Lampiran 3: Substansi Riset (maksimal 3 halaman)

Judul (Title)

Mineralogical Study of Travertine in Cisolok, West Java

Abstrak (100 - 250 kata)

Cisolok, Sukabumi, West Java is a geothermal prospect area in which geothermal surface
manifestations at Cisolok are dominated by sintered silica (SiO2) and travertine (CaCO3). In
this study, we analyse the mineralogies on travertine that developed along the water pathway
with unique geochemical conditions such as pH, Eh and Ca2+ concentration in the study area.
Analyses for mineralogy, geochemistry and isotope data from travertine will be conducted
in this study using Stable Isotope analysis, XRD, AAS, SEM and ICP-AES. This research
aims to provide information related to geothermal systems and their evolution; geological
setting; past environment and climate; and the mechanisms of the travertine formation. This
study expected to improve our understanding of the characteristics and evolution of the
Cisolok Geothermal System.

Latar Belakang (Background)

A geothermal system is an area as a result of its intense geothermal surface manifestations

including hot spring and surface alteration (Herdianita and Mandradewi, 2010). Travertine
is the calcium carbonate deposit formed from spring water in hydrothermal settings with
highly variable due to the geochemical conditions with the main driving force that is
inorganic CO2 degassing from water, microbial activity at the travertine/water interface
significantly influences the sedimentological textures (Kano et al, 2019). Travertine deposits
are considered indicators of tectonic activity and contribute to define ages and kinematics of
the main structure (Brogi et al, 2016) and to determine environments where the lithofacies
have precipitated (Özkul et al, 2013) the formation condition, post-depositional alteration
and paleoclimate information (Falk et al, 2016)

Tujuan Riset (Objectives)

This research aims to analyse the characteristics and mineralogy of surface alteration
deposits, to indicate whether there is an evolution undergoing in the Cisolok geothermal
system.

Kebaruan (Novelty)

Research or publications on geothermal travertine in Indonesia have not been widely

circulated or published, especially those related to mineralogy and microbial studies on
travertine in Indonesia. The novelty of this research is expected to enrich and complete the
scientific data catalog within the scope of developing geothermal potential in Indonesia.
Metodologi (Methods)

This research was conducted by (1) XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) for identification of travertine
mineral content; (2) Stable Isotope Measurement, in order to provide information to specify
the mechanisms of the travertine formation and fractionation processes for the natural
carbonate deposit; (3) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observe three-dimensional
mineral fabrics of the travertine samples to identify two polymorphs, calcite, and aragonite;
(4) measurement with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) or inductively coupled plasma
atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) to detect and find out the metal content of the
deposit.

Target Luaran Publikasi (Output)

Unites States Geological Survey Bulletin

Pustaka (References)

Brogi, Andrea., et al. 2016. Hydrothermal Fluids Circulation and Travertine Deposition in
an Active Tectonic Setting: Insight from the Kamara Geothermal Area (Westerm Anatolia,
Turkey). Tecnophysics 680: 211-232

Falk, E.S., et al. 2016. Controls on The Stable Isotope Compositions of Travertine form
Hyperalkaline Springs in Oman: Insight from Clumped Isotope Measurement. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta 192: 1-28

Herdianita, Niniek Rina and Mandradewi, Wulandari. (2010). Evolution of Cisolok –

Cisukarame Geothermal System, West Java – Indonesia, Based on Its Surface Manifestation.
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali: 25-29 April 2010

Kano, Akihiro., et al. 2019. Geomicrobiogical Properties and Process of Travertine With a
Focus on Japanese Sites. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd

Özkul, Mehmet., et al. 2002. Depositional Environments and Petrography of Denizli

Travertines. Mineral Res. Expl. Bul., 125: 13-29

Kata Kunci (Keywords)

Surface Manifestation, Travertine, Mineralogy, Geothermal system

Judul (Title)

Identification of Microbes Present in Travertines Using SEM and Spectroscopy in Cisolok,

West Java

Abstrak (100 - 250 kata)

Travertines are carbonates precipitated near calcareous hot springs. These rocks are usually
present with stromatolitic lamination that exists due to the help of microbes during the
precipitation process. A variety of microbes can be present in only one hot spring. Through
studies using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopes) and Spectroscopy, types of the
microbes on the travertine can be identified. Therefore by identifying the microbes,
information about the geothermal conditions of the hot spring can be provided due to the
microbes different growing environment. Through this study it may be possible to understand
the effects of microbial presence in travertine deposits, such as identification of geological
conditions during the time of deposition.

Latar Belakang (Background)

Travertines are rocks that are usually present with stromatolitic lamination, created during
the depositional process with the assistance of microbes (Takashima et al, 2011). Studies of
travertine samples from Yellowstone National Park have shown that microbial activity
helped in creating lamination by creating a thin layer of biofilm called extracellular
polysaccharide substances (Dwyer et al, 2008). Therefore the presence of these microbes are
very influential to the end result of the lithification process of a travertine deposits. Microbes
are also important due to each species’ different growing environment such as water
temperature and pH (Kokaly et al, 2007), making it possible to identify the geothermal
conditions of the hot spring.

