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    Optics Questions

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    bukomeko joseoh

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    neater Hl, 2018/2019, Department of Physics, Makerere University Instructions: Attempt all questions 1. (a) Define the terms i, Polarization ii, Birefringence (>) Given that B 4 ay Foz cos(kz — wt) and By = Ey, cos(kz ~ wl +e). Show that i, the endpoint of B will trace out an ellipse, in a fixed-space perpendicular to k, as the wave sweeps by. (5) 4i, the polarisation in 1(b)i becomes circular if € = 4 and py = Eos = Ey. 2 ifi. the polarization in 1(b)i becomes linear if ¢ = 7. 2) (©) A calcite crystal (ng = 1.6584, n, = 1.4864) is cut and polished so that the optic axis in Perpendicular to the plang of the drawing, as shown in the the Figure 1 Figure 1: Calcite exystal i. Which ray is the ordinary one and which is the extraordinary one? Explain you: answers. (4) ii, Which of the two will have its electric field perpendicular to the optic axis? [1] iii, Determine the angle between the two refracted rays. (4) End ee 1 www physics, mak.ac.ug PHY1213:Optics, Figure 2: Rey tracing. (Note: a OY Jie The eyepiece of an astronomical telescope has a focal length of 10 cm. The distanc “4 End of Semester II Final Exam, A fi, The height yp at which t) through he ray strikes the second surface at P; is related tw yi w=ntdaag and t subscripts signifies incidence and transmission at esurface respectively (©) i. Basing on the refracting equation in 2(b)i and letting y: = yin, show thet pI Mae 1 -D Maa [ va je[s 1 Il va ] ii, Give a physical explanation of the matrixes in above 2(c)i. Ri (@ A concave-planar lens has a first surface with a radius of 20.0 cm. The lens is in air andl hhgs an index of refraction of 1.50. If light is incident on the concave surface determine Uo refraction matrix on both sides. (a) i) ‘What is the use of a telescope. Detween the objective and the eyepiece is 2.1 m, ifthe final image is formed at infinity. Calculate the angular magnification of the telescope. @ (b) Consider two plane electromagnetic waves E; and E of same frequency, but differ in amplitude and phase given by Ey = Hoy sin{ut — (kx-+e)] and By = Eg sin|ut—(ke-+e,)] i. State the principle of euperposition of waves. fy ii, Basing on the principe in 3(b)i above, show that the resultant wave is given by [hi] E= EBysin(ut +a)., iii, Write down an expression for the amplitude £3 lal iv. Give the condition for constructive and destfuctive interference to occur. MN ¥. Derive an expression for the amplitude of the resultant wave in 3(b)il abow If she waves By and By interfere constructively and destructively, respectively. wu vi. If Eo, = Bag = By deduce the expression for resultant amplitude Hy in 3(b)v Jor constructive and destructive interference. fi (2) Define polarization. Uy} Utst@Rs 9° - 4a (py Uae Ferme’ prince #9 PP 5. the law of rection of light. nee ting surface is gi 7" el cteimage (Figure 1) relation ofa spherical refracting ical het je ma -™ ‘ Figure 1: Refraction ot #apherical interface {o) Along horizontal int-las (np = 1800) vlinder is 200 om in diameter and has a cons pomisphecieal left end ground and polished onto it. The device is immersed in a liquide aor preston ny ~ 1361 and a tiny LED is located on the central axis in the ligt 80.0 cm to the left of the vertex of the hemisphere. i, Locate the image of the LED. si, What would happen if the liquid was replaced by air? ew ps 2. (a) Briefly explain the following as applied to thick lenses (use sketches where necessary) i, Front and rear focal point of an optical system t fi, Surface vertices t ‘ii, Nodal points t (b) Basing on Figure 2, show that for paraxial rays {. the refraction equation on the first surface P; is given by nada = maga — Diya wi De Mam, Ry t J of domentor HT Final Exam, Acad. Year 2016/29), tat) nul By = Bay conte ~ wt Fe) Show that PHY 121. 0phien, (b) Given that Kn ’ 1 hn endpoint of 2 will trnen out olipa, 1” ye cont ya fized-apres perpendculAt Lok, ayy wwavo nwo by op or i i Me pletion in A(b) bocomes circular ite = 4 and Boy = Bos = Fo a Wi, Uhe polartantion hn 4(b)t bacoman Unowr Ie = 1 i (6) 1. Dolinn Brownien's ang i ' Q }. ual Maton! nw, , by , rh Ctlyea that light In nekdont on n deloctrle material nl Brewntor's angle by using Sney, orn angle n given by Op = tan" (32), where the symbols hay, Inw, now (hat Brow youl monning, ae la “iy. If light from air in Incident on a dicleotrie of index of refraction 1.6, determine Brey, ‘tor's angi a a (0) Give threo differencen between Interference by division of wavefront and interference iy division of amplituds, iy (b) In Younge doublo-slit experimont Figure 3, point 'P" on Lhe aereen ia such that light wae, of wavelength A, coming from alin A and B interfere. If P subtends angle 6 and the ' distance b slit A nnd B wd; and the distance of the wereen from the slite is 1; Figure 3: Young's double-slit experiment. i, Determine the conditions for constructive and destructive interference. 