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Notes:
Mathematical Symbols
Mathematical expressions are the nouns in a mathematical sentence
Examples of mathematical expressions
1. 2x + 3y
2. 7x3 + 3x2 - 2x +1
Mathematical Objects: When a mathematical object is not specified as to its value or its list of elements, then the mathematical
object is usually called a variable and can be denoted by a symbol, commonly by a letter in the English alphabet.
Example:
1. Write as a mathematical expression the following: “Mario’s age 5 years from now.”
Solution:
Let x be Mario’s age now. (x is the mathematical object)
Then x+5 is Mario’s age 5 years from now
So, the mathematical expression is: x + 5
Example:
1. The sum of three times a number and five. "3x + 5,"
2. Three times the sum of a number and five. "3(x + 5)."
Example 1: Translate the mathematical expressions/equations to mathematical statement.
1. x + 12 = 8 – Twelve added to a number is the same as eight
2. 3x = 15 – Three times a number equals fifteen
3. x/16 – The ratio of a number to fifteen
4. 10/x – Ten divided by a number
5. (6-x)/9 - The difference between six and a number divided by nine
6. 5(x+4) – Five times the sum of a number and four
7. 2(x-3) = 12 – Twice the difference of a number and three totals twelve
8. 4(12+y) – Four times the sum of twelve and y
Since mathematical statements are emotion-less, its truth does not depend on the feeling of the person making the
statement or the person reading the statement. Its truth depends on the basic assumptions where the statement is based on
or developed from.
Example:
1+1=2 (true)
1+1=3 (false)
1+1=x (truth or falsity depends on the value of x)
The interesting statements in mathematics are the conditional statements or the “if . . . then” statements, at least to the math
enthusiasts. Verifying the “then” given “if” fascinates them (math enthusiasts), especially if their proof is very elegant,
compact and direct. On the other hand, conditional statements in English are very boring. No newspaper editor has ever
placed a headline starting with the word “If. . . “.
The point in all these is that English language and mathematical language are very contrasting. With respect to truth, there
are mathematical statements that are always true even if some part of the statement is false. For instance, if a mathematical
statement starts with something false, the truth value of the statement is always true no matter what the conclusion is.
Elementary Logic
A logical connective (also called logical operator) is a symbol or a word which is used to connect two (2) or more sentences.
Each logical connective can be expressed as a truth function.
Logic and Mathematical Statements
Mathematical statements can be joined together using logical connectives. In elementary logic, there are four kinds of
logical connectives. These are:
1. ‘and’ connective denoted by ‘^’ (conjunction),
2. ‘or’ connective ‘˅’ (disjunction)
3. Conditional ‘→’ and
4. Bi-conditional, also known as ‘if and only if ‘↔’.
Truth Value
The truth or falsity of a statement is called its truth value.
Examples:
Determine the truth value of the following statements.
1. NORSU students are not genius.
Answer: (False)
2. 33 + 77 = 110.
Answer: (True)
3. Bayawan City is in Spain.
Answer: (False)
The truth value of the new statement produced out of connecting two simple statements depends on the rules in elementary
logic.
Logic and Mathematical Statements
The truth value of the new statement produces out of connecting two simple statements depends on the rules in
elementary logic.
1. Conjunction (∧ ). For the ‘and’ connective, statement, ‘p and q’, is true if both p and q are true. is a compound
sentence formed by using the word and to join two simple sentences. The symbol for this is ∧ . When two (2)
simple sentences, p and q, are joined in a conjunction statement, the conjunction is expressed symbolically as p
∧ q. The conjunction of two statements is true if both statements are true otherwise it is false.
p q p∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
2. Disjunction (∨ ). For the ‘or’ connective, ‘p or q’ is true if either p is true, or q is true, or both are true. is a
compound sentence formed by using the word or to join two simple sentences. The symbol for this is ∨ . When
two (2) simple sentences, p and q, are joined in a conjunction statement, the disjunction is expressed symbolically
as p ∨ q.
Truth table for Disjunction
p q p∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
3. Conditional (→). In a conditional statement, if the premise is true and the conclusion is false, then the whole
statement is false. ‘p→q’ (where p is the premise and q the conclusion). In a conditional statement, if the premise
is true and the conclusion is false, then the whole statement is false.
Truth table for Conditional
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Perhaps you are bothered by the fact that p →q is true in the last two lines of this table. Here’s an example to convince you
htat the table is cprrect. Suppose your professor makes the following promise:
If you pass the final exam, then you will pass the course.
Under what circumstances did she lie? These scenarios are tallied in the following table.
You pass the exam You pass the (You pass the exam) → (You pass the
course course)
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
4. Bi-conditional (↔ ). For bi-conditional, ‘p↔q’ is true if both p and q are t rue, or both p and q are false. If one of
the statements is true and the other is false, whichever comes first, the bi-conditional statement is false.
Example:
~𝐩 ∧ (𝒑 → q)
(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 ) ∧ ~(𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 )