WW Lev.2 No.7.1

Level 2 (Grades 8 and up)
The End of
Roxham
Road
All About
TikTok
An Historic
Indictment
Chatting About
ChatGPT 2022/2023: Issue 7
A monthly current events resource for Canadian classrooms

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Level 2, 2022/2023: Issue 7
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2022/2023: Issue 7 What in the world? • Le vel 2 Page 2

to the Teacher
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What in the World? now offers even more flexibility to teachers and students while meeting key curriculum
outcomes and utilizing best practice. In response to the need for students to develop 21st Century skills, the topics,
themes, or big ideas of selected articles or the issues arising from them as well as the accompanying activities address
many of the following competencies:
• Communication
• Collaboration
• Critical and Reflective Thinking
• Creative Thinking
• Personal and Social Responsibility (Citizenship and Character Education)
• Historical Thinking Concepts
Each article is accompanied by Before and After reading activities, appropriate to the topic or competencies embedded in
the article:
set the context and purpose for

Before Reading Activities
reading
help students consolidate, extend,

After Reading Activities
and transform their thinking
After reading activities offer options from each of the skills below. The components accompanying each article may be
used as a whole or individually, depending on the teacher’s goals and the needs and interests of the class.
Literacy Inquiry Media Literacy
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notemaking strategy and • self-directed inquiry project cartoons, infographics, maps)
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National
Roxham Road
– New Rules Block Asylum-Seekers from Entering Canada
BEFORE READING
Please note: This article contains sensitive content. Please refer to the teacher resource page Facilitating Discussions on
Sensitive Topics (pp. 56-57) before approaching this topic with your class.
Sensitive Content At a Glance Learning Outcomes

This article is about Roxham Road, • Last year alone, nearly 40,000 After reading this article, students
a rural, unofficial border crossing migrants, a record number, entered will...
located on the Quebec-New York Canada at Roxham Road; • understand the plight of migrants
State boundary, and the record fleeing persecution in their home
• These migrants, who claim they are
number of migrants seeking asylum country;
fleeing violence or other terrible social
in Canada at this location. Please • explain the challenges involved with
conditions in their native country, are
note that the article details and the migration from the perspective of the
mainly from Haiti, Venezuela, Mexico,
supporting resources are difficult migrants and of the countries they
and Colombia;
and touch on the topics of fleeing migrate to;
war, persecution, and poverty in • The migrants' journeys are long • explain the legal considerations that
one's native country. The article also and made more challenging because impact the process of migration;
discusses the hardship and challenges many are travelling with children, few • consider the importance of
faced by migrant families trying belongings, and very little money; international cooperation and
to secure a better life in Canada as government support for refugees and
well as the new rules that will force • Canada and the United States signed asylum-seekers.
asylum-seekers arriving at Roxham a Safe Third Country Agreement in
Road to return to the United 2002 which required migrants to claim
States to make their claims there. asylum status in the first country they
Additionally, the process for seeking arrived in;
asylum in Canada will now take • Roxham Road, a rural location on
up to two years as a result of all of the Quebec-New York state border,
these arrivals. It is normal for some has been the migrants' crossing point
students to feel a range of emotions of choice for years, because it is not
when confronted with these topics. an authorized border point and not
Encourage students to express any subject to the rules of this agreement.
concerns they have about the material And, most migrants believe that
and discuss accommodations with Canada is more sympathetic to their
them as needed. situation than the United States;
• After a visit between U.S. President
Joe Biden and Canadian Prime
Minister Justin Trudeau in March, a
new agreement was reached to turn
back migrants who arrive at Roxham
Road to the United States;
• The process of seeking asylum in
Canada now takes up to two years to
process.

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Roxham Road
BEFORE READING
1. Post four individual chart papers around the room with one of the following words written at the top of each: asylum;
persecution; refugee; migrant.
2. Divide the class into 4 groups and have each begin at one chart paper with a different colour of marker. (If numbers
permit, have two sheets for each word and create two separate rotations.)
3. Provide each group with 2 minutes at each station to add ideas to the paper.
4. When each group returns to its original word, have group members summarize the key points with the class. Debrief
and clarify ideas where necessary.
Asylum: protection that a government gives to people who have left their own country, usually because they were in danger
for political reasons;
Persecution: the act of treating somebody in a cruel and unfair way, especially because of their race, religion, or political
beliefs;
Refugee: a person who has been forced to leave their country or home, because there is a war or for political, religious, or
social reasons;
Migrant: a person who moves from one place to another in order to find work or better living conditions.
5. Share the title of the article – "Roxham Road – New Rules Block Asylum-Seekers from Entering Canada" – and the fact
that these terms will be used to explain the story.
6. Project the news report at this link to prepare students for the article: https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2186498627745
[2:46]
7. Finally, invite students to set a purpose for reading the article, referring to the resource page Setting A Purpose Before
Reading (page 59) as needed.

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Roxham Road
At midnight on March 25, new rules Others asked for asylum after making
preventing migrants from entering their own way to Canada. They The Canada-U.S.
Canada at unofficial border crossings made their claim at an official border Border
took effect. They brought to a sudden crossing or after legally entering The Canada-United States border,
halt the steady stream of refugees who Canada to study, work, or visit. officially known as the International
have been crossing into Canada via Boundary, is the longest international
The Safe Third
Roxham Road on a daily basis over the border in the world between two
Country Agreement
past few years to claim asylum. countries.
Some refugees also entered Canada
Refugees and Canada illegally – by simply walking across Some 8891 kilometres long, the
Since 1980, Canada has accepted the Canada-U.S. boundary outside boundary is undefended. Along most
over one million refugees. Most of border controls. Why would they of its length, there are no physical
entered this country legally, in one of do this, when legal options exist? markers or barriers. However, it is
two ways. Because of the Safe Third Country illegal to cross the boundary outside
Agreement (STCA). of border controls – special crossings
Some were resettled by the located on key roads between the two
government. Canadian officials This bilateral pact, signed by Canada countries, as well as at many airports,
travelled to refugee camps in other and the U.S. in 2002, required refugees seaports, and certain train stations.
nations to screen applicants wishing to claim asylum in whichever of the
to live in Canada. Those who were two countries they arrived at first.
would be turned away. However,
approved were brought here through That means that refugees already in
until it was closed in late March, a
a combination of government and the U.S. who legally entered Canada
loophole in the pact allowed refugees
private sponsorship. and then claimed refugee status here
Definitions
asylum: protection that a government gives to people who have migrant: a person who moves from one place to another in
left their own country, usually because they were in danger for order to find work or better living conditions
political reasons refugee: a person who has been forced to leave their country
bilateral: involving two groups of people or two countries or home, because there is a war or for political, religious or social
loophole: a mistake in the way a law, contract, etc. has been reasons
written that enables people to legally avoid doing something that
the law, contract, etc. had intended them to do

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Roxham Road
who entered Canada illegally to apply
for asylum. Knocking on Canada’s Door
As a result, between 2017 and 2022, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada officials use strict criteria and a
over 81,000 refugees entered Canada point system for deciding who is allowed to live in all the provinces and territories
at irregular crossings, mainly in except Quebec, which has its own immigration policies.
Manitoba and Quebec. In January The federal government requires that potential immigrants fit into one of four
2023 alone, some 5000 migrants – a categories. Economic immigrants are allowed to make their home in Canada
record-high number – made their because they can contribute skills needed in this country, or because they can invest
way into Canada from Roxham Road, significant money in Canadian businesses. Refugees make up the second group of
a remote outpost on the Quebec-New immigrants. These people have been displaced or left homeless by war or violence.
York state border. The third category of immigrants is made up of those sponsored by close family
Seeking shelter members already living in Canada. Family sponsors must agree to support the new
immigrants, so that they do not become an economic burden on other Canadians.
Why are some refugees so determined Finally, a small number of immigrants are accepted who don't fit into any of the
to claim asylum in Canada rather other categories.
than the U.S.? Many view our country
as more sympathetic to their plight. In 2022, Canada accepted 437,000 immigrants. In 2023, this number will increase to
This belief was reinforced by a widely 465,000: 266,210 economic immigrants, 106,500 family immigrants, 76,305 refugees,
circulated tweet from Prime Minister and 15,985 other immigrants.
Justin Trudeau in 2017, which read:
Once settled, new arrivals are called “permanent residents.” They can apply for
“To those fleeing persecution, terror
citizenship after living in Canada for three years in any four-year period. Once
and war, Canadians will welcome you."
granted citizenship, they have the same political rights as citizens born in Canada,
Over the past six years, migrants from including the right to vote.
as far away as Afghanistan and Brazil
have made their way across the border
at Roxham Road, taking the last leg A stressed-out Quebec “Quebec has taken on a completely
of their long journeys by bus from disproportionate share of Canada’s
New York City. However, most came Of course, Canadians want to do the
right thing – to shelter people facing asylum-seekers,” he wrote in a letter to
from countries like Haiti, Venezuela, Prime Minister Trudeau in February.
Mexico, and Colombia. They said danger and tragedy. But this flood
of illegal migrants was stretching “This influx cannot continue.
they were escaping gang violence or Quebec’s capacity to receive refugees
other crushing social conditions, and resources to the limit. Quebec Premier
François Legault said his province, has been exceeded.”
many couldn't wait to step foot on
Canadian soil. in particular, has born most of the Mr. Legault said that Quebec could no
impact, and statistics support his longer guarantee necessary services
“We see them as they get to the magic argument. Of the 40,000 migrants for the newcomers. He claimed
line,” said Frances Ravensbergen, a who poured across the border in 2022, migrants were “increasingly becoming
volunteer with Bridges Not Borders, all but 369 ended up in Quebec. homeless.” And he demanded that
a non-profit organization that helped Ottawa pay the province for all costs
support asylum-seekers crossing into related to welcoming and integrating
Canada via Roxham Road. “Many migrants in 2021 and 2022 – likely
of them just start to run. They’re so hundreds of millions of dollars.
focused on what they need to do. Just,
‘Gotta get into Canada.’”
Definitions
disproportionate: too large or too small when compared persecution: the act of treating somebody in a cruel and
with something else unfair way, especially because of their race, religion, or political
influx: the fact of a lot of people arriving from somewhere beliefs

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Roxham Road
A bureaucratic mess Those who are sent back to the U.S.
The federal government did try to will be denied the right to make an
alleviate Quebec’s burden last summer asylum claim in Canada in the future.
by sending some newcomers to other Meanwhile, those who manage to
communities across Canada. But then evade authorities and successfully
those places ended up also struggling cross into Canada must be in the
to absorb the throngs landing on country for 14 days before they can
their doorstep. claim asylum.
Another problem? All these arrivals Is this what we want?

have taxed Canada’s immigration The Quebec government, among
system. They’ve caused a huge spike others, welcomed the change.
in refugee claims that are clogging up However, critics warned that while the
the pipeline. It can now take up to two new rules may solve some problems,
years to process a person’s request for they will create others. One big
asylum. Worse, asylum-seekers used concern? Smugglers will play a larger
to have to wait at most about three role in escorting migrants across
months to get papers allowing them dangerous crossing routes, trying to
to work. Now, that has stretched to as avoid border agents.
long as two years.
"This is what we are going to see in
The loophole closes Canada and this is what our country
So, in late March, U.S. President Joe is becoming," said Wendy Ayotte of
Biden and Prime Minister Justin Bridges Not Borders. "The government
Trudeau agreed to close the loophole has gone down a very tired and
in the STCA. dangerous route by trying to turn
basically our border into a militarized
Under the new arrangement, Canada zone where we are going to see people
will expand its refugee program to crossing in very unsafe conditions." J
accept 15,000 more legal migrants.
In exchange, refugees who arrive at
Roxham Road will be forced to return
to the U.S. and told to make their
asylum claims there, unless they have
family members with legal status in
Canada, are unaccompanied minors,
or already have a Canadian visa or
work permit.
Definitions
alleviate: to make something less severe visa: an official document or mark in your passport that allows
you to enter or leave a country for a specific purpose or period of
time

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COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
1. Which level of government is responsible for admitting people to Canada? Which province has its own system?
2. List and describe the four categories of immigrants that Canada accepts.
3. How many immigrants did Canada accept last year? How many are expected to come this year?
4. Which two countries signed the Safe Third Country Agreement? When did this occur?
5. What is the purpose of this agreement? Explain.
6. Which refugees were not covered by the original agreement?
7. How many people entered Canada illegally from the U.S. in recent years?
8. How many migrants crossed the border illegally in January and where did most of them cross? How many used this
route to enter Canada last year?
9. Describe the changes that were made to the STCA in late March. What did Canada agree to do?

