ANAT 315: CLINICAL HUMAN MUSCULOSKELETAL ANATOMY

UPPER EXTREMITY JOINT/MUSCLE SUMMARY CHARTS

Dr. Nicole M. Ventura

LECTURE 7: INTRODUCTION TO THE UPPER EXTREMITY

JOINTS OF THE SHOULDER:

JOINT ARTICULATIONS REINFORCING MOVEMENT JOINT
STRUCTURES CLASSIFICATIO
AND LIGAMENTS N

Sternoclavicular Sternal end of · Anterior and Elevation/ Synovial

Joint clavicle and posterior depression, (Saddle)
manubrium of sternoclavicular protraction/
sternum, 1​st · Interclavicular retraction
costal cartilage · Costoclavicular
· Intra-articular Rotation is very
disc minimal

Acromioclavicula Acromial end of · Acromioclavicular Slight gliding Synovial

r clavicle and · Coracoclavicular movement (Plane/Gliding)
Joint acromion of
scapula

Glenohumeral Head of · Rotator cuff Flexion / Synovial (Ball

Joint humerus and muscles extension and Socket)
glenoid fossa · Superior, middle Abduction /
(cavity) of and inferior adduction
scapula, glenohumeral Circumduction
deepened by ligaments Internal /
glenoid labrum · Coracohumeral external
ligament rotation

LECTURE 8: THE SHOULDER AND PROXIMAL UPPER EXTREMITY

MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR SHOULDER

Muscles acting on the glenohumeral (GH) joint:
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation

Pectoralis Medial clavicle, Lateral lip of GH flexion, adduction and Medial (C8-T1) and lateral
Major sternum to 7​th the medial (internal) rotation (C5-C7) pectoral nerves
costal cartilage, intertubercular

Deltoid Lateral 1/3 of Deltoid Anterior fibers: flexion and Axillary nerve (C5-C6)
the clavicle, tuberosity medial rotation
acromion, spine Middle fibers: arm
of the scapula abduction
Posterior fibers: extension
and lateral rotation

1
 Subscapularis Subscapular Lesser tubercle Medial (internal) rotation Upper (C5-6) and lower
** fossa of the humerus (C5-6) subscapular nerves

Muscles acting on the scapula (scapulothoracic “joint”):

Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation

Pectoralis Ribs 3-5 Coracoid process Depression and slight Medial pectoral n
Minor of the scapula protraction of the scapula (C8-T1)

Subclavius First rib (costal Inferior surface of Depression of the clavicle N. to Subclavius (C5-6)
cartilage) clavicle

Serratus Ribs 1-8 Anteromedial Depression, protraction Long Thoracic n. (C5-7)

Anterior border of the (abduction)
scapula

MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR SHOULDER

Muscles acting on the glenohumeral (GH) joint:
Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation

Deltoid Lateral 1/3 of Deltoid tuberosity Anterior fibers: flexion and Axillary n (C5-6)
the clavicle, medial rotation
acromion, spine Medial fibers: Arm abduction
of the scapula Posterior fibers: extension
and lateral rotation

Teres Major Lateral Medial lip of Extension, adduction and Lower subscapular
(inferior) intertubercular medial (internal) rotation of n. (C5-6)
border of the (bicipital) groove the GH joint
scapula

Supraspinatus Supraspinous Greater tubercle of Initiation of arm abduction Suprascapular n.

** fossa of the the humerus Lateral (external) rotation of (C4-6)
scapula (superior facet) the GH joint

Infraspinatus Infraspinous Greater tubercle of Lateral (external) rotation of Suprascapular n.

** fossa of the the humerus the arm (C4-6)
scapula (middle facet)

Teres Minor Lateral Greater tubercle of Lateral (external) rotation of Axillary n. (C5-6)
** (superior) the humerus the arm
border of the (inferior facet)
scapula
** = Rotator Cuff Muscles

2
The following muscles are located on the back but their major functions include movement of the
scapula or arm.

First Superficial Layer of the Back:

Muscle Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation Blood Supply

Trapezius External Spine of the Upper fibers​ – elevate Spinal Transverse

occipital scapula, scapula Accessory Cervical a.
protruberance, acromion lateral Middle fibers​ – retract (CNXI)
ligamentum 1/3 of the (adduct) and upward
nuchae, SPs clavicle rotation of scapula
C7-T12 Lower fibers​ – depress
and upward rotation of
scapula

Latissimus SPs of T6-L5, Floor of the Extension, adduction Thoracodorsal Thoraco-

Dorsi sacrum, iliac intertubercular and medial (internal) n. (C6-8) dorsal a.
crest, groove of rotation of the arm at
thoracolumbar humerus the glenohumeral joint
aponeurosis

Second Superficial Layer of the Back:

Muscle Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation

Levator TPs of Superomedial border Elevation and downward Dorsal scapular n.

