Mi Young Lee and NamTae Park

J. People Plants Environ. Vol. 26 No. 1: 67-84, February 2023

https://doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2023.26.1.67 JPPE

A Study on the Effects of Urban Residents' Self-Leadership and

Perception on their Intention to Participate in Care Farming
Mi Young Lee1 and NamTae Park2*
1Doctoral Student, Department of Venture Management, The Graduate School of Venture, Hoseo University, Seoul 06724, Republic of Korea
2Professor, Department of Information Management, The Graduate School of Venture, Hoseo University, Seoul 06724, Republic of Korea

ABSTRACT
Background and objective: With the desire for a healthy life and healing amid the environmental changes caused by the
global climate crisis, and the COVID-19 pandemic, people's interest in care farming (CF) is growing. Therefore, this study
aims to derive implications for the revitalization of CF by empirically analyzing the relationship between the effects on the
intention to participate in CF.
Methods: A survey was conducted (June 16, 2022 - July 25, 2022) using a structured questionnaire targeting city residents
in Seoul and the metropolitan area to identify their intention to participate in CF. For the collected data of 255 copies of the
questionnaire finally selected here, basic statistical analysis, correlation analysis, reliability, factor analysis, regression
analysis, and moderating effect verification were performed to verify hypotheses established based on the research model.
The Jamovi statistical package was used.
Results: The results of this study are as follows. First, self-leadership and perceptual factor had a significantly positive (+)
effect on the intention to participate in CF. Second, farming experience and mentoring, which are pulling factors between
self-leadership and intention to participate in CF, had a statistically significant moderation effect. Third, farming
experience, which is one of the pull factors between perceptual factor and intention to participate in CF, had a statistically
significant moderation effect, but mentoring did not.
Conclusion: Based on the results, this study determined the causal relationship between self-leadership and perceptual
factor as a determinant affecting urban residents' intention to participate in CF. In addition, the necessity of a policy and
practical approach was suggested depending on the level of farming or mentoring experience by verifying the moderation
effect of pull factors.

Keywords: green care farming, leadership, perception factor, agricultural experience, mentoring

Introduction
Since the World Health Organization (WHO) officially
declared coronavirus (COVID-19) a world pandemic on 11
March, 2020 (Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, 2020), gov-
ernments have implemented policies such as self-quarantine,
social distancing, and travel restrictions in order to prevent
expanding the virus and this has brought many changes
to people's lifestyle across the world (Nicola et al., 2020).
This has had an impact on overall life including physical
and mental health (Brooks et al., 2020), and Korea has
also shown that psychological impact was found to be neg-
ative caused by the concerns about the infection on the
basis of 2021 Community Health Survey conducted by
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. In partic-
ular, people living in cities have increased their interest
in healing since they faced desolate, competitive, and over-
crowded environment (Kim and Kim, 2021). This has led
environment-friendly farming and CF using agricultural re-
sources to be rediscovered and drawn attention. In addition,

Received: September 17, 2022, Revised: October 19, 2022, Accepted: December 14, 2022
First author: Mi Young Lee, mimizo@naver.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3507-5435
*Corresponding author: Nam Tae Park, namtae@hoseo.edu, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8599-6182