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Roxham Road
QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER THOUGHT
1. Canada has an international reputation for welcoming those who are seeking asylum or fleeing persecution. However,
of the almost 40,000 migrants who entered Canada last year at Roxham Road, most settled in Quebec, stretching that
province's resources to the limit.
As you see it, how should Canada act to ensure that the process for accepting refugees is responsible and fair, not only for
migrants but for Canadian citizens? Explain.
2. If you've ever experienced moving to a new home, school, city, or even country, you know that adapting to that change
comes with challenges. As you see it, what might be some of the challenges that face migrants coming to Canada,
particularly when the reason for leaving their home country has limited the resources they are able to bring with them?
Give reasons to support your response.
3. Canada grew by 1.3 million new immigrants between 2016 and 2021, which represents the largest proportion among G7
nations (France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.) As you see it, what might be some
of the reasons why Canada’s population grew more quickly than that of other G7 nations? Give examples to support your
ideas.

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QUESTIONS FOR ONLINE EXPLOR ATION
Note: The links below are listed at www.lesplan.com/links for easy access.
1. Learn more about the history of Roxham Road and how the loophole in the STCA became an issue for the federal
government: https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/roxham-road-explainer-1.6756753
What did you learn from this summary?
2. Before the new agreement between Canada and the United States, Quebec Premier François Legault, federal politicians,
and prominent Canadian journalists shared what they thought should be done about the challenges created by the record
number of migrants at Roxham Road:
https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2186375747563 [3:37]
https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/legault-transfer-migrants-1.6756067
What were some of the key questions and concerns about this unofficial border crossing? Give examples.
3. Some experts believe that closing Roxham Road could lead to more problems. Find out more:
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/new-york-roxham-canada-travel-1.6791263
Do you believe that Canada did the right thing in closing Roxham Road to asylum seekers? What other options might
Canada have considered? Give reasons to support your thinking.
4. Visit the Government of Canada site "Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada" to learn more about the process
for newcomers to this country:
https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship.html
List 2 facts that you learned and 1 question that you still have:
5. Explore statistics about refugees in Canada from the United Nations Refugee Agency:
https://www.unhcr.ca/in-canada/refugees-in-canada/

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Roxham Road
The saying A picture is worth a thousand words refers to the idea that complex stories can be described with a single, still
image. By examining the content of photographs viewers can often, at a glance, ‘see’ who was involved, what happened
and perhaps even determine where and when the event happened. Careful consideration of the less obvious details is
equally important as they give additional clues that can be used to infer more about what is going on in the photograph.
For example, tears rolling down a young girl’s cheek show how upset she is or wet streets help explain why the driving
conditions were more dangerous.
Directions: First, label everything you see in the photograph on page 13. Be specific. Include obvious and less obvious
details. For example, if there is a person in the photo, label everything you see on him or her, such as facial features (blue
eyes, crooked nose, toothless smile, graying hair); clothing (torn black pants, rubber boots, plaid, long-sleeved shirt);
actions (sitting, holding a puppy); surroundings (street, sidewalk, bench, trees, grass). If you do this thoroughly, the
photograph will be covered with words.
Then, write the ‘1000 word’ story told by the photograph using as many of the labeled words as you can. The completed
story should be accurate (facts are consistent with what is shown in the photograph and with what is known outside the
photograph), complete (reports the important 5W’s + H) and clear (well-written, free from errors).

Adapted from Caring for Young Peoples’ Rights. Permission granted from TC2, The Critical Thinking Consortium. © 2023

National
2022/2023: Issue 7
Roxham Road
What in the world? • Le vel 2

An RCMP officer stops people as they enter Canada via Roxham Road on the Canada-US border in Hemmingford, Quebec, March 25, 2023.
(THE CANADIAN PRESS/Graham Hughes)
Page 13
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GR APHING
1. Complete the table below to show:
a) the total population of Canada since 1970 in millions rounded to one decimal point (5 year intervals), and
b) the total number of immigrants coming to Canada (5 year intervals)
The following source will help: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_immigration_statistics
Year 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2022
Population* 24.5 32.2
Immigrants 216,500 271,850

* millions rounded to one decimal point
2. Plot a bar graph to show the total population of Canada for each year listed. Shade each of these 12 columns blue.
3. Plot a red line graph to show the number of immigrants coming to Canada for each year listed above.
4. Label your graph with a proper title.
5. Examine your graph. What observations can you make and what conclusions can you draw? Explain.
blue Total Population Immigrants red
Million Thousand
45 450
40 400
35 350
30 300
25 250
20 200
15 150
10 100
5 50
0 0
1985 2020
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INFOGR APHIC
Immigration:
a path to a
stronger Canada
Immigrants have been essential to Canada’s post-pandemic

economic recovery.
In 2021, 191,338 individuals transitioned from temporary to

permanent residents.
Immigration accounts for nearly 100% of Canada’s labour force growth, and
will account for 100% of our population growth by 2032.
Canada’s post-pandemic recovery has been among the strongest in the world,
but more than 900,000 unfilled positions still remain across all sectors.
Now
Hiring
The 2023-2025 Immigration Levels Plan aims to welcome 465,000 permanent

residents in 2023, 485,000 in 2024 and 500,000 in 2025.
The plan is focused on spreading the benefits of immigration

to regions and communities across Canada.
By 2025, overall admissions will amount to nearly 1.3% of the Canadian

population with 60%+ of admissions in the economic class.
Working to increase Francophone immigration to reach a target of 4.4% of

French-speaking immigrants outside Quebec by 2023.
Employers in communities across Canada will be supported

to fill their critical labour needs.
https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/infographics/immigration-path-stronger-canada.html

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INFOGR APHIC
Illegal migrants surge into Canada

An upswing in illegal migrant crossings from the United States
into Canada has led to calls for a police crackdown
MONTHLY RCMP* ILLEGAL MIGRANT INTERCEPTIONS
6,000
Aug 2017: 5,712 Jan 2023: 4,977
Migrants flee U.S. fearing
deportation due to increased
5,000 immigration enforcement
under Trump administration
4,000
3,000
2,000
Numbers slump
during Covid-19
pandemic
1,000
0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
ANNUAL TOTALS
40,000
Surge fuelled by economic misery 39,540
30,000 and growing global insecurity
20,000
20,593 19,419
16,503
10,000
3,302 4,246
0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Picture: Getty Images. *Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Sources: New York Times, Seattle Times, Government of Canada © GRAPHIC NEWS

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ANALYZING AN INFOGR APHIC
What is the purpose of this infographic? Who is the intended audience?
What information is new or interesting? What features are used to clarify the message?
What information is How does the information

significant or important? presented enhance your
understanding?
What questions do you still have about the topic presented?

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Roxham Road
M AP ANALYSIS
Examine the accompanying map. Then, answer the following questions.
A. Reading the map:
1. What is the title of this map?
2. What is the purpose of this map?
3. How are the cities, countries, and water bodies labelled?
4. How are directions represented on the map? Give an example.
5. How is distance communicated on the map? Give an example.
6. What is the capital of Quebec?
B. Analyzing the map:

1. Describe the location of Quebec relative to other features on the map. Aim for 5-10 descriptors. (E.g., New York state is
located to the south of Quebec.)
2. In what ways does this map help you to better understand the context of the article? Explain.

N
N or the a st
U.S.A. NEW
BRUNSWICK
(red)
QUEBEC Fredericton
(pink) Quebec
City
St. Lawrence
ONTARIO River MAINE
(yellow) (brown)
VERMONT
Ottawa (green)
(purple) NEW
Lake
HAMPSHIRE
Huron
Lake Ontario Boston

Toronto
Albany MASSACHUSETTS
(pink)
NEW YORK
(orange)
Hartford RHODE
MICHIGAN ISLAND (red)
(red)
Lake
CONNECTICUT
Erie (yellow)
Newark
PENNSYLVANIA New York
(green)
Trenton
Philadelphia NEW JERSEY
Harrisburg (purple)
Atlantic
OHIO Baltimore
(purple) Ocean
DELAWARE
Washington (brown)
D.C. MARYLAND
(pink)
WEST
VIRGINIA
(red)
VIRGINIA
(orange)
KENTUCKY Chesapeake
(brown) Bay
(grey) NORTH CAROLINA (yellow) 0 50 100 150 200 250 Kilometres

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PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
A. Write the letter that corresponds to the best answer on the line beside each question:
______ 1. The original STCA did not apply to refugee claimants who:
a) arrived in Canada by boat
b) crossed into Canada from the U.S. at a regular border crossing
c) entered another country before coming to Canada
d) crossed into Canada from the U.S. illegally
e) were officially recognized by the United Nations
______ 2. Who asked Ottawa for additional resources and funds to support asylum-seekers in Quebec?
a) U.S. President Joe Biden b) Conservative leader Pierre Poilievre
c) the Bridges Not Borders organization d) Prime Minister Justin Trudeau
e) Premier François Legault
______ 3. What has Canada agreed to do under the new STCA?
a) build a wall along the Quebec border b) make Roxham Road an authorized border crossing
c) expand Canada's legal refugee program d) reduce the number of immigrants to Canada
e) subsidize U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents
B. Mark the statements T (True) or F (False). If a statement is True, write one important fact to support it on the line
below. If a statement is False, write the words that make it true on the line below.
______ 4. True or False? The Canada-U.S. boundary is the longest border between two countries.
______ 5. True or False? Most of the migrants who crossed via Roxham Road settled in Ontario.
______ 6. True or False? Last year, some 40,000 migrants arrived monthly at Roxham Road.
C. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.
7. Since 1980 Canada has accepted over _______________________ _______________________ refugees. (2)
8. STCA = Safe _______________________ Country Agreement
9. Many refugees have suffered religious, racial, or political ____________________ in their home country.
D. Respond to the following question in paragraph form. (Use a separate sheet of paper if necessary.)
10. For what reasons are you in favour of the changes to the STCA? For what reasons are you opposed? Give reasons to
support your response.

National
TIkTok
– Is It Time To Kick The Popular APP Off Your Phone?
BEFORE READING
1. Write TikTok on the board.
2. Have students turn to an elbow partner and share what they have been hearing about the app in the news. (E.g., it's
banned on government devices in Canada, the U.S., and some countries in Europe; the U.S. is considering a country-wide
ban on the app; the Canadian government is conducting a special investigation into whether or not China used TikTok to
influence the 2021 Canadian election; etc.) Share ideas as a class.
3. Have students watch this episode of the CBC's 'About That' where Andrew Chang explores the privacy concerns related
to TikTok, the government, and users in general. As they watch, have students think of two questions they have about the
information presented: https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2177694787769 [12:24]
4. Ask students to record and share their questions with their elbow partner.
5. Finally, invite students to use these questions to set a purpose for reading the article, referring to the resource page
Setting A Purpose Before Reading (page 59) as needed.

