSE ‘MR. BRAVER No, not yet. THE OFFICIAL Where are you going (to)? Frankfort Mg. BRAUER To Frankfurt. well, to have to the customs office to. to the customs office ‘THE OPFICIAI Well, then you still have to /go7 to the Customs office. (MR._BRAUER Where is the customs office? to see THE OFFICIAL over there, do you see (it)? MR. BE Yes, thanks. vitr to come from that place ‘ME OFFICIAL Where do you come fron? out of, from America Mg-_BRAUER I come from Anerica to declare to declare, to be declared ‘THE OFFICIAL Do you have anything to declare? NEUNUNDZWANZIG. GERMAN UNIT 2 ‘HERR_BRAVER Nein, noch nicht. DER BEAWTE Wo fahren Sie hin? Frankfurt HERR_BRAVE! Nach Frankfurt. also nilssen jetzt der zo1l zim 2011 DER_BEAMTE Also, dann miissen Sie jetzt noch zum zoll. HERR BRAUER Wo ist denn der zo11? sehen DER_BEAMTE Da driiben, sehen Sie? vain kommen, her DER_BEAMTE Wo kommen Sie her? Anerika HERR BRAUER Ich komme aus Amerika. verzollen zu verzollen DER BEAMTE Waben Sie etwas 2u verzollen? 29unr 2 (SR. BRAUER I don't believe so. your baggage, luggage %o show ‘THE OFFICIAL pl Show me your luggag ‘KR. BRAUER Here, (0) whom to belong he, it belongs the tte: this suitcase THE OFFICIAL Who does this suitca here belong to? that one MR._BRAUER ‘That one doesn’t belong to me. only these two suitcases T only have these two suitca ‘THE OFFICIAL ‘Tanks very much. everything the order in order Everything's in order. the trip a good trip Alave7 a good trip! Note: A. Leng and short vowels. Practice i: thn - in Beet - Bett bieten - bitten beten - Betten Lied - litt den ~ denn, mieten - mitten Sehne - Senne 30 GERMAN BASIC COURSE ‘HERR_BRAVER Ich glaube nicht. Zeigen Sie mir bitte thr Gepiick. HERR BRAVER Bitte. wem (dative) gehren ex gehért dex Koffer dieser Koffer Der gehért mir nicht. diese zwei Koffer Ich habe nur diese zvet Koffer. ‘DER BEAMTE panke sehr. auies aie Orénang in Ordnung Alles in ordnung. tation Staat - stadt bog - Bock wate - Watte wohne - Wonne Wann = wann lonte ~ Lotte bahne - banne ofen ~ offen DREISSIGBASIC_COURSE GERMAN UNIT 2 mus - muss Kénig - kénnen Hite - Hitte Pute = Putte Honle = Holle fine = ini bucht ~ Bucht bége - Bucke milder - Miltter Muhne Munne Goethe - Gétter Lilge = Ulcke 2. Diphthongs. Ask your instructor to say German Wein, then say English "wine". Notice that the duration of the German vowel combination is considerably shorter than the English. Practice 2: mein Haus neu Wein Maus neun nein auch deutsch leider glaube Leute c. Rost-vocalic x Post-vocalic x in German has a vowel-like sound. It does not sound like the English r. Listen carefully to the following pairs of words and imitate them to the satisfaction of your instructor. Practice 3: diese - Miete - Mieter Alter -Eltern Glisten - gestern eine - Alte - Alter Vetter - vettern locken - lockern Liebe - bitte - bitter Kinder -Kindern _fetten - Vettern ose - welche - welcher Mote that the syllable with post-vocalic x is in every case slightly ionger than the syllable without it. If you watch your instructor's lips carefully you may also see that they are slightly farther apart, his mouth slightly more open on this syllable. Now practice the following groups, first the long vowels and then the pairs of long and short vowels with post-vocalic z, and finally the vowels followed by and a consonant. Practice 4: hier senr unr onr her - Here Bier mene funr tor wir - wire wir ner nvr Mone Star ~ starr mark dort Heren rurt wire Park Dorf gern Durst First aart Wort herb worn Schizm pare. Kork Keri xurve Biene EINUNDDREISSIG 31UNIT 2 GERMAN BASIC COURSE D. Pre-vocalic x (voiceless). Te pre-vocalic ¢ differs from the post-vocalic x. Most speakers of German make the pre-vocalic x with slight friction between the back of the tongue and the soft palate, the Tegion back of the mouth near the uvula. This sound is very similar to’ the final sound in noch and nach. Practice the following groups: Practice 5: noch dachen Dachau doch pochen Bochum nach tauchen Bucholz auch Now try making the same sound right after the initial consonants in the following groups: Practice Frau Trost Prost Krone fragen traute prall Kragen fron treffen Preie run You may find it necessary at first to whisper an extra syllable at the beginning of these words and pronounce Fochau, Tochost, pochsll, Kochone, etc. Don't hesitate to try this if necessary. Notes on Granmar ‘Wor Hone study) ‘A. PRONOUNS ~ FORMS AND FUNCTIONS, I. Forms. 