Ⓒ 2023 by the Society for People, Plants, and Environment. This is a Peer-Reviewed Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original workof
Journal is properly Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023∙67
People,cited.
 A Study on the Effects of Urban Residents' Self-Leadership and Perception on their Intention to Participate in Care Farming
population structure change caused by low birth rate and
aging society, and the increasing new demand for health
such as stress and depression, lifestyle-related diseases
made people's interest extended to rural area based on natu-
ral environment, and agricultural activities, moreover, the
perception that caring is necessary even for people without
health problem is raised (Lee et al., 2022).
As the issues such as urbanization and population aging
have spread since 2000s, CF actively started on the basis
of advanced countries in Europe in earnest to improve
physical and mental health (Cho et al., 2019). CF in Europe
was suggested to European Union by European Cooperation
in Science and Technology and its theoretical base was
established on the basis of the result of conducting the re-
search on 'Green Care in Agriculture' reviewed in various
ways by European researchers from 2007 to 2010, and it
meant the agriculture comprehensively contributing to
health (Braastad and Hauge, 2007). The CF in Europe
proved its effectiveness as a means of alternative healing
for individuals with physical or mental health problems
(Artz and Davis, 2017), and it also encompassed not only
the meaning of healing to promote quality of life and health
but experiences and activities that can have healing value
(Braastad and Hauge, 2007). The study on the perception
of care farms in the UK showed that the care farms were
recognized as a place that provided comprehensive environ-
ment to have sustainable agricultural experience with na-
ture and help personal growth. In addition, the farms could
make people participate in agricultural activities as it could
be helpful to maintain people's survival ability and promote
public interaction with nature, and it could be a therapy
by improving health, social and educational environment
(Hemingway et al, 2016). In the case of Netherlands, its
CF has grown in connection with the National Health
Insurance by enacting of Act on Care Farming and operat-
ing National Support Center (Gim et al., 2013).
In the case of Korea, the introduction of CF has been
spread as a response to changed rural environment such as
vulnerability of small-scale farming, widening income gap
between urban and rural areas, low birth rate, and decrease
in agricultural population caused by aging (Bae et al.,
2019). Visiting rural areas or experiencing activities have
brought attention in order to rural areas as a place of leisure
68∙Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023
activities and healing using rural resources to reduce and
relieve stress of urban people (Kwon, 2010), and it has
positive effects on city residents living in vulnerable envi-
ronments with overcrowded cities. In addition, CF is ex-
pected as a multi-functional new industry in the long term
(Kim and Kim, 2021), therefore, the function of agriculture
is expanded from its own unique function of food pro-
duction and the converged and integrated function of CF
is led to draw attention, and various policies (Kim and Kim,
2021) were established in a situation where CF was emerg-
ing as a solution to improve physical and mental health
(Lee et al., 2022). As 'Act on Research Development, and
Promotion of Healing Agriculture' was enforced in 2020,
the programs on CF using agricultural and rural resources
for healing were developed, distributed, and commercial-
ized, as well as legal base to nurture and support experts
in CF was established. The perception and interest in CF,
which can revitalize rural areas and become an alternative
for coexistence between urban and rural areas, have been
increased as mentioned above.
Therefore, this study aims to provide basic data to re-
vitalize CF in order to use CF service for the healthy life
of city residents and encourage co-prosperity between ur-
ban and rural areas by identifying factors and empirically
analyzing the factors that affect the intention to participate
in CF.
Research Methods
Hypothesis
Hypothesis on causal relationship among self-leadership,
perceptual factor, and intention to participate in CF
(1) Causal relationship between self-leadership and
intention to participate in CF
Self-leadership as an extended concept of self-manage-
ment suggested by Manz (1983) has been defined as lead-
ing oneself through self-management without relying on
others and having a positive effect on individual effective-
ness (Neck and Houghton, 2006). The self-leadership has
been a necessary leadership concept in modern society as