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TIkTok
It’s fun, it’s sassy, and it’s endlessly Canada is not alone in taking this
entertaining. But it also knows far action. We’re following the lead of Did You Know?
too much about who you are, how the U.S., the European Union, and a Worldwide, the top 10 most popular
you think, and where you live, critics growing list of other nations that won’t social media platforms (by numbers
argue. let government employees use TikTok of monthly active users) are:
on work devices. Some cities, police,
“It” is TikTok, the addictive short- 1. Facebook (2.96 billion)
and universities have banned it, too.
form video app that launched in North 2. YouTube (2.2 billion)
America in 2017. Since then, people A highly invasive app 3. WhatsApp (2.0 billion)
have been sharing their cool dance At present, the Canadian ban doesn’t 4. Instagram (2.0 billion)
moves, hilarious pet tricks, clever stop anyone other than public 5. WeChat (1.26 billion)
makeup hacks, and kooky recipes with service employees on the job from 6. TikTok (1 billion)
the one billion users worldwide who using the app. Still, TikTok gleans so 7. Sina Weibo (573 million)
access the platform. much personal data with each click 8. QQ (538.91 million)
Too much information? or upload, that critics say everyone 9. Telegram (550 million)
should delete it. 10. Snapchat (557 million)
What else are they sharing? Way
too much personal stuff, say officials What exactly is TikTok learning
whose job it is to protect our privacy. about us? Like many social media every appointment on their calendar.
They’re so concerned, in fact, that on apps, TikTok demands access to They consent to let it invade their mic
February 28, Ottawa banned the use your phone and personal data when and camera, too.
of TikTok on all federal government you click on the 4000-word terms It's true that Meta, which owns
devices. Three days later, every of service agreement. And just like Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube,
provincial and territorial legislature, Netflix, TikTok monitors the videos requests the same things. The
except those in Ontario, Nunavut, you watch, then uses an algorithm to difference? TikTok doesn’t like to take
and the Northwest Territories, did the suggest other videos. “no” for an answer.
same.
Users also agree to give TikTok the “It grants those permissions by
right to harvest all their contacts and default,” cybersecurity expert Robert
Definitions
algorithm: a set of mathematical instructions or rules that a platform: a type of computer system or software
computer uses to help calculate an answer to a problem public service: a service such as education or transport that a
default: to automatically use a particular setting or option government or an official organization provides for people
unless you choose a different one
National
TIkTok
Potter says. “When a user doesn’t give Chinese government can legally force
it permission… [TikTok] persistently ByteDance to turn over any data it china’s meddling in
asks. If you tell Facebook you don’t has collected, giving China a great Canada’s elections
want to share something, it won’t way to spy on TikTok users. TikTok Officials say that the Chinese
ask you again. TikTok is much employees have already been caught government tried to influence the
more aggressive.” using GPS data to track the location of outcome of our federal elections in
two U.S. journalists. 2019 and 2021.
Mr. Potter added that TikTok gathers
far more information than it needs. China could also use TikTok to Canadian Security and Intelligence
For example, to figure out as much as spread propaganda, to censor Service (CSIS) documents leaked
it can about your behaviour, it tracks material it didn’t want others to late last year indicate that in 2019,
the pattern of your keystrokes. And see, or to punish people who make Chinese authorities tried to secure
it uses its own browser to monitor anti-government posts. Some of the victories of nine Liberal and two
the websites you visit outside TikTok. this has already happened. In 2019, Conservative federal candidates.
So it can pull in information and ByteDance censored TikTok videos Additional documents reveal that in
activity from totally unrelated apps that mentioned Tiananmen Square the 2021 election, China tried to ensure
on your device. It can scan your hard and other topics that reflected badly that a minority Liberal government
drive, too. on China. would be elected – it was – and that
As well, TikTok can identify objects, And if China uses our data to learn certain Conservative candidates would
scenery, and people in your videos how we think, it could push videos be defeated.
– including their exact location – intended to influence how we vote. While China didn’t contribute
whether you’re actively using the app financially to these campaigns
For its part, TikTok says it no longer
or not. It can also convert what you and CSIS officials say these efforts
censors videos. And it strongly denies
and your friends are saying into text. didn’t change the outcome of the
that it would ever give Chinese officials
“The application can and will access to the material it collects. elections, the implications are still
run successfully without any of disturbing and the federal government
“It is our commitment… that we will is investigating.
this data,” a report Mr. Potter co-
keep it free from any manipulation by
authored concluded. “This leads us
any government,” TikTok CEO Shou minutes after signing up to see content
to believe that the only reason this
Zi Chew told an angry U.S. Congress about self-harm or eating disorders.
information has been gathered is for
committee in March. Mr. Chew’s own children don’t use
data harvesting.”
Mr. Chew said TikTok has invested the app.
The China factor
over $1.5 billion to store user data out Congresswoman Diana DeGette,
Isn’t all this a fair trade-off, given the of China’s reach. But the lawmakers for one, wasn’t reassured by Mr.
many hours of free enjoyment you weren’t convinced. Chew’s testimony.
get from the app? After all, TikTok
just wants to you to give you a better Another disturbing issue Congress “You gave me only generalized
experience on the site, right? raised? The site’s effect on teen statements that you’re investing, that
behaviour. One journalist found you’re concerned, that you’re doing
Wrong, say many security experts. dozens of TikTok accounts used for work. That’s not enough for me.
The problem? TikTok is headquartered selling illicit drugs. And the group That’s not enough for the parents of
in Singapore and Los Angeles, but Center for Countering Digital Hate America,” she said. J
is owned by ByteDance, a Chinese (CCDH) reported that it can take just
company. That means that the
Definitions
Canadian Security and Intelligence Service (CSIS): propaganda: false or slanted information that a country
Canada's main foreign intelligence agency that provides security promotes to make people agree with what it is saying
intelligence for the Canadian government Tiananmen square: student-led demonstrations in 1989
censor: to examine books, documents, films, etc. and remove calling for democracy, free speech, and a free press in China
parts that are offensive or not allowed by rules

National
TIkTok
1. List the top six most popular social media platforms. Underline the ones you use or have used regularly.
2. When was TikTok released in North America? How do many people use this app?
3. Where are the headquarters of TikTok located?
4. Which company owns TikTok? Where is this company located?
5. What can China's government force this company to do?
6. What data does TikTok collect from its users? Explain how it does this.
7. Other social media apps also request access to user data. Why are officials especially worried about TikTok?
8. What did the federal government decide on February 28 regarding TikTok?
9. What was the federal government's reason for this decision?

National
TIkTok
1. The article describes TikTok as an addictive, short-form video app where "people have been sharing their cool dance
moves, hilarious pet tricks, clever makeup hacks, and kooky recipes with the one billion users worldwide who access the
platform." Given what you know about the information TikTok harvests from users, in what ways might these activities
be dangerous for the people who create and share them? Explain.
2. The article also discusses the impact that TikTok may be having on teen behaviour, citing a number of TikTok accounts
that were being used to sell illicit drugs. There were also concerns about how algorithms built into the app may be pushing
content related to self-harm or eating disorders directly to teen users.
As you see it, what could TikTok do to address these concerns? Give reasons to support your thinking.
3. Despite the concerns about government cybersecurity, Vass Bednar, an expert in public policy, has questioned Canada's
decision to ban TikTok on government employees' devices, stating that there is no confirmed evidence that there was any
direct interference from China in the 2021 election.
For what reasons do you agree with the government's decision to ban TikTok on all federal government devices? For
what reasons do you disagree? What might be the implications of this decision with respect to other social media apps or
international relations? Explain.

National
TIkTok
1. Learn more about the Canadian government’s decision to ban TikTok on government-issued devices:
2. Hear about TikTok privacy concerns from cybersecurity experts:
What questions do you still have?
3. Learn more about TikTok and how it works:

https://www.yout-ube.com/watch?v=DYMmHIOD7wA [5:22]
https://www.yout-ube.com/watch?v=nfczi2cI6Cs [13:02]
What did you learn from these reports?
4. Should TikTok users be rethinking their personal use of the app?

https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2178014787681 [6:40] (Podcast)
https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2177974339563 [51:38] (Podcast)
5. What are Canada’s online privacy laws for kids and teens and what can you do to protect yourself online?
https://www.yout-ube.com/watch?v=n-eog6DHTk4 [5:05]
https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/is-tiktok-safe-for-kids-change-these-11-privacy-settings-right-now/
6. Learn more about the push to ban TikTok altogether:

https://www.cbc.ca/radio/frontburner/tiktok-s-power-and-the-push-to-ban-it-1.6792859 [19:33]
As you see it, what would be the implications of a complete ban on TikTok? Explain.

INFOGR APHIC
TikTok time limit for young users

National
2022/2023: Issue 7
TikTok is setting a 60-minute daily time limit for users under 18
TIkTok
to mitigate the video app’s addictive nature. If young users hit

the limit, they must enter a password to continue
Average time spent on apps (minutes per day, Q2, 2022)
TikTok 95
YouTube 74
Instagram 51
Facebook 49 TikTok
faces intense
What in the world? • Le vel 2

Twitter 29 scrutiny over
security
Snapchat 21 concerns
Sources: Bloomberg, Sensor Tower Consumer Intelligence © GRAPHIC NEWS
Page 27
National
TIkTok
INFOGR APHIC
U.S. moves closer to TikTok ban

U.S. lawmakers are proposing to ban TikTok – China’s hugely popular
video sharing app – citing concerns over national security
TIKTOK ANNUAL USERS BY REGION (millions)
Asia Pacific
313
Latin America
188
Europe
158
North America
138 Key
2018 2020
MENA*
92 2019 2021
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Republican Senator Marco Rubio (left)
announces bipartisan legislation to ban
TikTok, amid fears app could be used
to spy on Americans
ANNUAL REVENUE ($millions) ANNUAL USERS (millions)
5000 1500 1,466
4,697
TikTok U.S. is
4000 downloaded 1200 largest
3 billion market
times as of outside of
3000 Jun 2021 900 China 902
2,640
700
2000 600
381
1000 300
350 133
63 150
0 0
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Sep 2016: Douyin, Chinese name for TikTok, is launched in China.
App owned by ByteDance, headquartered in Beijing
Sep 2017: TikTok is launched internationally after ByteDance acquires
Musical.ly – adding 80 million more users, mostly in U.S.
Sources: Reuters, Business of Apps *Middle East/North Africa Picture: Getty Images © GRAPHIC NEWS

National
TIkTok

understanding?

National
TIkTok
PUT TING IT ALL TOGETHER
______ 1. Where was TikTok created?
a) China b) Canada
c) Russia d) New Zealand
e) United States
______ 2. Which company owns TikTok?
a) Apple b) Amazon
c) Netflix d) ByteDance
e) Alibaba
______ 3. Why did Ottawa recently ban TikTok on government devices?
a) to match U.S. and EU cyber security policies b) federal employees were using the app at work
c) the app was crashing sensitive servers d) to protect user privacy and prevent data harvesting
e) Ottawa released a Made-in-Canada social media app
______ 4. True or False? TikTok is able to gather data from a hard drive and other apps on a user's device.
______ 5. True or False? Facebook is the most popular social media app in the world.
______ 6. True or False? TikTok has censored videos about Tiananmen Square.
7. TikTok monitors online activity and then uses an _______________________ to suggest similar videos.
8. CSIS: Canadian _______________________ and Intelligence Service.
9. TikTok's default _______________________ allow access to large amounts of personal data.