Scapulae C1-C4 of scapula rotation of scapula (C4-5)

Rhomboid SPs of Medial border of Retraction (adduction) of scapula

Minor C7-T5 scapula (minor Contribute slightly to elevation
superior to major) and downward rotation of the
Rhomboid scapula
Major

LECTURE 11: THE ARM & ELBOW

THE ELBOW JOINT
JOINT ARTICULATIONS REINFORCING STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENT
LIGAMENTS

Elbow Joint 1.​ C​ apitulum of humerus and Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments Flexion /
(Synovial Hinge head of radius Annular ligament (continuous with Extension
Joint) 2.​ ​Trochlea of humerus and fibrous capsule anteriorly)
trochlear notch of ulna

3
MUSCLES OF THE ARM
Anterior Compartment (Elbow/Forearm Flexors):
Muscle Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation Blood
Supply

Coraco- Coracoid process Middle shaft of Flexion and Musculo- Brachial a.

brachialis the humerus adduction of the arm cutaneous n. and v.
(GH joint) (C5-C7)

Long head​: Radial tuberosity Primary: supination Musculo- Brachial a.

supraglenoid and bicipital cutaneous n. and v.
Biceps tubercle of the aponeurosis Flexion of the (C5-C7)
Brachii scapula forearm at the
Short head​: elbow, accessory
coracoid process flexor of GH joint,

Anterior shaft of Ulnar tuberosity Flexion of the Musculo- Brachial a.

Brachialis humerus and coronoid forearm at the elbow cutaneous n. and v.
process of the (C5-C7)
ulna

** Lateral Styloid process of Flexion of forearm at Radial n. Radial a.

Brachio- supracondylar the radius the elbow, assists in (C6-7)
radialis ridge of the pronation and
humerus supination

** Note: Brachioradialis is a muscle of the ​forearm​ – however, its primary function is at the elbow joint.

Posterior Compartment (Elbow/Forearm Extensors):

Muscle Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation Blood Supply

Long Infraglenoid tubercle Olecranon of Elbow Radial n. Deep brachial

Head of the scapula ulna extension (C6-C8) (profunda) a.
and v.
Triceps Long head: GH
Brachii Lateral Posterior humerus extension and
Head proximal to radial adduction
(spiral) groove

Medial Posterior humerus

Head distal to radial (spiral)
groove

Lateral epicondyle of Olecranon of Elbow Radial n. Deep brachial

Anconeus humerus ulna extension (C6-C8) (profunda) a.
and v.

4
 LECTURE 12: THE FOREARM (I)
RADIOULNAR JOINTS (3):
REINFORCING
JOINT ARTICULATIONS STRUCTURES AND MOVEMENT
LIGAMENTS

Radioulnar Proximal Head of radius and Annular Ligament

joint Synovial pivot joint radial notch of ulna

Middle Pronation /
Solid syndesmosis Shaft of radius and ulna Radius and Ulna joined Supination
joint by Interosseous
Interosseous membrane
membrane

Distal Head of ulna and ulnar Palmar and dorsal

Synovial pivot joint notch of radius radioulnar ligaments,
articular disc

JOINTS OF THE WRIST AND HAND

JOINT ARTICULATIONS MOVEMENT

Wrist (radiocarpal) joint Distal radius, triangular Flexion / extension

Synovial ellipsoid joint fibrocartilaginous disc & Abduction (Radial deviation) /
proximal row of carpal bones Adduction (Ulnar deviation)
(except pisiform)

Intercarpal Joints Between carpal bones Slight gliding motion

Synovial plane joints

Carpometacarpal Joint 1 (Thumb) Trapezium & 1​st​ metacarpal bone Flexion / extension
Synovial saddle joint Abduction/Adduction

Carpometacarpal (CMC) joints (II-V) Distal row of carpal bones and Very limited movement - CMC IV
Synovial ellipsoid joints metacarpals II-V and V facilitate opposition of
thumb

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints Metacarpal & proximal phalanx Flexion / extension

Synovial ellipsoid joints Abduction / adduction

Interphalangeal (IP) joints Between proximal & middle (PIP) Flexion / extension
Synovial hinge joints & middle & distal phalanges
(DIP)

5
MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE FOREARM
Superficial Layer
Muscle Name Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation

Pronator Teres Common Origin: Lateral Radius Pronation of the forearm Median nerve
Medial (C6-7)
epicondyle of the
Flexor Carpi humerus Base of Flexion and abduction Median nerve
Radialis metacarpals II-III (radial deviation) of the (C6-7)
hand at the wrist

Palmaris Longus Palmar Flexion of the hand at Median nerve

aponeurosis the wrist (C8)

Flexor Carpi Pisiform, hamate, Flexion and adduction Ulnar nerve

Ulnaris base of (ulnar deviation) of hand (C7-8)
metacarpal V at the wrist

Intermediate Layer
Muscle Name Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation

Flexor Digitorum Medial epicondyle 4 tendons splitting Flexion of the Median nerve
Superficialis of the humerus, on the sides of wrist, MCP and PIP (C7-T1)
head and middle middle phalanges joints.
1/3 of the radius II-V