oneself set the level of goal that one wanted to achieve
 Mi Young Lee and NamTae Park
and rewards and reflection were also autonomously done
to achieve the goal (Shin, 2009). Kim (2011) argued that
self-leadership was effective in attracting behavior volun-
tarily through the management customized to each mem-
ber's characteristics and it influenced oneself to achieve
self-direction and self-motivation, and Houghton and Neck
(2002) suggested three sub-factors of self-leadership as fol-
lows: behavior-focused strategies, natural reward strategies,
constructive thought pattern strategies.
As for self-leadership, Houghton and Neck (2002) ar-
gued that it affected self-efficacy and had positive (+) rela-
tionship with personality variable, and Jeung and Yun (2016)
argued that it had a positive (+) effect on intentional in-
novative behavior that suggested and applied new ideas,
procedures, and others to one's work. Jung and Ha (2015)
argued in the study on participation level in sports climbing
and self-leadership, the higher participation level was, the
more self-leadership tendency, and Cho (2007) argued that
the self-leadership of volunteers at convention had a pos-
itive effect on their motivation of participation and willing-
ness of re-participation, and Park (2015) argued that life-
long educator's self-leadership had statically significant ef-
fect on adult learner's self-determination. Healing, another
subject of this study, emphasized the autonomous and se-
lective aspects focusing on mind, experience, and humane
aspects unlike heteronomous and deterministic treatment
(Kim and Ma, 2006). Therefore, the process of healing is
also considered as similar to the process of self-leadership
in which self-influence is exercised on oneself.
The study on self-leadership has been conducted in vari-
ous fields. However, it is difficult to find a study that directly
explains the causal relationship related to CF. Therefore,
H1, research hypothesis was established, since the self-lead-
ership which had a positive effect on individual effective-
ness and attract voluntary action would also have a positive
effect on the intention to participate in CF containing will-
ingness on the basis of the previous study that self-leader-
ship affected the thought of doing something or intention
of planned action.
H1. Self-leadership would have a positive (+) effect on
the intention to participate in CF
Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023∙69
(2) Causal relationship between perception and in-
tention to participate in CF
Perception as a human capacity that includes the way
of perceiving, learning, thinking, and remembering (Hurr
et al., 2006) is defined as a conscious activity to distinguish
and judge an object to understand it as a whole unified
thing and the interaction with the environment to identify
by using the activity (Noe et al., 2011). In addition, Jung
et al. (2019) defined value perception as a property that
satisfied or was thought to satisfy human's needs or inter-
ests, therefore, the author argued that acquired abundant
knowledge information based on the perceptual aspect could
bring about perceptual change in value, and that value could
be settled through the mutual relationship between human
and subject, and it affected thoughts and attitudes.
Therefore, in the previous study related to the perception
on the intention to participate in CF, Jang et al. (2006)
argued that the perception of the role of urban farming
was positive in general, and they had high expectation for
the role of rest area, natural scenery, and experiencing
activities. Choi (2020) argued that recognitive experiencing
factor had causal relationship that positively affected expe-
rience intention, and recognitive experience among the five
factors of Schimitt (1999)'s experience model increased
positive perception and awareness of participation in goods
or services and had a positive effect on the experience in-
tention for the 6th industry (Park et al., 2019). Kang (2021)
argued that the subjective perception of the natural environ-
ment and rural areas acted as the main pulling factor when
deciding to return to farming or to home village, and Kim
and Min (1994) argued that the value of agriculture could
be formed in consciousness only when the role of agriculture
was recognized socially and, furthermore, it could be put
into practice for maintaining agriculture. In the study by Yoo
(2021) on the perception of animal sympathy healing, if
the general public has a positive perception of animal sym-
pathy healing, the value of CF is highly evaluated and the
higher the value, the greater the intention to use it, leading
to more positive effect on the intention to pay the price.
An and Lee (2016) argued that emotional values per-
ceived as an important concept for understanding custom-
ers' attitudes and behaviors directly affect intentions to