10. As you see it, should social media apps be blocked from collecting your personal data? Give reasons to support your
response.

International
An Historic Indictment
– Former U.S. President Donald Trump Faces Criminal Charges
BEFORE READING
1. Provide groups of 4-6 students with a blank sheet of paper and one pencil.
2. Before sharing the topic, explain the rules of this activity to students:
• their group is not allowed to talk during this activity;
• they can add a new idea about the topic on their paper with the pencil, OR put a checkmark beside another
word/idea that they agree with;
• they will have 3 minutes to complete the activity.
3. Write Donald Trump on the board and ask students to begin recording their thoughts and ideas about this topic.
Circulate as groups work; signal when the 3 minutes are up.
4. Share ideas as a class and ask students to determine ‘categories’ of common ideas (e.g., personality, actions, family,
accomplishments, etc.).
5. Share the full title of the article: “An Historic Indictment – Former U.S. President Donald Trump Faces Criminal
Charges”. Review whether or not this idea (indictment/criminal charges) came up in the initial activity.

International
Donald Trump, the 45th president of

the United States, was indicted on Civil actions vs criminal charges
March 30. It is the first time in history Courts in North America typically deal with two distinct kinds of legal actions –
that a former U.S. president has ever civil cases and criminal cases. What’s the difference between the two?
faced criminal charges.
A criminal case occurs when the government, representing the interests of all
What crime is Mr. Trump accused of? citizens, charges someone with breaking the law. Burglary and assault are examples.
Authorities say he may have illegally If found guilty, people are sentenced to prison or are severely fined for their actions.
used funds meant to help finance The main goal is to keep order in society.
his 2016 presidential campaign. A
woman, who received $130,000 from By contrast, private parties – not the government – are usually behind civil
his campaign funds, says she was paid actions, also called lawsuits. Suing someone is the means by which companies and
not to reveal that she’d had an affair individuals settle disputes. Typical cases involve landlord-tenant disagreements,
with Mr. Trump. A grand jury in New divorce proceedings, and quarrels over property or contracts. Those who lose
York City voted to indict the former lawsuits don’t face prison, but they must compensate the winner for the harm they
president for this transaction. If found have caused. If losers fail to pay up, debt collectors can seize their assets.
guilty, the former president could go The burden of proof is much higher in criminal law, where the state must prove its
to prison for up to four years. case beyond a reasonable doubt. In civil cases, the burden of proof is based on a
A campaign under siege balance of probabilities (that is, 50 percent).
Donald Trump, a Republican, was
president from 2017 to 2020. He then What other crimes could Mr. Trump into the possibility that he helped
lost his bid for re-election to the be charged with? The list is long. incite an insurrection in Washington,
current Democratic president, Joe Authorities are investigating him D.C. on January 6, 2021.
Biden. Now Mr. Trump is making a for everything from mishandling
His legal troubles don’t stop there,
third run for the top job in the U.S. in top-secret documents to promoting
however. He is also facing 20 major
2024 just as his legal woes accelerate. election fraud. They are also looking
Definitions
asset: something of value that a person or company owns incite: to encourage somebody to do something violent, illegal,
compensate: give (someone) something, typically money, in or unpleasant, especially by making them angry or excited
recognition of loss, suffering, or injury incurred indictment: a formal statement of accusation; charge
fraud: the act of cheating somebody in order to get money, insurrection: a situation in which a large group of people try
goods, or a position of power illegally to take political control of their own country with violence
grand jury: a U.S. jury that decides if someone should be tried
in a court on a criminal charge

International
civil lawsuits, including one that Did the former president and his allies 'Get Trump,' but now they've done the
alleges he committed fraud by greatly try to steal the 2020 election in this, unthinkable — indicting a completely
inflating the worth of his personal and other, ways? innocent person in an act of blatant
assets and a company that he owns, Election Interference," he said.
The head juror revealed that
Trump Organization. If true, that
indictments were recommended Alina Habba, one of Mr. Trump's
might have allowed him to borrow
against more than 12 people but did lawyers, said the former president is
more money than he otherwise might
not say if Mr. Trump was one of a victim "of a corrupt and distorted
have been loaned.
them. If he is – and if he is eventually version of the American justice system
Those civil cases will make their convicted – he could spend up to five and history. He will be vindicated."
way through the courts eventually. years in jail.
A candidate on trial?
Meanwhile, here’s how the other
Inciting a riot? The courts, of course, will decide
criminal charges may play out.
The U.S. federal Justice Department whether or not Mr. Trump goes to
Stashing secret papers? is also exploring Mr. Trump’s alleged jail for his alleged crimes. In the
The U.S. Department of Justice is role in the January 6, 2021 attack meantime, the indictment will impact
investigating how Mr. Trump handled on the Capitol building – the place Mr. Trump's bid for the presidency.
sensitive documents after he left where U.S. lawmakers carry out their
Nothing in the U.S. Constitution
office. Records show that for more duties. That day, after he gave a speech
prevents him from running for the
than a year, the former president to supporters, a mob stormed the
job. He can even campaign if he
ignored official requests to turn site hoping to stop Joe Biden from
is convicted and goes to jail. And
over secret material that belonged to becoming president. Five people died
analysts say the charges are more
the government. as a result of the riot. A congressional
likely to increase his support among
committee, which spent 18 months
In 2022, acting on a search warrant, voters and the Republican Party.
looking into Mr Trump’s actions,
the FBI scoured his home and private However, they are also likely to
accused him of inciting insurrection
club in Florida and found about galvanize critics who say he lied and
and other crimes. To date, the Justice
100 documents that were classified. cheated his way to the top – while also
Department hasn’t said if it will charge
Mr. Trump denies any wrongdoing. complicating his campaign schedule.
Mr. Trump.
But if indicted, he could be charged
“It seems quite possible, or even likely,
under the Espionage Act, which ‘Come and get me!’
that Trump will be defending himself
forbids unauthorized people from In response to news of his indictment, in four different criminal cases as he
holding information that could harm Mr. Trump expressed outrage. He is campaigning for president in 2024,”
the U.S. If convicted, he could face up proclaimed his innocence, and said attorney Barbara McQuade.
to 10 years in prison. suggested he was the victim of an
orchestrated attempt by Democrats “Making court appearances in
Election interference?
to use the justice system to derail his New York, Georgia, Florida and
Mr. Trump is also under scrutiny in Washington D.C. while also
run for the presidency. He called on
Georgia. In 2020, he was caught in a maintaining a campaign schedule
his many supporters to protest the
taped phone call asking a state official [could be hard]. Trump, no doubt, will
charges, and warned that his arrest
to “find 11,780 votes,” so he could win use criminal charges as… a way to
could lead to “death & destruction”.
the state. A Georgia special grand portray himself as the eternal victim.
jury recently ended an investigation "The Democrats have lied, cheated and But it seems likely that accountability
into the incident. The big question: stolen in their obsession with trying to is headed his way.” J
Definitions
accountability: being responsible for what you do search warrant: an official document that allows the police
classified: officially secret and available only to certain people to search a building, for example to look for stolen property
FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation – the U. S. government special grand jury: in Georgia, a grand jury that does not
agency responsible for investigating crimes against national laws have indictment powers. The district attorney decides whether to
bring recommended charges before a regular grand jury.

International
1. Name the 45th president of the United States. What years was he in office and which party does he represent?
2. What charges related to the 2016 presidential campaign are authorities investigating?
3. What is the difference between a criminal case and a civil lawsuit? Explain.
4. What is the burden of proof in a criminal law trial? What is the burden of proof in a civil lawsuit?
5. Explain what an American grand jury is.
6. Identify the grand jury that issued an precedent-setting indictment on March 30. What was the essence of the charges?
7. What is the maximum penalty that a judge could impose if the former president is found guilty?
8. List the criminal charges and civil lawsuits that Mr. Trump could also face in the near future:
9. How will these legal actions impact the 2024 U.S. presidential campaign?

International
1. The U.S. constitution does not prevent a candidate facing criminal charges from seeking the presidency. Do you believe
that candidates should be allowed to run for political office if they are facing criminal charges or have been convicted of a
crime? Why or why not? Explain.
2. Author and playwright Oscar Wilde once said, "The only thing worse than being talked about is not being talked
about." What connections can you make between this quote and the case of former president Trump? Give examples to
support your thinking.
3. The article quotes attorney Barbara McQuade: "Making court appearances in New York, Georgia, Florida and
Washington D.C. while also maintaining a campaign schedule [could be hard]. Trump, no doubt, will use criminal
charges as… a way to portray himself as the eternal victim. But it seems likely that accountability is headed his way.”
Do you agree or disagree with this assessment? Give reasons to support your response.

International
1. Learn more about the grand jury indictment of Donald Trump:
https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/trump-grand-jury-indictment-1.6796725
What did you learn?
2. How is this indictment expected to play out with the American people?
https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/trump-arrest-analysis-1.6797036
What questions do you still have?
3. Discover the details of both the criminal charges and civil actions that may be facing the former president:
Illegal use of campaign funds: https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/donald-trump-stormy-daniels-hush-money-1.6788143
https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ny-grand-jury-trump-1.6731596
Mishandling top-secret documents: https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2059809859973 [4:07]
https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/inventory-justice-dept-trump-fbi-classified-documents-100-mar-a-lago-1.6570976
Inciting an insurrection on January 6, 2020:
https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/jan-6-committee-capitol-investigaitoon-hearings-criminal-referrals-1.6676145
General (including criminal and civil cases): https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/trump-cases-summary-1.6786650
Which of these do you feel may be the strongest case against Mr. Trump? The weakest? Explain.
4. On March 18, Trump made the announcement that he was going to be arrested before he was actually indicted:
https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/trump-expecting-arrest-protests-1.6783503
http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2185216067919 [4:58]
What do you think motivated Mr. Trump to announce this publicly? Explain.
5. In November, former president Donald Trump announced his bid to run for office again in 2024
https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/trump-announcement-election-president-1.6652318 Could he really win back the
presidency amid all of these legal woes? Learn what political experts are predicting:
https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/donald-trump-loss-analysis-1.6648274

International
YOUR TASK:
Examine the editorial cartoon. Then, use the questions below to help you decode the cartoon’s message. Be specific and
include as many details as possible in your answers. Note: The Editorial Cartoons resource page (p. 60) may be useful.
Initial reading: What can an initial look reveal?
1. Glance quickly at the cartoon. What is your first impression – your “gut response”?
2. Consider your background knowledge. What do you already know about the context of the cartoon – the time, place or
situation? (List key facts.)
Closer look: What’s happening in the cartoon?
3. Describe what you see and read in the cartoon.
Draw conclusions: What overall impression can you draw?
4. Identify possible biases. Whose perspective or point of view is expressed in the cartoon?
5. Explain the overall message of the cartoon in a paragraph. (Remember, a good interpretation is specific and detailed.) J
Prepared with assistance from TC2 , The Critical Thinking Consortium. © 2023

International
INFOGR APHIC
Donald Trump’s legal troubles

Donald Trump has been indicted by
a grand jury in New York, becoming
the first former U.S. president
to face criminal charges
Trump is facing impending
arrest on charges stemming
from an investigation into
a $130,000 payment to
Stormy Daniels (right),
in an attempt to buy her
silence over an alleged affair
GEORGIA CAPITOL RIOT