4. tn the following English sentences the pronouns are underlined. vote their forms. know him and he knows me. Do you know 7 She knows you. Most English pronouns have two different forms: I-me, he-him, she-he Cte. Sone, ‘Like the pronouns you and it, have only one form however= 2. Note the forms of the German pronouns in the following sentences. Verstehen Sie mich? Do you understand me? Ja, ich verstehe Sie gut. Yes, I understand you well. Wie gent es Thn How goes it with-reqar: fou? [How are you Ex_spricht englisch mit He speaks English with me. Bir. Some German pronouns have two different forms, 1ike Sie and Ihnen above. Many German pronouns however have three different forme like ‘ch. Aich and mir above. a ‘ZWBIUNDDREISSIGBASIC_COURSE GERMAN unit 2 >. 3. The following table gives the forms of the most common German pronouns: tr twet thet fit! she’ ‘they’ ‘you’ ‘who?! ‘what?! NOMINATIVE forms: ich wir er es sie aie Sie. wer was ACCUSATIVE forms: mich uns ihn es sie sie Sie wen was, DATIVE forms: mir una thn = thm thr Shnen Ihnen Wem tme' ust ‘him! "it! ther! ‘them’ ‘you! (*whom?*) ‘what?" ‘The English forms at the top of the table correspond to the set of German forma above the line. Those at the bottom of the table corre- spond to the two sets of German forms below the line. The pronouns wer and was are used only in questions. ‘The pronouns for familiar address, du and ihr, will be taken up later. II. Functions. 1. ‘The NOMINATIVE form: In German, as in English, the basic sentence structure is an ACTOR-ACTION pattern: somebody doing something. The ACTOR is called the SUBJECT of the sentence, and in German a pronoun designating the ACTOR always has the NOMINATIVE form. Ich verstehe sehr gut- J understand very well. Ex wohnt ganz in meiner He lives quite near me. Nahe. Wir wollen gerade essen We're just planning to go and eat. genen. ‘The ACCUSATIVE form: In many sentences in both English and German there is another element, the GOAL or OBJECT of the action, the person or thing toward which’ the action is aimed. In German a pronoun designating the OBJECT of an action is usually in the ACCUSATIVE form. Ich kenne ihn sehr gut. I know him very well. Veratehen Sie mich? Do you understand me? Wir treffen sie dort. We're meeting then (or her) there. ‘The DATIVE form: The third form of the German pronoun is used to designate the INTERESTED BYSTANDER, the person to whom or for whom or with regard to whom the action of the sentence is being performed. In Sone cases this is referred to as the INDIRECT OBJECT. Kénnen Sie mir seine can you give me his address? Adresse geben? Sie milssen ihm Ihren Pass You have to show your passport to zeigen. nim. “ Wie geht es Ihnen? How are you? (iow goes it with=re- gard-to-you?, Geflit es Ihnen in Do you like it in Munich? (Is it Minchen? pleasing to you in Munich?) Der, Koffer gehért mir The suitcase doesn't belong to me nicht. DREIUNDDREISSIG 33UNIT 2 GERMAN BASIC COURSE 4, Another use of the DATIVE form is illustrated by the following sentences you have learned: Sprechen Sie englisch Do you speak English with her? nit ahr? Ich fahre oft mit ihn I often ride home with hin. nach Hause. ‘The DATIVE forme ihr and ihm are used here because they follow the word mit, and that's all there is to it- Any pronoun that follows mit has DATIVE form, always and without fail. This has nothing to do with ‘the INTERESTED BYSTANDER usage; it's something entirely different. ‘The Principle of substitution. 1. Languages, like automobiles, are made up of replaceable parts; but the Part you substitute must fit the frame into which it 1s put. For ex- ample, in the frame Er kennt mich ‘He knows me', the Accusative form mich may be replaced only by other Accusative forms ~~ that is, forms from the sane horizontal line in the table of pronoun forms as mich, the Line labeled ‘ACCUSATIVE forns' + Er kennt mich. He knows me. ihn him e at sie her sie then Sie you wen? wno (m)? 2. Similarly, Dative forms must be replaced by other Dative forms, and Nominative forms by other Nominative forms. Ich gehe oft ins Kino 1 often go to the movies mit ihr. with her- ihm him ihnen them Kennen Sie Herrn pecker? Do you know Mr. Becker ? wir we sie they €. VERB FORKS ANO FUNCTIONS ~ THE PRESENT Z. Forns. 1. tn German, and in English, when you substitute one Noninative form for another, that 1s, change the SUBJECT in'a sentence, you sometines nave to change the form of the verb ae well” “The subject and the ver have £8 fit together. "wote the following English forme: 1, you, we, they sing eo (no ening) the, it, she sings does (ending -s) 2. All but a very few German verbs have the following forme: ich komme gebe (ending -e) er, es, sie komnt gibt (ending ~t) wir, sie (‘they'), Sie kommen geben (ending -en) 38 \VIERUNDDREISSIG