maintain relationship and influence decision-making on re-
 A Study on the Effects of Urban Residents' Self-Leadership and Perception on their Intention to Participate in Care Farming
visit intentions. Swait and Sweeney (2000) argued that the
value consumers perceived after using goods and services
is a psychological part, and that the perceived value of
consumers is a major factor in determining satisfaction, pos-
itive word of mouth, recommendation intention, and re-
purchase intention. In Shin (2020)'s study that applied the
general consumer behavior model, it showed that percep-
tion of Korean Wave dramas has a positive effect on atti-
tude, and this led to positively affect purchase intention.
Recognized value can be considered to affect participation
intention through attitude, and recognition and value have
a mutual relationship based on such previous studies and
this led to affect decision-making on intention to participate
in CF. Therefore, this study established the hypothesis H2
that the perceptual factor of CF would affect the partic-
ipation intention by categorizing the perceptual factor of
CF into recognition and value factor of CF.
H2. Perceptual factor of CF would have a positive (+)
effect on the intention to participate in CF
(3) Intention to participate in CF
Engel and Blackwell (1982) argued that intention is the
probability of an attitude that set up the plan for consumer's
future behaviors and determine those behaviors. In other
words, intention is recognized as an important factor lead-
ing to actual use before using a service or selecting a prod-
uct (Park and Bae, 2015), and is closely related to behavior
as an important factor that reflects consumers' actual behav-
iors (Fishbein, 1980). Intention refers to a thought or plan-
ned action to do something (Yoon and Kim, 2019), and
it was said that the result expected by an individual is influ-
enced by the perceived positive desire (Park, 2017). Kim
and Ha (2018), who studied the factors of consumers' in-
tention to use CF, defined intention to use CF as perception
of the need for CF, intention to use it, and future use plan.
Venkatesh et al. (2003) viewed participation intention as
a continuous behavior while maintaining a relationship,
rather than temporarily ending when a person satisfactorily
uses a particular service.
Therefore, this study aims to clarify the causal relation-
ship between self-leadership and perception of CF, the plan
to participate in CF and the participation intention to con-
70∙Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023
tinuously use CF with positive desire based on previous
studies.
Hypothesis on moderating effects of pulling factors-
farming experience and mentoring
In the Push-Pull model of Lewis (1982), which started
from the human movement theory, the pulling factor is a
cause that promotes and activates behavior that occurs in
anticipation of a goal, and means an action that induces
a behavior, and as an attraction to a certain behavior is
the significance of a subjective preference tendency, pull-
ing power can be positive or negative depending on the
individual's value structure (Cho, 2000). Farming experi-
ence and mentoring that could build up expectations for
CF were derived as sub-concepts of pulling factors for in-
tention to participate in CF based on such previous studies.
Farming experience refers to the dictionary meaning of
'farming', which is 'managing agriculture', and the experi-
ence of 'actually seeing, hearing or experiencing, and the
entire introspection realized through senses and perceptions
of objects' (Kang, 2021). It was said that this farming expe-
rience gives rich field knowledge and know-how, and it
is available to solve trials and errors or difficulties that
may arise with skill (Honoré, 2020). Kang (2021) argued
that when returning to farming or settling down in home
village, real environmental experience such as farming ex-
perience or residential experience in rural areas is one of
crucial factors. In the case of Taiwan, city residents showed
much interest in various farming experiences and those
with farming experience have said it psychologically help-
ed to mental stabilization and it served as an opportunity
to create business in rural area (Chang, 2018). Farming
experience in the analysis of previous studies showed that
consumers who wanted to use CF, growing crops as one
of CF providing services had positive impact on the in-
tention to use (Kim and Ha, 2018). Therefore, those who
had lived in farming village and had experience in farming
showed positive attitude to agriculture (Kim and Ma, 2006),
and it was found that the more farming preparation and
faming experience before returning to farming, the higher
one's intention to return to farming (Kim, 2022).
Levinson et al. (1986) defined mentor as 'a senior who
 Mi Young Lee and NamTae Park