Special grand jury recently Congressional committee
concluded investigation into investigating Jan 6, 2021,
Trump’s alleged efforts to overturn assault by Trump
2020 presidential election defeat supporters on U.S.
in Georgia. Nearly 20 people Capitol urged Justice
directly investigated, Department to charge
including Trump’s Trump with inciting
former personal insurrection and
lawyer Rudolph other crimes
Giuliani (top right), Separate criminal probe by Justice
could face charges Department has already led
Decision by Fulton to nearly 1,000 people who took
County district attorney part in assault being charged.
Fani Willis (right) on what Trump could be called
charges to seek, expected by May for questioning
MAR-A-LAGO NEW YORK
Justice Department looking In lawsuit in September,
into whether Trump improperly New York Attorney General
retained classified records after Letitia James (left) accused
leaving office in 2021 and Trump family of inflating
then tried to obstruct their net worth by billions.
federal investigation James is seeking to bar
In August, FBI seized Trump and his children
around 100 documents from running businesses
marked as classified from in New York again
Trump’s Florida estate of Mar-a-Lago. New York judge has ordered
Trump’s team locked in legal independent monitor to oversee
battle with Justice Department Trump Organization before
over investigation scheduled October trial
Sources: AP, Reuters, BBC, NYT Pictures: Getty Images, Newscom © GRAPHIC NEWS

International
INFOGR APHIC
Donald Trump’s legal woes

Former U.S. President Donald Trump is under investigation for several
possible crimes, such as allegedly mishandling top secret documents
CAPITOL RIOT MAR-A-LAGO NEW YORK

Investigation: Investigation: Investigation:
Trump’s alleged Department of New York Attorney
role in attack on U.S. Justice looking General Letitia
Capitol, when mob tried into movement of James (left)
to prevent confirmation thousands of leads civil
of Joe Biden’s (right) documents from investigation‡ to
election victory. White see if Trump
Congressional House to Organization
committee Mar-a- overstated real
making case Lago†, some estate values to gain
that his election marked as favourable loans
fraud claims led “top secret” and tax rates.
to riot Trump District Attorney
Trump response: response: Alvin Bragg
Denies allegation. Denies wrong- (left) leads
Describes committee as doing, saying he criminal case
“kangaroo court”. declassified material Trump response:
Continues to make when president. Has not Refuses to answer
unsubstantiated voter said why documents questions when called
fraud allegations were moved for interview by James
Seriousness: Seriousness: Seriousness:
Committee* votes Active criminal James’ lawsuit
to subpoena Trump, investigation could bring alleges Trump and three
making him obliged to charges of violating eldest children inflated
testify to Congress. Will Espionage Act and company’s net worth by
likely defy subpoena Obstruction of Justice billions
GEORGIA
Investigation: Trump response: Seriousness:
Alleged attempts Describes chief Allegations are
to overturn 2020 prosecutor Fani Willis serious and if indicted
presidential election (below left) as “radical and convicted, people
result. Prosecutors have left Democrat” will go to prison.
phone recording of Unknown if Trump
Trump calling state’s directly investigated,
top election official but former personal
saying: “I just want to lawyer Rudy Giuliani
find 11,780 votes” – (left) is – he led legal
amount needed to challenges disputing
give him victory election result
*Formed of seven Democrats and two Republicans. †Trump’s Florida estate. ‡Cannot file criminal
charges. Source: BBC News Pictures: Getty Images, Newscom, Google Earth © GRAPHIC NEWS

International

understanding?

International
______ 1. Which political party does Donald Trump belong to?
a) New Democratic Party b) Democratic
c) Republican d) Liberal
e) Conservative
______ 2. Where was ex-president Donald Trump indicted on March 30?
a) Washington, D.C. b) Mar-a-Lago
c) Los Angeles d) Moscow
e) New York
______ 3. What evidence supports a charge of election interference in Georgia against Mr. Trump?
a) classified documents b) email messages
c) testimony from polling officials d) a taped phone call
e) video that shows votes being destroyed
______ 4. True or False? Mr. Trump was the 46th president of the United States and he served from 2018 to 2022.
______ 5. True or False? Before March 30 no former U.S. president had ever faced criminal charges.
______ 6. True or False? A balance of probabilities is the standard necessary to convict a criminal defendant.
7. The _______________________ obtained a search warrant for Mr. Trump's Florida home.
8. Mr. Trump was indicted by a ______________________ ______________________ for misuse of campaign funds.(2)
9. The U.S. _______________________ does not prohibit a person with a criminal record from being elected president.
10. As you see it, what is the significance of this story? Give reasons to support your response.

Science, Technology and the Environment
Chatting about CHatGpT
– The Pros and Cons of an AI Future
BEFORE READING
1. Write the following on the board: ChatGPT.
2. Have students turn to an elbow partner and share what they know about the topic.
3. Share ideas as a class. (E.g.: It's an AI chatbot; it can write anything in any style in seconds... essays, poems, letters,
summaries, etc.; it has been banned or blocked by a number of school boards, colleges, and universities; it's free but it's
usually unavailable online because so many people are trying to access it; etc.)
4. Next, write the following statement on the board: Using ChatGPT is cheating. Have students consider whether they
agree or disagree with this statement.
5. Clear an aisle in your classroom or go into the hall to set up a fold the line activity. Note: In this activity…
• students will be paired with a peer. If there are an odd number of students, you may wish to join the line. Alternatively,
you could make a group of 3 in the middle;
• the students in the middle of the line will be grouped with students who have a similar opinion. You may want to suggest
that some students take a more extreme stance on the line to enhance the discussion.
6. Explain that one end of this line represents "I agree" and that the other represents "I disagree." Ask students to place
themselves on this line according to their opinion of this statement.
7. Initially, have students turn to a neighbour to share their opinion. After sharing, students may wish to reposition
themselves along the line.
8. Next, have the students fold the line, so that they are facing a partner with a differing opinion. Give each partner an
opportunity to share and ask questions of the other.
9. Share some of the ideas generated as a whole group.

Imagine a tool that could write an

essay for you in seconds. It sounds What is Artificial Intelligence?
like a dream come true—or at least Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science concerned with developing
something out of a science fiction computer programs or computers that seem to use reason and make decisions.
novel. But it's not, thanks to an
artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot The idea of creating AI began in the 1960s. Back then, computers were already
named ChatGPT (Chat Generative out-calculating humans in simple math. Then computerized robots replaced some
Pre-trained Transformer) released last workers on the assembly line. Next, they explored places we couldn’t get to. Why not
November by the San Francisco-based create a machine that could think like humans, too?
company OpenAI. Advances in AI have been tested in various games that have pitted machines against
Chatbots are computer programs the best human players. In 1997, IBM’s Deep Blue computer bested the world’s
designed to simulate conversation top-ranked chess player. Then in 2011, another IBM computer named Watson
with humans, especially over the demonstrated that it could win at Jeopardy. That was a far greater challenge. Watson
Internet. So how is this chatbot had to answer riddles and complex questions.
different? It responds in writing to In 2017, a computer beat a human opponent at the fiendishly complicated and
virtually any question it is asked ancient game of Go – a feat that required even more computing prowess because
on an astonishingly wide range of the game can unfold in many different ways, and there are more possible board
topics. What's more, the answers are positions than atoms in the universe. So this was not a problem a computer could
articulate and conversational – you tackle by following a simple algorithm or doing a massive number of mathematical
might feel like you’re chatting calculations – the computer needed to come up with a different winning strategy.
online with a real person. ChatGPT
even remembers the thread of your How did it accomplish this? Essentially the computer trained itself to play the game
conversation, so you can ask it follow- by playing thousands of matches with itself. Through trial and error, it learned
up questions, or suggest that it try a which moves were most likely to lead to success. Computer programmers call this
different angle or format. For instance, reinforcement learning, machine learning, or deep learning. When programmed
you could ask the chatbot to write a with a goal or outcome, and with enough data to practice on, computers can teach
poem, a story, or even computer code. themselves what works.
Definitions
algorithm: a set of rules for solving problems or doing calculations, especially rules that a computer uses
Articulate: to express thoughts and ideas clearly and effectively
deep learning: a machine learning technique that teaches computers to do what comes naturally to humans: learn by example
prowess: great skill or ability
simulate: to produce the features of something in a way that seems real but is not

Human trainers questions, and even write essays, ChatGPT, or have the chatbot generate
ChatGPT is powered by a large in seconds. Some have banned the responses that the students then grade.
language model, or LMM. An LMM technology outright. Others, including
is a deep learning algorithm that can the public school board in Hamilton,
Ontario, have blocked ChatGPT Did you know?
recognize, summarize, translate,
predict, and generate text and other on all Board devices and within In late January, Microsoft added an AI
content based on knowledge gained Wi‑Fi networks. chatbot to its Bing search engine, and
from massive datasets. on March 21, Google released Bard, a
…Or A Learning tool?
chatbot that will initially be available
In ChatGPT's case, human trainers Some educators argue that banning only to a limited number of users.
fed the chatbot huge amounts of ChatGPT is not the answer. AI tools
material and gave it a specific job to exist and are going to become more
do, such as predicting the next word and more a part of everyday life. Changing how
in a sentence. Then, they helped it Today’s students need to learn to we do things
refine its responses by writing both navigate them. More practically, a High school teacher Daniel Herman
sides of different conversations. That ban simply won’t work. Students will both admires ChatGPT’s usefulness
helped teach ChatGPT what types of have access to ChatGPT outside the and worries about its harm to
responses to give to different prompts. classroom. human learning.
Then, the trainers gave the chatbot One New York Times article suggested “Is this moment more like the
prompts and had it generate several that schools treat ChatGPT the way invention of the calculator, saving me
different responses. They ranked the they would a calculator: it’s fine for from the tedium of long division, or
responses from best to worst, and then some assignments, but not others. And more like the invention of the player
fed that information back in. teachers should generally assume that, piano, robbing us of what can be
unless students are being supervised communicated only through human
In this way, ChatGPT learned to create in the classroom with devices put emotion?” he asks.
answers that sounded like they were away, they have access to it.
written by a human. Even ChatGPT itself has weighed
Even better, a chatbot can be a in on the argument. Janet Hurley of
A threat...? resource for learning. ChatGPT The Toronto Star wrote that when the
However, while the responses might can help with brainstorming and program is asked whether educators
sound believable, they aren't always outlining. Learning how to craft should fear it, “its response is both
correct. Why? Because a chatbot is the right prompt for an AI model comforting and disconcerting.”
only as good as the data it was trained is an art in itself – the better your
on. Imagine a machine that had read The response? “It is understandable
question, the more targeted the output
every book and article in your school that you might have concerns about
you’ll receive.
library, and could answer any question ChatGPT. However, it is important
you wanted using that information “They need to understand, ‘I need to remember that these models are
– but only that information. this to produce an outline about X, simply tools that are designed to
Y and Z,’ and they have to think assist users with tasks… They are not
OpenAI also warns that although very carefully about it,” said Cherie intended to replace human beings or
there are controls in place, ChatGPT Shields, a high school English teacher to perform tasks that require higher
may produce offensive or biased in Oregon. “And if they don’t get the levels of cognition.”
content. result that they want, they can always
Still, it's clear that, like the widespread
Despite these flaws, schools and revise it.”
use of the Internet, ChatGPT is going
universities are scrambling to decide ChatGPT can also be used as a tool to transform our lives. Its impact in
how to handle this new technology, to foster critical thinking. Students the classroom is just the beginning of
which can answer homework can be instructed to try to trip up this massive change. J
Definitions
cognition: the process by which you recognize and disconcerting: causing feelings of worry or confusion
understand things tedium: the quality of being long and boring
1. Explain what AI is.
2. When did the idea to create AI begin? What was the goal?
3. How has AI developed over the past 50 years?
4. Explain what deep learning is and how a computer used it to be successful at Go.
5. What is a chatbot? What are chatbots designed to do?
6. Which company recently released ChatGPT?
7. How is ChatGPT different from other chatbots?
8. Describe how computer programmers trained ChatGPT.
9. List at least two drawbacks of ChatGPT.
10. What do educators think about ChatGPT?