Tujuan Riset (Objectives)

This research is aimed to:
1. Identify microbes in travertine deposits
2. Identify the significance of microbial presence in travertine deposits

Kebaruan (Novelty)

Research or publications on microbial activities on travertine deposits have not been widely
circulated or published in Indonesia. The novelty of this research is expected to increase the
amount of scientific papers on this topic; microbial activities and rock deposits.
Metodologi (Methods)

This research will be conducted by (1) Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) and (2) Optical
Fluorescence Microscopy used for identifying the microbes present in travertine deposits and its
influence in travertine lithification.

Target Luaran Publikasi (Output)

Unites States Geological Survey Bulletin

Pustaka (References)

Dwyer, S., et al. 2008. Microbial Controls on Hot Spring Travertine Depositional Fabrics.
AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts

Kokaly, R., et al. 2007. Spectral Analysis of Absorption Features for Mapping Vegetation
Cover and Microbial Communities in Yellowstone National Park Using AVIRIS Data.
Publication of the US Geological Survey. 1717

Takashima, C., et al. 2011. ‘Microbial Control on Lamina Formation in Travertine of Crystal
Geyser, Utah’ In Reitner J. (ed.) Advances in Stromatolite Geobiology. Germany: Springer-
Verlag. pp. 123-132

Kata Kunci (Keywords)

Travertine, Microbiology, Lamination, Cisolok, Geothermal

Judul (Title)

Zoning of Microbes Present in Travertines at Cisolok, West Java.

Abstrak (100 - 250 kata)

Cisolok, West Java is the manifestation of geothermal of spouting springs, surface alteration and
dominated by travertine deposits. Travertines are formed by degassing CO when hydrothermal
2

water is raised from the fissure formed to the surface and calcareous minerals(CaCO ) precipitated
3

near the hot springs. The development of structures and fabrics in carbonate precipitating spring
systems were controlled by presence/absence of certain microbes. The association of the microbes
itself can be determined by temperature differences of hot springs through studies using Zoning of
Microbes and we can identify the microbes by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).
Therefore by identifying microbial communities’ characteristics, we are expected to improve our
understanding of determining the spring-water conditions (temperature, pH, and geochemistry).

Latar Belakang (Background)

Travertine is a natural laboratory of physical, chemical and biological factors that come together in
one to form hot spring carbonate (Fouke, B.W., 2011). The systematic correlations occur in hot
spring between microbial characteristics (pigmentation, phylogenetic, mat morphology and
metabolic diversity), travertine deposition (geomorphology, crystalline structure, and
geochemistry), and spring water conditions (temperature, pH, and geochemistry). Travertines
provide an complex interactions between microbe and the environment(Fouke, B.W., 2011) because
most travertine precipitation formed by degassing of CO from saturated fluids with respect to
2

CaCO upon discharging at the surface (Riding et al, 2000). In warm and mesothermal hot springs
3

process of carbonate precipitation may work with help of cyanobacteria, in hyperthermal springs
only bacteria and archaea are present, in hyperthermal springs and geysers, microbes can act as
templates for silica precipitation (Riding et al, 2000).

Tujuan Riset (Objectives)

This research is aimed to:
1. identify interaction of microbial organisms with spring-water conditions especially
temperatures in travertine deposits.
2. Create a zonation between microbial organisms based on the distribution of temperature
differences and fluid characteristic

Kebaruan (Novelty)
Research or publications on zoning of microbes in travertines have not been widely
circulated or published in Indonesia. The novelty of this research is expected to increase the
amount of scientific papers on this topic; microbial characteristics interaction with hot
spring conditions.

Metodologi (Methods)
This research will be conducted by (1) Zoning of Microbes based on the mineralogical and microbial
analysis and (2) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) used for identifying the microbes present and
relating to spring-water conditions. The zoning model will be created using Arc-GIS and Photoshop

Target Luaran Publikasi (Output)

Unites States Geological Survey Bulletin

Pustaka (References)

Brogi, Andrea., et al. 2016. Hydrothermal Fluids Circulation and Travertine Deposition in
an Active Tectonic Setting: Insight from the Kamara Geothermal Area (Westerm Anatolia,
Turkey). Tecnophysics 680: 211-232

Falk, E.S., et al. 2016. Controls on The Stable Isotope Compositions of Travertine form
Hyperalkaline Springs in Oman: Insight from Clumped Isotope Measurement. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta 192: 1-28

Herdianita, Niniek Rina and Mandradewi, Wulandari. (2010). Evolution of Cisolok –

Cisukarame Geothermal System, West Java – Indonesia, Based on Its Surface Manifestation.
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali: 25-29 April 2010

Kano, Akihiro., et al. 2019. Geomicrobiogical Properties and Process of Travertine With a
Focus on Japanese Sites. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd

Özkul, Mehmet., et al. 2002. Depositional Environments and Petrography of Denizli

Travertines. Mineral Res. Expl. Bul., 125: 13-29

Kata Kunci (Keywords)

Travertine, Microbial Organisms, Temperature Distribution, Geothermal, Cisolok