has been in certain field that a person tries to enter for
long time and has a lot of experiences in the field', mean-
while, Allen (2003) defined it as 'a person who instructs
many techniques to mentee, inspire confidence through
counseling and psychological support, and exerts influence
on the mentee.' It is said that mentoring, in which a mentor
the relationship between Perceptual factor of CF
and participation intention.
Research Model
In this study, the following research model was estab-

and a mentee work together, is a lasting relationship be- lished based on previous studies and research hypotheses

tween them in order to support to have the mentee overcome on the intention to participate in healing agriculture (Fig. 1).

difficult times and correct his initial problem (Flaxman et

al., 1988). Therefore, it is defined that mentoring is a long-
standing relationship which builds and sustains intentional,
purpose-oriented, and progressive relationship between ex-
perienced mentor and a mentee (Bae, 2010). Park (2012)
argued in the study on intention to re-participate in mentor-
ing program that the emotional development function of
mentee who received mentoring showed positive (+) effect,
however, the development function and social psychology
function development didn't seem to have an effect. In the Fig. 1. The research model.
study by Kim (2022) on the intention to return to farming,
the mentoring of returning to faming working as a pull
Operational Definition of Variables
factor of farming experience was ignored, however, the in-
fluence of mentoring of returning to farming was adopted Self-leadership
in terms of eco-friendly life and government support, thus, Self-leadership in this study follows the definition of
moderating effect of the mentoring resulted in differently. "the process to exert influence on oneself in order to induce
Therefore, this study established hypothesis H3 based self-direction and self-motivation" based on the previous
on the previous studies to verify the moderating effect study by Manz (1986), Shin (2009), Kim (2011). To meas-
which farming experience and mentoring have an impact ure the self-leadership based on the operational definition
on the intention to participate in CF. by Manz (1986), self-leadership questionnaire(SLQ) devel-
oped by Houghton and Neck (2002) and the previous stud-
H3. Farming experience and mentoring would have a ies by Yoon (2020), Na (2022), and Shin (2009) were re-
moderating effect on self-leadership and Perceptual ferred and revised and supplemented for the purpose of
factor of CF in the relationship between partic- this study and the questionnaire items were designed as
ipation intention. follows: 'I work with the goal I set in mind', 'I am very
H3-1. Farming experience would have a moderating ef- interested to find the most interesting field of what I enjoy
fect on the relationship between self-leadership doing', 'when running into a problem, I simulate the best
and intention to participate in CF. available solution in my mind'.
H3-2. Farming experience would have a moderating ef-
fect on the relationship between Perceptual factor Perceptual factor
of CF and participation intention.
This study defined perception as 'an interaction with the
H3-3. Mentoring would have a moderating effect on
environment for recognition of experience or information,
the relationship between self-leadership and in-
subjective expectation and interest as a conscious activity
tention to participate in CF.
to discern and judge things' based on the studies by Noe
H3-4. Mentoring would have a moderating effect on

Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023∙71

 A Study on the Effects of Urban Residents' Self-Leadership and Perception on their Intention to Participate in Care Farming
et al. (2011) and Yoo (2021). To measure the perceptual
factor, the questionnaire was designed with the questions
regarding whether there was experience of CF and percep-
tion of value of CF by referring to the previous studies
by Yoo (2021), Choi (2020) and Shin (2020).
Participation intention
This study defined intention to participate in CF as 'an
attitude which perceives CF based on its expected effects
from CF service and personal desire and continuously tries
to participate in CF, and a participation plan' based on the
previous studies by Fishbein (1980), Venkatesh et al. (2003),
Park (2017), and Yoon and Kim (2019). To measure the
participation intention, the questionnaire was designed with
the questions regarding participation plan of CF and con-
tinuous participation intention, and others by referring to the
previous studies by Shin (2016), Kim (2010), and Cho (2000).
Pull factors (farming experience, mentoring)
Pull factors were defined as 'an action to promote and
trigger behavior in the expectation for the goal' based on
the previous study by Lewis (1982) and the operational
definitions of the farming experience and the mentoring
which are drawn as sub-factors are as follows.
Farming experience is to be defined as 'all tolerance ac-
tion of seeing, hearing, experiencing, and realizing farming
through sensation and perception as well as agricultural man-
agement' based on the previous study by Kang (2021), Honoré
(2020). To measure the farming experience in this study,
the questionnaire was designed with the questions regarding
Table 1. Questionnaire composition chart
Variable
Behavior-focused strategies (X1A)
Independent Natural reward strategies (X1B)
Self-leadership : X1
variable
Constructive thoughtpattern strategies (X1C)
Recognition (X2A)
Independent
Perceptual factor : X2
variable Value (X2B)
Farming experience : W1
Moderator
Mentoring : W2
72∙Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023
urban farming and agricultural activity experience by refer-
ring to the previous study by Kang (2021), Kim (2022).
Mentoring is to be defined as 'lasting relationship to build
and maintain intentional, goal-oriented, and developing re-
lationship between a mentor who acts as a role model and
his mentee' based on the previous studies by Flaxman et al.
(1988) and Bae (2010). To measure the mentoring in this study,
the questionnaire was designed with the questions regarding
regular assistance from experts in agriculture, and others by
referring to the previous studies by Kang (2021) and Cho (2000).
Measurement Tool
The structured questionnaire modified and supplemented
to suit the purpose of this study was used as a measurement
tool. The variables used in the research model were composed
of self-leadership, the first independent variable, with 14 ques-
tions (6 for behavior-focused strategies, 4 for natural reward
strategies, and 4 for constructive thought pattern strategies),
perceptual factor, the second independent variable, with 6
questions (3 for recognition and 3 for value), farming experi-
ence (4 questions) and mentoring (3 questions), which were
moderating factors, with a total of 7 questions, and intention
to participate in CF, which was dependent variable, with 4
questions. The questionnaire was designed based on the Likert
scale ranging from point 1 for 'not so at all' to point 5 for
'very so much". The general demographic characteristics of the
sample were measured by nominal scale by selecting detailed
items such as gender, age, education, occupation, and others,
which were mainly used in the previous studies (Table 1).
No. of questions Reference
6 Houghton and Neck (2002),
4 Yoon (2020),
Na (2022),
4 Shin (2009)
3 Yoo (2021),
Choi (2020),
3 Shin (2020)
Kang (2021),
4
Kim (2022)
Kang (2021),
3
Cho (2000)
 Mi Young Lee and NamTae Park