1. The article includes a response, generated by ChatGPT, to the question, "Should educators fear ChatGPT?": “It is
understandable that you might have concerns about ChatGPT. However, it is important to remember that these models
are simply tools that are designed to assist users with tasks… They are not intended to replace human beings or to
perform tasks that require higher levels of cognition.”
In your opinion, what kinds of tasks would benefit from ChatGPT assistance? Which types of tasks would not? Explain.
2. Edward Tian, a 22-year-old student from Toronto who studies computer science at Princeton University, created an app
to help teachers spot plagiarism in a piece of writing. GPTZero identifies what percentage of the text looks AI-generated.
Mr. Tian says, “This technology is incredible. I do believe it’s the future. But, at the same time, we’re opening Pandora’s
Box. And we need safeguards to adopt it responsibly.” What is your understanding of this statement? Do you agree or
disagree with the speaker? Give reasons to support your response.
3. “Is this moment more like the invention of the calculator, saving me from the tedium of long division, or more like the
invention of the player piano, robbing us of what can be communicated only through human emotion?" - High School
teacher Daniel Herman
Respond to Mr. Herman's question. In your opinion, is ChatGPT more like the invention of the calculator or of the player
piano? Give reasons to support your response.
4. Many education experts have suggested that classroom teachers will need to come up with assignments that students
cannot use ChatGPT to complete. As you see it, what might these assignments look like? Give examples to support your
thinking.

1. Learn more about ChatGPT from these news reports:
https://www.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=2594040&jwsource=cl [2:18]
2. How effective is this AI technology and what are its capabilities?
https://www.cnn.com/videos/tech/2023/01/14/smr-perils-of-chatgpt.cnn [6:02]
3. Explore some of the legal and ethical questions around the use of ChatGPT and other generative AI applications:
https://www.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=2585069 [6:06]
https://www.tvo.org/video/does-chatgpt-change-everything [31:53]
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/02/technology/ai-artificial-intelligence-artists.html
https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/chatgpt-academic-cheating-1.6732115
Which professions may be impacted by this technology? Give examples to support your ideas.
4. How are educators and students reacting to ChatGPT?

https://www.yout-ube.com/watch?v=2V5Htde7ReY [1:59]
https://www.yout-ube.com/watch?v=a1BHwDNEw_A [1:00]
https://www.yout-ube.com/watch?v=3L7dCa0cZS4 [6:14]
5. Meet Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, and try it out or explore some samples of the chatbot's
writing:
https://www.yout-ube.com/watch?v=ebjkD1Om4uw [38:58] (Interview)
https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/
https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/chatgpt-responses-1.6701653
https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/i-bring-new-and-engaging-ways-students-learn-classroom
What is your opinion of the text produced by ChatGPT? Support your ideas with examples.
6. Google and Microsoft are releasing their own version of Chat GPT. Listen to this podcast to learn more:
https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2171903555643 [6:30] (podcast)

INFOGR APHIC
Artificial intelligence becomes smarter

ChatGPT, the world’s fastest growing internet app, has received
a major software update that allows it to ace exams and
write about what it can decipher from photographs
NEW GPT-4 UPDATE OUTPERFORMS PREVIOUS GPT-3.5
(results from range of standardised exams, %)
Bar Exam (legal profession) 10 GPT-4
SAT* Maths 70 GPT-3.5
AP† Biology 62
Struggles AP Macroeconomics 33
with more AP Chemistry 22
creative
pursuits AP Physics 30
AP Calculus 0
AP English Language 14
AP English Literature 8
8 14
Image analysis: Can 43

90 89 recognise food in fridge
and suggest recipes
85 84
66
71
*U.S. university entrance exam. †Grading exam system in U.S. universities. Note: Scores shown are at
lower end of percentile range. Sources: The Verge, OpenAI. Picture: Hotpoint © GRAPHIC NEWS


understanding?

______ 1. A set of rules used by a computer for solving problems or doing calculations is called a(n)
a) innovation b) algorithm
c) syntax d) conditional statement
e) neural network
______ 2. Which company developed ChatGPT?
a) Microsoft b) IBM
c) Google d) Amazon
e) OpenAI
______ 3. Some educators are concerned students will use ChatGPT to:
a) complete their assignments b) do all learning remotely
c) post answers on social media d) video classroom lessons
e) have conversations with peers
______ 4. True or False? Computers can use deep learning to train themselves,
______ 5. True or False? ChatGPT always produces accurate and unbiased content.
______ 6. True or False? Deep Blue was a computer designed to play chess against human players.
7. Chatbots are designed to simulate ____________________ with humans.
8. In 2017, a computer beat a human at the fiendishly complicated and ancient game of ____________________ .
9. ChatGPT = Chat ____________________ Pre-Trained Transformer.

10. As you see it, should school boards ban the use of ChatGPT? Give reasons to support your response.

Resource Page for Students
INquiry project
THE STEPS OF AN INQUIRY PROJECT
Choose a news article from this issue that you found interesting or surprising – one that caught your attention, sparked an
‘ah ha’, or left you wondering about something. Tap into your curiosity. What more do you want to know?
Before starting your Inquiry Project, do a little more research on your own to investigate the news story or topic in a deeper
way. Notice the questions that come to mind as you read.
When you have a deeper understanding of the topic or issue, complete the Inquiry Project Planner on p. 53. Use the
following steps to guide you:
1. A good inquiry project starts with a powerful inquiry question. This is an overarching question related to an important
issue, problem, or concern in the news story or topic you have chosen. It should be something you are genuinely curious
about or that is meaningful to you.
Inquiry questions are not easy to answer. They are open-ended (meaning that they can’t be answered with a yes or no
response), lead to more questions, and require you to think or really investigate something. Answers to inquiry questions
are not found by ‘Googling’!
A good inquiry question should have these 4 components:
• A question stem (e.g., What is...? How can...? Why can’t...? What could...? What impact...? How would it be possible...? What
would happen if...? How would you improve... Why do you believe...?);
• Who is taking action and/or who will be impacted by the findings/answer (e.g., you, your family, your school, your
community, the world);
• What the action is (e.g., solve, reduce, develop, create, refine, educate, make, impact, improve, change);
• What the problem or concern is.
For example, if, after reading an article that explains how COVID-19 spreads, I wanted to learn more about the benefits (or
limitations) of wearing a mask, my inquiry question might be:
How can I educate students about the importance of wearing a mask in school? OR
How can I educate students about the limitations of wearing a mask in school?
Here are other examples of inquiry questions:
• How might I create and sell something at profit, so I can contribute to my favourite charity?
• What could parents prepare for lunch if their child is allergic to gluten?
• What impact would reducing plastic take-out containers have on the environment?
• How can we attract more native birds and butterflies to our school garden?
2. Then, brainstorm other smaller, supporting research questions that will help you arrive at the answer to your inquiry
question. Aim for 4-5 questions to start. For example:
• Do masks help stop the spread of COVID-19? If so, how? If not, why?
• Are all masks (or mask designs) equally effective?
• Who benefits from wearing masks? Who doesn’t?
• Where and when should masks be worn?
• Are there other measures that are more effective at stopping the spread of the virus?
As you begin to research, you may find that there are other questions that you want to know the answer to. Record these
questions, too.

INquiry project
3. Decide what resources you will explore to find answers to your questions. What will you read (print or digital texts),
watch, study and/or who you might talk to?
If you are researching online, make sure the website is credible. (That means it is trustworthy—you can trust the
information to be true and up-to-date). Also check that the information is reliable. (That means the information is
accurate, presents a balanced view vs. a biased one, and answers your question.)
Check out these short videos to learn how to check the credibility and reliability of websites:
• How to evaluate sources for reliability: https://youtu.be/q1k8rcYUmbQ [3:48]
• How to check if a website is credible: https://youtu.be/jt-IZ5M6XU8 [1:39]
4. Figure out how you will document (show) everything you are learning about your inquiry question either digitally or by
hand. There are lots of options:
• keep a written journal;
• create a note making template (like the one included on p. 54);
• construct a visual journal (e.g., photographs, videos, Sketchnote);
• write a blog (e.g., Wordpress, edublogs, Weebly for Education);
• link a series of mind maps or concept maps.
Remember to date each entry and explain why what you documented is important or how it is related to your inquiry
question.
For example, I might find photographs of different types of masks and use PicCollage to document the different examples.
Then, I might type a brief caption under each photograph explaining what the masks are made of and how they prevent the
spread of COVID-19.
5. Determine how you will share your learning with your peers, in an authentic way. Think about how you best show what
you know and how experts in the field might share their knowledge. There are lots of ways to do this, such as:
• record a podcast
• design a blog
• build a model
• develop an infographic
• make a video
• create an animation
• present a TED Talk with an accompanying slide show.
6. Finally, create a project timeline. List all the steps you need to take to finish your project and set deadlines for completing
them. Online calendars or organizer apps, such as Trello, are helpful tools for managing projects. Use the strategy of
working backwards to make sure you give yourself enough time to complete each step and not be rushed.
7. You are now ready to begin researching. Have fun!

INquiry project
INQUIRY PROJECT PL ANNER
Topic:
Inquiry question:
This question is important to me because …
Research questions:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Resources I'll use:
How I will document my findings:
How I will share what I've learned:
Due:

INquiry project
INQUIRY RESEARCH ORGANIZER
HINTS: Check Your Sources

• Use multiple valid sources
Identify the source
• Use the right keywords and search strategies to find
• Is it true?
relevant information
• Is it trustworthy?
NOTE: • Is it current (up-to-date)?
You may find fascinating facts that aren't connected to Analyze the information
your question. If that's the case, just add a question and the • Is it accurate?
answer. The fun part of researching is that you never know • Is there any bias that should concern me?
what fascinating facts are going to pop out at you. • Does this answer my question?
Inquiry Question:
Q: Q:
A: A:

Resource Page for Teachers
INquiry project
HELPFUL TEACHER RESOURCES ON INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING
Check out Trevor MacKenzie’s website with links to podcasts, blogs, social media links, and other resources on
Inquiry‑based learning:
• https://www.trevormackenzie.com
His book, Dive into Inquiry: Amplify Learning and Empower Student Voice, offers a scaffolded approach to student inquiry:
structured, controlled, guided, and free inquiry. It is a practical resource if inquiry-based learning is new to you.
John Spenser is another educator whose videos, blogs, and resources offer practical strategies and structures for engaging
students in inquiry. Here are two to get you started:
• “Helping Students Ask Better Questions by Creating a Culture of Inquiry”
https://medium.com/synapse/helping-students-ask-better-questions-by-creating-a-culture-of-inquiry-d1c4b0324a6f
• “Using a Wonder Week to Spark Inquiry-based Learning”
http://www.spencerauthor.com/wonder-week/
Edutopia has a number of articles on student inquiry, including:
• “What the heck is Inquiry-based Learning?”
https://www.edutopia.org/blog/what-heck-inquiry-based-learning-heather-wolpert-gawron
• “Resources and Downloads to Facilitate Inquiry-based Learning”
https://www.edutopia.org/article/inquiry-based-learning-resources-downloads
* Note: All links in this document are listed at www.lesplan.com/links for easy access.