4) ii, If the m"" bright. band is euch that PC = yj, show that the separation between the . im" and (m+ 1)! bright fringes is given by: Ay =timsi — im = 2 8 In a twozslit intorference experiment shown in Figure 3, with the slits 0.02 mm apart fand a screen al a distance of 0.1 m, interference maxima are separated by 3 mam. Calculate the wavelength of light used. 2 (©) i. What do you understand by diffraction as applied to waves? fil fi, Give the difference between interference and diffraction? * @ ili. A grating ie ruled with 1000 lines/mm. How wide must it be in order to resolve the spectral content of an HeNe laser. (Wavelength = 632.8 nm)? 3] End 3. , (i) Describe the final image formed by the combined system in terms of position, size and attribute. “4 (>) A harmonic wave is given by: y = 10 sin [20x — 2000¢], where # and x are seconds and cm respectively. Determine the following: @ wavelength; 2 Gi) frequency; 2 (ii) amplitude; and ty (iv) _ the direction of the wave. ity © @___ Basing on Young's double slit experiment, obtain the expression for the bright fringe positions, {5} (i) __ If the separation between the slits is halved and the distance between the slits and the screen is doubled, find the change in the fringe width. 13] 4. (@) Distinguish with illustrations, the difference between interference by division of wavefront and interference by division of amplitude. (5] (b) @ Give the difference between interference and diffraction BI (ii) Plot the interference and diffraction pattern functions superimposed on the same axes, indicating the part of the function determined by the slit width, a, and that determined by tI: separation, d, between slits. (4) (©) A diffraction grating has 6000 lines per cm. When white light falls normally on the grating, dispersion is observed. (i) Determine the grating spacing, d. 2] (ii) Determine the first order angular deviation for violet light (2= 400 nm) and for red light (A= 700 nm), respectively. (4) (iii) State the distinction between the dispersion of light by a diffraction grating and that by a glass prism. p] 5. (a) @) Define the Brewster’s angle. t) (i) Light from air is incident on a thick glass plate of refractive index 1.50. Determine Brewster’s angle. (4) ay (b) (i) Using a convex surface show that the general equation for refraction at a curved SUrfacg is given by: where the symbols have their usual meaning used in class. 15] Gi) A plano-convex lens is of thickness, d= 6 cm, refractive index, m= 1.5 and the radius of curvature of the convex surface, r = 2.5 cm. Rays from a distant object are incident on the convex side, Find the position where the rays converge. (6) (c) Using ray diagrams indicate the positions of the cardinal points for a thick lens. (4) 7 & p) s j) State Fermat's Principle. « deri ‘nection. SF 0 deri ae (iy Use Fermat's principle t () _ Detive the Jensmaker’s equal Be 1 OG =. BOR = 8 Emeaning where the symbols have their Us a ye fens, both with focal length of ‘ofa convex lens and a conca’ ; are such that the object is 25 em (©) Atworlens system ce of 50. em 10 cm each and separated by a distan from the convex lens. : BI (i) | Find and describe the intermediate Image. F . (iiy Find the position of the final image and-deseribe its magnification relative - to the initial object. {4] 7/2. (@) Suppose you are using a magnifying glass of focal length 2.5 cm to inspect an insect placed closer to the lens than its focal length, +). Obtain the insect distange frp the lens. . BL - (ji) Discuss the condition that would force on fo use‘a microscape rather tan ‘a magnifying-glass. 22) fb) i) Describe the ope:ation of an astronomical irtescope, te Mention three way. nich one can convert an estronosmical bin, o into one that produces a. erect image. (ify The eyepiece af an wsivonomical telescope is a convex lens of Foca iene 5.0 em The distancz between the eyepiece and the objective is *.