Table 1. (continued)
Variable No. of questions Reference
Kang (2021),
Farming experience : W1 4
Kim (2022)
Moderator
Kang (2021),
Mentoring : W2 3
Cho (2000)
Shin (2016),
Dependent
Participation intention : Y1 4 Kim (2010),
variable
Cho (2000)
Demographic characteristics 6

Data Collection and Analysis Methods
After conducting preliminary survey based on the ques-
tionnaire considering the previous study to collect empirical
data suited for this study, the survey result was modified and
supplemented on the basis of this study, and the main survey
was conducted online and offline from June 16, 2022 to July
25, 2022 and the data was collected. A total of 268 copies were
collected and 255 copies were used for data analysis except 13
copies with double missing values or insufficient responses.
As for the sampling method for selecting research subjects,
sample group was selected from the city residents in Seoul
and metropolitan area by adopting convenience sampling.
Analysis of basic statistics was performed to identify gen-
eral characteristics of the research sample, and factor analy-
sis was conducted by using principal component analysis and
orthogonal rotation (Varimax) in order to verify the validity
of measurement tool. Reliability analysis identified internal
consistency by extracting Cronbach's α coefficient. Correlation
analysis was conducted to measure the correlation between the
variables and multiple regression analysis was performed
to verify the hypothesis of causal relationship. As for the
analysis of moderating effect on the moderating variables,
hierarchical regression analysis and the conditional effect
search method suggested by Hayes (2018) and West and
Aiken (1991) were adopted. Therefore, the change in the slope
(b1 + b3M) of regression formula (Y = i1 + b1X + b2M +
b3XM = i1 + (b1 + b3M) X + b2M) between independent
variables and dependent variables depending on the level of
moderating variables was presented by graphs, and statistical
analysis was conducted by using R-based JAMOVI statistics
package, which was useful for graph analysis (Seol, 2022).
Results and Discussion
General Characteristics of Sample
The result of frequency analysis in this survey to identify
the general characteristics of 255 survey subjects showed
that there were 134 females (52.5%) and 121 males (47.5%)
by gender and most of them were the residents in Seoul,
and 255 persons (88.2%) were in their 40s or older which
accounted for a high proportion. As for job, jobs in urban
areas were generally evenly distributed, however, the re-
tirement rate based on older age group (22.7%) was high.
Other respondents' demographic characteristics are shown
as the following table (Table 2).