FAcilitating Discussions on Sensitive topics
SET TING THE TONE
Setting a positive and empathetic tone in your classroom is essential to the exploration of sensitive issues.
1. It is recommended to co-create discussion norms with your students and, depending on their experience, review what
each of these looks like and sounds like. Post them for regular classroom reference. These may include:
• Listen respectfully and actively, without interrupting
• Assume best intentions
• Challenge ideas, not individuals
• Commit to learning, not winning
• Speak with evidence
• Agree and disagree politely
2. Always give students the option to pass on a sensitive discussion topic and to choose other means of 'participation'
instead, such as a personal journal entry, or partner/small group discussion.
BEFORE READING
1. Know the topic:
• review the Learning Outcomes and the At a Glance points (found in the Before Reading section of the lesson plan
accompanying the article) before presenting the article to students.
2. Know yourself:
• consider your perspective on the article content and how you will respond to student questions.
3. Know your students:
• anticipate student connections and/or triggers related to the article content.
• anticipate how you might incorporate or respond to these connections.
4. Find out what your students know:
• brainstorm as a class, talk with a partner, or write in response to a prompt, depending on students' backgrounds and life
experience.
• begin with basic questions (e.g., Who? What? Where? When?).
• progress to more probing questions (e.g., How? Why?).
5. Gather student ideas and questions:
• examine student ideas together.
• determine commonalities.
6. Help students make connections:
• how might this topic affect them, their family, or their friends?
• are there connections that can be made to other topics you’ve studied(e.g., political, environmental, etc.)?
7. Introduce the article:
• share the Learning Outcomes (found in the Before Reading section of the lesson plan accompanying the article) with
students.
• encourage them to focus their reading on these outcomes. You may assign specific outcomes to certain groups.
• invite them to note further questions about the topic as they read.

FAcilitating Discussions on Sensitive topics
DURING THE DISCUSSION
When dealing with sensitive topics, it is important to actively facilitate the conversation and to monitor its progress:
• Take the temperature of the discussion often. Remind students of the discussion objective as needed. If the intensity of
the discussion is escalating, remain calm and try to turn it into a learning experience. Don’t avoid the issue, but defer it so
that you can make a plan to deal with it at a later date.
• Remind students of discussion norms as needed. (e.g., "Remember our norms: challenge ideas, not individuals.")
• Reword student comments/questions as needed. (e.g., "What I think you are saying is… Is that correct?")
• Correct misinformation. (e.g., "What makes you say that? What evidence are you basing that idea on?")
• Ask for clarification. (e.g., "Can you explain that idea again?")
• Review/summarize the main points of the article as needed. (e.g., "Let’s review our Learning Outcomes. Which of these
do you feel you are able to do after today’s discussion?")
AFTER THE DISCUSSION

It’s important to build in reflection time for students to consolidate their experience. Their reflections will also help you
prepare for future discussions:
• Ask students to reflect on the discussion and the ideas shared by other students, particularly those that they disagree
with. Provide reflection prompts as needed. (e.g., What was the most important idea discussed today? What idea/
perspective would you like to learn more about?)
• Ask students to self-assess their progress in achieving their goal norm for the discussion.

ASsessment Rubric
This rubric may be helpful in providing students with formative, strength-based feedback and/or assessing students’
responses holistically.
Emerging Developing Proficient Extending

Supports Answers or reflections Answers or reflections Answers or reflections Answers or reflections
thinking are brief and include are general and are clearly supported are insightful and
obvious facts/details/ supported with some with specific, relevant supported with
evidence. relevant facts/details/ facts/details/evidence. specific, relevant facts/
evidence. details/evidence.
Shows Responses show a Responses are Responses are Responses are

understanding basic understanding thoughtful and show a thoughtful and insightful and show a
of the text, topic, issue general understanding show a complete deep understanding
or message. of the text, topic, issue understanding of the the text, topic, issue
or message. text, topic, issue or or message. May
message. synthesize ideas or
explain the ‘so what’.
Thinks Makes Makes logical Makes meaningful Makes powerful

critically straightforward connections to connections to self. connections that go
connections or self (T:S) and/ Considers ideas between texts and/or
inferences. Focuses on or background between texts (T:T). beyond the text (T:W).
retelling. knowledge (T:S).
Inferences are Inferences are
Inferences are logical.
plausible. plausible and
insightful.

Resource page for Students
Setting a purpose before readinG
There are a number of reasons we read: for enjoyment; to find something out; to critically evaluate information; or to learn
how to perform a task.
Setting a purpose for reading – knowing WHY we are reading – helps us to focus on important information and to better
understand and remember what we read. It also helps us decide HOW we will read the text.
We don't read all texts for the same purposes or in the same way. For example, we read an instruction manual for a new
Blu-ray player for a different reason than we read a book or a website. How we will read it – the strategies we use – will
also differ. We are more likely to skim to find the information we need in a manual. Once we find what we need, we might
read the instructions carefully to figure out what to do. Then, we stop reading, put the manual down, and carry out the
steps. We may have to reread if we get confused or forget what to do.
This is a very different approach than the one we would use to read a book. When we read a book, we usually read
cover‑to-cover. We read carefully so we don't miss any details because we want to understand the whole story. Sometimes
we make connections or create images in our minds as we read to help us better understand what we are reading.
Depending on its length, we may put the book down before we finish reading it but we will start reading where we left off.
Good readers are flexible and responsive. This means that they match their reading strategies to their purpose for reading.
What types of text do you read? Why do you read them? What strategies do you use to read each of these texts? The
following chart provides a summary of the main purposes for reading and what each entails.
Purpose for Reading What does it look like

For enjoyment Usually student-selected.
Allows students to choose a variety of genres and forms.
Allows students to pursue what interests them while
developing reading skills.
To experience something new Students make connections between their personal
experiences and those of people around the world.
To learn more about themselves and others Students reflect on what they’ve read and express opinions
and perspectives.
Students develop a sense of their personal values and make
sense of the world around them.
To gain information Students use the features of informational texts to gather,
analyse and apply what they’ve learned.
To understand issues Students develop a sense of perspective.
Students pose questions, acknowledge other points of view,
critique the opinions presented and support opinions with
evidence.
To appreciate writing Students respond to text in ways other than written
answers to apply what they’ve learned in new contexts.
To appreciate use of media to communicate Students respond to a variety of media formats (e.g.,
infographics, political cartoons, videos, etc.) and react to
how the format supports the meaning of the message.
* Chart adapted from: A Guide to Effective Literacy Instruction, Grades 4-6, p. 11.

Editorial Cartoons
WHAT ARE EDITORIAL CARTOONS?
Editorial cartoons are found in the editorial – or opinion – section of a newspaper. They are created by cartoonists as a
way of visually commenting on and often criticizing the world around them – with humour. Editorial cartoonists express
their ideas and opinions about issues (for example, what to do about Canada’s economy), events (such as the Olympic
Games) or public figures (like the Prime Minister).
Because cartoons are drawn from the viewpoint of the cartoonist they do not tell the whole story about the event, issue or
individual, but they reveal important messages. Their purpose is to grab people’s attention and cause them to re-examine
their views on a subject. Editorial cartoons typically send a particular kind of message. The message is conveyed through
images and wordplay. Their tone is generally ironic (portraying events in ways that are unexpected or contrary to how
they seem), satiric (ridiculing the event, individual or issue), or humorous (inviting readers to laugh at themselves or at
others).
In order to interpret the message of an editorial cartoon it is helpful to understand the context – the time, place and
situation. It is also useful to understand some of the common art techniques used by cartoonists to emphasize their
points. Considering these things will help you better decode and appreciate the message behind the cartoon.
WHAT COM MON ART TECHNIQUES ARE USED BY EDITORIAL CARTOONIST S?

Caption (a sentence or phrase that is the title or explanation of the cartoon);
Labels (words or numbers in the drawing to identify people, objects or dates);
Relative size (some images are drawn much larger or much smaller than others);
Light and dark (use of dark shading and white space to create an effect);
Composition (the arrangement or location of figures or objects in the centre or background);
Symbols (a sign or image to represent something else);
Caricature (a distorted, simplified or exaggerated representation of a figure).
Prepared with assistance from TC2 , The Critical Thinking Consortium. © 2023

To the Teacher
Answer Key
ROXHA M ROAD
1. Which level of government is responsible for admitting people to Canada? Which province has its own system?
The federal government is in charge of immigration to Canada but Quebec has its own process. (Sean Fraser, an MP
from Nova Scotia, is the Minister responsible for Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. Officials use strict
criteria and a point system to decide who is allowed to enter.)
2. List and describe the four categories of immigrants that Canada accepts.
1) Economic immigrants: those who can contribute needed skills, or can invest significant money.
2) Refugees: people forced to leave a country because of war or for religious or political reasons.
3) Family sponsored: people already in Canada who want family members to come. Sponsors must agree to support
new immigrants, so that they do not become an economic burden.
4) Other: includes public policy, humanitarian, and compassionate cases and those that do not fit into the first three
categories.
3. How many immigrants did Canada accept last year? How many are expected to come this year?
In 2022, Canada accepted 437,000 immigrants. In 2023, this number will increase to 465,000: 266,210 economic
immigrants, 106,500 family immigrants, 76,305 refugees, and 15,985 humanitarian immigrants.
4. Which two countries signed the Safe Third Country Agreement? When did this occur?
Canada and the United States signed the STCA in 2002.
5. What is the purpose of this agreement? Explain.
This bilateral agreement requires refugees to claim asylum in the country they arrived at first. That means that
refugees already in the U.S. who legally enter Canada and then claim refugee status here will be turned away.
6. Which refugees were not covered by the original agreement?
The original agreement contained a loophole - it did not apply to refugees who leave the U.S. and enter Canada
illegally.
7. How many people entered Canada illegally from the U.S. in recent years?
Between 2017 and 2022 over 81,000 refugees entered Canada illegally from the U.S.
8. How many migrants crossed the border illegally in January and where did most of them cross? How many used this
route to enter Canada last year?
In January some 5000 crossed unguarded sections of the Canada-U.S. border. Most came via Roxham Road (about 50
km south of Montreal.) Last year nearly 40,000 migrants – a record – made their way into Canada at Roxham Road.
(Quebec has accepted many migrants and has requested financial assistance from Ottawa.)
9. Describe the changes that were made to the STCA in late March. What did Canada agree to do?
Under the revised treaty, Canada will expand its refugee program to accept 15,000 more legal migrants. Refugees
arriving at Roxham Road will now not be allowed into Canada – unless they have family members with legal status in
Canada, are unaccompanied minors, or already have a Canadian visa or work permit.
Quiz:
1. d; 2. e; 3. c; 4. True; 5. False; 6. False;
7. one million ; 8. Third; 9. persecution; 10. Answers will vary.