(1% 1 ‘What is the angular magnification of the telescope? (41 (c) State two advantages of a reflecting telescope over a refracting one pmo. The equation of a transverse travel ling wave-gn a string is (where she units are in m and seconds): v(t) = 1.75 sinw (200 + 4x) Determine the following: @ Wavelength * 7 2] Gi) Frequeriey E Rh. me Gi) Velocity - Qo: Gv) Displacement at x = 6.25 em and 1=0, 2] Ve) Ifa wave moving to the left encounters a barrie, itis fetlected back with a phase difference, gp. [Assume no energy is lost upon reflection.) . ee oes Ey = Eysin(wt + kx) moving to left = EN D ora) “Fa=Egsin(ot—kx op) moving toright ee es phot nes v Show thatthe resultant standing wave can be represesited by: Ey =A(s)coswt 15) 4 @ (d) 4 3 A ary condition far a wave ( undergo poll TE the nec @ amples: ax , (ii) p-prid polaitlze ante the phonon Par, } My jw A tlio Browser" angle." ny { fight trom a medium of rotinetive IndBR7 ls Inoldey (i) A MVorunpolaciee marie surface of rintive HIN 2 con the surface of a dle ingle given by’ ‘Show that the Brewster's 1 1 6,,=san'* (“2) an An “1 (i) Stote-Malus* law. , 2 Gi) Unpolarized light is inekdent ona polarizer swith its transmission axis vertical, An anatyzer is placed in the path of the polarized Hight with its wis making 30° with the vertical, as shown below. Unpolarized ..' * Hight Polarizer” o : > Gs ‘Analyzer Transmission Polarized”, axis light Find the intensity of light transmitted by the polarizer aud calculate the final intensity after it has passed through the analy cer i] Give two applications of polarized light PI diviston of amplitude, illus ion of wavefront and interfere {6 ai visit inteclegence by divis Sour answer with specific examples. Distinguish be .the screen is such that in Young's deigggeu-experiments point? es im below. Let the wave: length of light Distance between eerislits and screen = () Determine the conditions for constructive and destructive interference. (41 (ii) Ifthe mi bright band is such that PC = y, show that the separation ‘between the m'* and the (m + 1)” bright fringes isgiven by: ” . ee i AY = Ynsi — Ym ad BI (cit. . in a two-slit interference experiment with the slits 0.02 mm apdrt and a een ata distance of 0.1 m, interference maxima are separated-by 3 mm. ~ Yond! the wavelength’of light used. . 2) {s} {i} Siate the Superposition Principle. 2 (ii). Determine the phase angle of the resultant wave after the superposition of . the following harmonic waves: E, = 7eos(/3—wi) and E, 2sin(x/4~ wt) (You may assume the following: 05: (cosx/3) = 0.5] a“ 2 “t é MAKERERE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PHYICS op PHX2113; OPTICS IGNMENT 4) 1) Distinguish between phase velocity and group velocity 1) Show that the group velocity can be expressed as nva(dnidw)’ ve ‘where Is the refractive index of the medium, cis te speed of light ina vacrumn end @ is the angular velocity b) For a pulse of waves pro wating in a disper ¢ medium, show that if n is the refractive index of the medium and 2 the wa ngth, . the group velocity v, is © de dn now da where © is the speed of the wave pulse in free sf ©) The relation between group velocity H, and ph velocity V, can be expressed as tl Aids Vee te dae Where 7 is the refractive index, 4 and care the vacuum wavelength and velocity 8 respectively. If the refractive index n is given by m= A+—-, show that YAR SB Vi" Ae +3B 2 a) i) What is meant by interference of waves? 11) Explain two ways of production of interference ininges, ving examples in each iit) Two coherent beams have electric fields defined by the expressions =3210'sl yor = 410" sin| kyr, ~or + ® | 6 ‘The beams interfere at a point where the phase difference due to the path diftere is 5 (the first beam having a longer path). At the point of superposition, calculate the net irradiance. tll am, — ittagram, onite | wave front: : (Amplitude (i). Wavelength (iil) Period \ (iv) Frequency \ bj (i) Briefly describe the principle wf siperposition as applied to waves. (2) (ii) Using the principle of superposition, explain the formation of stat tionary waves, - oso 2 ie) ¢} Two sourcés A and B vibrating in-phase, radiating waves represented by the following waves: ~ : ‘ iz Gi) Frequency i 4)’ Briefly describe the term optical path as applied to interference of light waves (3) fo oY . 42) {@) State Fermat's principle il (ii) Using Fermat's principle, der {6 bb) Write short notes on the following () * Chromatic aberrations : - (i) Spherical aberrations : B) i) Outline how each defect may be minimized. a © Aconcave lens of focal jength 20cqi is place 45cm to the right of a convex lens of * focal iongth 20cm, A small objects placed S0em to thetleft ofthe converging Jens. Find, : {i) - The position and nature ofthe final image (35) ra) ‘Che lisvear magnification, : (1.5) ceyerlee® t nb) above. t ‘The angular mageneation a priefly explain ow a hig resolving power egescont obtained and “ss point ot any hnitaonss 2 (2) : ¢) (atime the advantages and aisadvantages of the Galilean telescope B) 8) ene the following ee defects : * {Short sighted (i) Long sighted A) Wine snore more oT (Constructive interference i). Destructive interference - LO pete? 9 1) in) Wahthe aid of alabelled

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