Deep Layer
Muscle Name Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation

Flexor Digitorum Anterior proximal Four tendons to Flexion of the Medial ½: Ulnar
Profundus ulna and base of distal wrist, MCP, PIP nerve
interosseous phalanges II-V and DIP joints Lateral ½: anterior
membrane interosseous of
median nerve
(C8-T1)

Flexor Pollicis Anterior radius and base of the 1​st Flexion of the wrist Anterior
Longus interosseous distal phalanx and MCP, and IP interosseous of
membrane joints of the median nerve
thumb (C8-T1)

Pronator Anterior distal ulna Anterior distal Pronation Anterior

Quadratus radius interosseous of
median nerve
(C8-T1)

6
 LECTURE 13: THE FOREARM (II)
MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE FOREARM
Superficial Layer
Muscle Name Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation

Brachioradialis Lateral Styloid process of the Flexion of forearm at Radial N.

supracondylar radius the elbow (C5-7)
ridge of the
Extensor Carpi humerus Base of metacarpal II Extension and Radial nerve
Radialis Longus Abduction (radial (C6-7)
deviation) of the hand
Extensor Carpi Common Extensor Base of metacarpals II-III at the wrist Radial Nerve
Radialis Brevis Origin: (C7-8)
Lateral epicondyle
Extensor of the humerus 4 tendons inserting on Extension of the hand at Deep Radial
Digitorum middle and distal the wrist , MCP and IP Nerve
phalanges II-V via joints. (C7-8)
‘extensor hoods’

Extensor Carpi Metacarpal V Extension and

Ulnaris Adduction (ulnar
deviation) of the hand
at the wrist

Extensor Digiti Extensor hood of Accessory extensor of

Minimi phalynx V the pinky finger

Anconeus Lateral side of the Extends the forearm at Radial N.

olecranon and the the elbow (C7-8, T1)
upper ¼ of the ulna
Deep Layer
Muscle Name Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation

Supinator Lateral epicondyle of Lateral side of the Supinates forearm Deep Radial
the humerus proximal radius Nerve
(C7-C8)
Abductor Pollicis Posterior surface of the Radial side of the Abducts and extends
Longus radius, interosseous base of the 1​st the thumb at CMC joint
membrane and metacarpal
posterolateral ulna

Extensor Pollicis Interosseous membrane Base of the 1​st Extends the thumb at
Brevis and posterior surface of proximal phalanx the MCP joint
distal radius

Extensor Pollicis Interosseous membrane Base of 1​st​ distal Extends the thumb at
Longus and posterolateral phalanx the IP joints
surface of the ulna

7
 Extensor Indicis Joins tendon II of Extends index finger at
extensor digitorum, MCP and IP joints
extensor expansion
LECTURE 14: THE INTRINSIC HAND

Thenar Compartment (Muscles of the Thumb)

Muscle Name Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation

Abductor Pollicis Flexor retinaculum Base of the Abducts the Recurrent branch of
Brevis scaphoid, trapezium proximal 1​st​ phalanx thumb the Median N.
(C8-T1)
Flexor Pollicis Flexor retinaculum, Proximal 1​st​ phalanx Flexes the CMC
Brevis trapezium and MCP joints of
the thumb

Opponens pollicis Shaft of 1​st Opposes the

metacarpal thumb

Adductor Pollicis Oblique Head: Base of proximal Adducts the Deep Ulnar N.
capitate and base of phalanx of the thumb (C8-T1)
2​nd​ and 3​rd thumb
metacarpals

Transverse head:
shaft of 3​rd
metacarpal

Hypothenar Compartment
Muscle Name Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation

Abductor Digiti Pisiform Base of 5​th​ proximal Abducts 5​th​ digit Deep Ulnar N.
Minimi phalanx (C8-T1)

Flexor Digiti Hook of Hamate 5​th​ proximal Flexes CMC and

Minimi Brevis and flexor phalanx MCP of 5​th​ digit
retinaculum
Opponens Digiti Shaft of 5​th Opposes 5​th​ digit
Minimi metacarpal

Central Compartment
Muscle Name Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation

Lumbricals 1-4 Radial side of Extensor expansion Flexion of MCP and Median N. for
flexor digitorum on radial side of extension of IP lumbricals 1-2,
profundus tendons proximal phalanges joints of digits 2-5
of digits 2-5 of digits 2-5 Deep Ulnar N. for
lumbricals 3-4

8
 (Both - C8-T1)

Interosseous Compartment
Muscle Name Origin(s) Insertion(s) Action(s) Innervation

Palmar Palmar surface of Base of proximal Flexion of MCP, Deep Ulnar N.

Interossei (3) metacarpals 2, 4, 5 phalanx and extensor extension of IP (C8-T1)
expansion of medial joints and
side of digit 2 and adduction of digits
lateral side of digits 2, 4 and 5
4-5

Dorsal 2 adjacent metacarpal Base of proximal Flexion of MCP,

Interossei (4) shafts phalanx and extensor extension of IP
expansion on lateral joints and
side (digit 2), lateral abduction of digits
and medial side (digit 2, 3 and 4
3) and medial side
(digit 4)