To the Teacher
Answer Key
GR APHING
1. Complete the table below to show:
a) the total population of Canada since 1970 in millions rounded to one decimal point (5 year intervals), and
b) the total number of immigrants coming to Canada (5 year intervals)
The following source will help: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_immigration_statistics
Year 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2022
Population* 21.3 23.1 24.5 25.8 27.7 29.3 30.7 32.2 34 35.7 38 39.3
Immigrants 147,700 187,900 143,100 84,300 216,500 212,900 227,500 262,200 280,700 271,850 184,370 437,500
* millions rounded to one decimal point
2. Plot a bar graph to show the total population of Canada for each year listed. Shade each of these 12 columns blue.
3. Plot a red line graph to show the number of immigrants coming to Canada for each year listed above.
4. Label your graph with a proper title.
5. Examine your graph. What observations can you make and what conclusions can you draw? Explain.
Canada Population and Immigration (1970 - 2022)

blue Total Population Immigrants red
Million Thousand
45 450
40 400
35 350
30 300
25 250
20 200
15 150
10 100
5 50
0 0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2022

To the Teacher
Answer Key
TIK TOK
1. List the top six most popular social media platforms. Underline the ones you use or have used regularly.
1. Facebook (2.96 billion) 2. YouTube (2.2 billion) 3. WhatsApp (2.0 billion)
4. Instagram (2.0 billion) 5. WeChat (1.26 billion) 6. TikTok (1 billion)
2. When was TikTok released in North America? How do many people use this app?
It was released here in 2017. Over 1 billion people use it every month. Most people use it to share dance moves, pet
tricks, makeup hacks, recipes, etc. (TikTok is not available in China. Its sister application Douyin was launched there
in 2016 and became very successful. Within a year Douyin had 100 million users, with more than one billion videos
viewed every day. TikTok, a separate international version of Douyin, followed one year later. TikTok and Douyin
have almost the same user interface and they are similar, but not identical.)
3. Where are the headquarters of TikTok located?
TikTok's headquarters are in Singapore and Los Angeles. (TikTok has about 13,000 employees and offices around the
world: e.g. New York, London, Dublin, Paris, Berlin, Dubai, Jakarta, Seoul, and Tokyo.)
4. Which company owns TikTok? Where is this company located?
TikTok was created in China (as was Douyin) and it is owned by ByteDance – a Chinese company based in Beijing.
5. What can China's government force this company to do?
Chinese officials can legally force ByteDance to turn over data it has collected, giving China the means to spy on
TikTok users. (Reports have surfaced of TikTok employees using GPS data to track journalists.)
6. What data does TikTok collect from its users? Explain how it does this.
TikTok gathers a great deal of data it does not need. Once installed, it can access contacts, appointments, the
microphone and camera; it tracks keystrokes; it uses its browser to monitor websites a user visits; it can scan a hard
drive; it can identify scenery and people in videos, including their exact location; it can convert speech into text; it
uses an algorithm to suggest other videos based on what has been watched; etc.
7. Other social media apps also request access to user data. Why are officials especially worried about TikTok?
TikTok is very aggressive. It grants permissions by default, and when a user refuses access, it doesn’t take “No” for
an answer. TikTok persistently asks. (Analysts say that China could use also TikTok to spread propaganda, to censor
content, or punish those who make anti-government posts – some of this has already happened. If China accesses user
data to learn peoples' thoughts, it could also push videos to try to influence how they vote. )
8. What did the federal government decide on February 28 regarding TikTok?
Ottawa banned the use of TikTok on all government devices. (Most provincial and territorial legislatures followed
suit. Many other countries, governments and organizations have already banned TikTok and the list is growing. India
has imposed a total countrywide ban on TikTok and dozens of other Chinese apps, including the messaging app
WeChat. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_of_TikTok)
9. What was the federal government's reason for this decision?
Authorities believe that TikTok collects too much personal data from users and that this may present a threat to
Canada's national security and democratic processes.
Quiz:
1. a; 2. d; 3. d; 4. True; 5. True; 6. True; 7. algorithm; 8. Security; 9. settings; 10. Answers will vary.

To the Teacher
Answer Key
AN HISTORIC INDICTMENT
1. Name the 45th president of the United States. What years was he in office and which party does he represent?
Republican Donald Trump was president from 2017 to 2020. He lost his re-election bid to Democrat Joe Biden in
November 2020. (Mr. Trump is now making a third run at the top job just as his legal woes accelerate.)
2. What charges related to the 2016 presidential campaign are authorities investigating?
Authorities have been investigating if Mr. Trump misused 2016 presidential campaign funds. A woman says she was
paid $130,000 from his campaign funds so she would stay silent about an affair with presidential candidate Trump.
3. What is the difference between a criminal case and a civil lawsuit? Explain.
A criminal case is when, in the interest of protecting citizens, the government charges someone with breaking the law
by committing burglary, assault, or theft, for example. A civil lawsuit involves private parties (but the government
or a government agency can be part of a civil lawsuit). Suing someone is how civil disputes are settled. Monetary
damages are usually awarded to the winner (including some legal fees). Some examples would be landlord-tenant
disputes, divorce proceedings, or quarrels over property or business dealings.
4. What is the burden of proof in a criminal law trial? What is the burden of proof in a civil lawsuit?
The burden of proof is much higher in criminal law. In criminal proceedings, the state must prove their case beyond a
reasonable doubt. In civil cases, the burden of proof is based on a balance of probabilities (e.g. 50/50).
5. Explain what an American grand jury is.
A U.S. grand jury is a group of 16-23 people who decides if someone should be tried in criminal court. (A prosecutor
presents evidence to the grand jury via witnesses and documents. Grand juries are not part of English or Canadian
legal systems.)
6. Identify the grand jury that issued an precedent-setting indictment on March 30. What was the essence of the charges?
A grand jury in New York City voted to indict former president Trump for his alleged misuse of campaign funds.
(When a grand jury issues an indictment, it means they believe there is enough evidence to formally accuse someone
of a crime. It is the first time in history that a former U.S. president has faced criminal charges.)
7. What is the maximum penalty that a judge could impose if the former president is found guilty?
If found guilty, Mr. Trump could go to prison for up to four years. (The case is being prosecuted by Alvin Bragg,
Manhattan's first Black district attorney. His office, staffed by about 500 lawyers, prosecutes nearly all criminal cases
in Manhattan. New York has five districts with separate district attorneys: Manhattan, Brooklyn, The Bronx, Queens
and Staten Island.)
8. List the criminal charges and civil lawsuits that Mr. Trump could also face in the near future:
Criminal charges: 1) mishandling top-secret documents; 2) promoting election fraud in Georgia;
3) inciting an insurrection in Washington, D.C., on January 6, 2021.
Civil actions: 20 major civil lawsuits including fraud.
9. How will these legal actions impact the 2024 U.S. presidential campaign?
There is nothing in the U.S. Constitution to prevent a candidate facing criminal charges from running for president.
(However, nothing like this has ever happened before and no one knows what may happen in the coming weeks and
months regarding: 1) the charges from New York City; 2) the other pending criminal investigations and civil lawsuits;
3) the primaries to select the Republican nominee for president; and 4) the 2024 U.S. presidential election campaign.)

To the Teacher
Answer Key
AN HISTORIC INDICTMENT
Editorial Cartoon:
1. Answers will vary.
2. On March 30, Donald Trump, former president of the United States, was indicted by a grand jury in New York City for
illegally using campaign funds to buy the silence of a woman he had had an affair with. This is the first time a former U.S.
president has ever faced criminal charges – but it may not be the last, as Mr. Trump is facing possible indictments in three
other separate cases, as well as 20 major civil lawsuits. At the same time, he is in the early stages of campaigning for the
2024 presidency.
3. The cartoon shows Donald Trump, dressed in a suit and tie, trying to run while dragging a large ball that has been
chained to his right leg. The ball is labelled 'indictment', and Mr. Trump is wearing a button that reads 'Trump 2024'. He's
saying 'Let's get the ball rolling.'
4. The perspective is that of the cartoonist.
5. The cartoonist may be suggesting that Donald Trump is trying to get his 2024 bid for the presidency underway, but is
being held back by the 'ball and chain' of his indictment. The criminal charges will slow down, or interfere with, his hopes
to be reelected. However, the ball that IS getting rolling is the indictments that have been long expected. Now that one has
taken place, more will likely follow.
Quiz:
1. c; 2. e; 3. d; 4. False; 5. True; 6. False;
7. FBI; 8. grand jury; 9. Constitution; 10. Answers will vary.

To the Teacher
Answer Key
CHAT TING ABOUT CHATGP T
1. Explain what AI is.
AI (short for Artificial intelligence) is an area of computer science concerned with developing computer programs or
computers that seem to use reason and make decisions.
2. When did the idea to create AI begin? What was the goal?
The idea of creating AI began in the 1960s. The goal was to create a machine that could think like humans. (Before AI,
computers just did simple mathematical calculations.)
3. How has AI developed over the past 50 years?
AI developments have been tested in various games (e.g., chess, Jeopardy, Go), by using computers to compete
successfully against the best human players.
4. Explain what deep learning is and how a computer used it to be successful at Go.
Go is a fiendishly complicated game that can unfold in many different ways. There are more possible board positions
than atoms in the universe. A computer could not play by following a simple algorithm or doing massive numbers of
calculations. Instead a computer trained itself by playing thousands of matches. Through trial and error, it learned
which moves would lead to success. When programmed with a goal or outcome, and with enough data to practice
on, computers can teach themselves what works. Computer programmers call this reinforcement learning, machine
learning, or deep learning.
5. What is a chatbot? What are chatbots designed to do?
Chatbots are computer programs designed to simulate conversation with humans, especially over the Internet.
6. Which company recently released ChatGPT?
ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is an AI chatbot developed by San Francisco-based Open AI.
7. How is ChatGPT different from other chatbots?
ChatGPT responds in writing to almost any question on a wide range of topics. The answers are articulate and
conversational. (Other companies like Google and Microsoft have also released versions of AI chatbots.)
8. Describe how computer programmers trained ChatGPT.
ChatGPT was fed huge amounts of material and given a specific job to do, such as predicting the next word
in a sentence. Then, human trainers helped the chatbot refine its responses by writing both sides of different
conversations, teaching it to reply to different types of prompts, and to generate several different responses. They
ranked the responses from best to worst, and then fed that information back in. This way, ChatGPT learned to create
answers that sounded like they were written by a human.
9. List at least two drawbacks of ChatGPT.
1) Its answers aren't always correct; 2) Its answers are limited to the data it was trained on; and 3) It may produce
offensive or biased content.
10. What do educators think about ChatGPT?
Some educators are concerned that students will use ChatGPT to do homework and assignments. But some educators
say it's impossible to ban chatbots and schools and universities should embrace the new technology.
Quiz: 1. b; 2. e; 3. a; 4. True; 5. False; 6. True; 7. conversations; 8. Go; 9. Generative; 10. Answers will vary.

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2022/2023: Issue 7 What in the world? • Le vel 2 Page 2

set the context and purpose for

help students consolidate, extend,

Literacy Inquiry Media Literacy

• comprehension questions • online exploration • analyzing visuals

Did you know?

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Sensitive Content At a Glance Learning Outcomes

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Another problem? All these arrivals Is this what we want?

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5. What is the purpose of this agreement? Explain.

6. Which refugees were not covered by the original agreement?

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What in the world? • Le vel 2

Immigrants 216,500 271,850

blue Total Population Immigrants red

Immigrants have been essential to Canada’s post-pandemic

In 2021, 191,338 individuals transitioned from temporary to

The 2023-2025 Immigration Levels Plan aims to welcome 465,000 permanent

The plan is focused on spreading the benefits of immigration

By 2025, overall admissions will amount to nearly 1.3% of the Canadian

Working to increase Francophone immigration to reach a target of 4.4% of

Employers in communities across Canada will be supported

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Illegal migrants surge into Canada

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What is the purpose of this infographic? Who is the intended audience?

What information is How does the information

What questions do you still have about the topic presented?

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2. What is the purpose of this map?

3. How are the cities, countries, and water bodies labelled?

4. How are directions represented on the map? Give an example.

5. How is distance communicated on the map? Give an example.

6. What is the capital of Quebec?

B. Analyzing the map:

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Lake Ontario Boston

(grey) NORTH CAROLINA (yellow) 0 50 100 150 200 250 Kilometres

C. Fill in the blanks to complete each sentence.

8. STCA = Safe _______________________ Country Agreement

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3. Where are the headquarters of TikTok located?

4. Which company owns TikTok? Where is this company located?

5. What can China's government force this company to do?

8. What did the federal government decide on February 28 regarding TikTok?

9. What was the federal government's reason for this decision?

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Level 2 (Grades 8 and up)

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• comprehension questions • online exploration • analyzing visuals

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