Table 2. Demographic characteristics of respondents

Variable Section N % Variable Section N %
Male 121 47.5 Self-employment 41 16.1
Gender
Female 134 52.5 Office worker 42 16.5
-30 30 11.8 Homemaker 53 20.8
40-49 48 18.8 Job Managerial job 47 18.4
Age 50-59 74 29.0 Farmer/fishery 11 4.3
60-69 72 28.2 Student 3 1.2
70- 31 12.2 Other(retirement) 58 22.7

Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023∙73

 A Study on the Effects of Urban Residents' Self-Leadership and Perception on their Intention to Participate in Care Farming

Table 2. (continued)
Variable Section N % Variable Section N %
Seoul 210 82.4 Less than 2 17 6.7
Residence
Metropolitan area 45 17.6 2-4 75 29.4
Income
High school blow 23 9.0 4-6 65 25.5
(million won)
2-year college 20 7.8 6-8 49 19.2
Education
4-year college 124 48.6 Over 8 49 19.2
Graduate school- 88 34.5 N 255 100.0

Validity of Measuring Tool and Analysis of Reliability factors with cumulative variance of 74%, factor loading of
0.6 or more, and eigen value more than 1 were accepted. Two
Factor analysis was conducted by using principle compo-
questions that didn't meet the factor loading standard of 0.6
nent analysis and varimax orthogonal rotation method as
or more were excluded. In the case of independent variables,
a factor extraction method to verify the validity of the data,
secondary factor analysis was conducted to reduce dimension
and the result showed that KMO value to check sample
to self-leadership and perceptual factor.
goodness of fit test was .894 and the result of Bartleet's
Internal consistency method was used to measure reliability.
Sphericity test verifying significance of correlation matrix
To verify the internal consistency, Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.7
showed that significance probability was less than .05, there-
was considered as the standard, and all measurement items were
fore, it was considered that the factor analysis model was
appropriate as their analysis result was 0.7 or more (Table 3).
appropriate (χ² = 5413.426, df = 465, p = .000). Eight

Table 3. Exploratory factor analysis, reliability of research variable

Factor
Factor Analysis Ⅰ Reliability Reliability
Analysis Ⅱ
Factors
Factor Eigen Factor
Index %var Cronbach's α Cronbach's α
Loading Values Loading
x1a .788
x1b .775
X1A x1c .731
3.75 12.09 .855 .786
behavior x1d .713
x1e .696
x1f .650
X1 x1i .791
.887
self-leadership x1j .752
X1B
2.59 8.37 .808 .817
reward x1k .689
x1l .659
x1e .762
X1C x1f .759
2.61 8.41 .814 .831
constructive x1g .711
x1h .672
x2d .808
X2A
x2e .775 2.39 7.72 .874 .854
recognition
X2 x2f .743
perceptual .853
factors x2a .762
X2B
x2b .754 2.48 7.99 .903 .854
value
x2c .710

74∙Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023

 Mi Young Lee and NamTae Park

Table 3. (continued)
Factor
Factor Analysis Ⅰ Reliability Reliability
Analysis Ⅱ
Factors
Factor Eigen Factor
Index %var Cronbach's α Cronbach's α
Loading Values Loading
w1a .822
W1 w1b .764
3.11 10.04 .859
farming experience w1c .746
w1d .733
w2a .824
W2
w2b .772 2.39 7.69 .848
mentoring
w2c .655
y1a .837
Y y1b .787
3.62 11.68 .951
participation intention y1c .779
y1d .765
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = .894, Bartlett's χ² = 5413.426, df = 465, p = .000,
Cumulative% = 74%
Note. 'varimax' rotation was used.

Analysis of Correlation participate in CF. In the model 1 of the hierarchical re-

The correlation analysis in this study measured Pearson
correlation coefficient, and the results are shown in Table
4. The correlation between all variables was found to be
positive (+) linear relationship and it was relevant at the
significance level of .001. If the correlation coefficient is
in the range of ± .81 - ± 1.0, there can be multicollinearity,
however, this analysis showed that the correlation coefficient
was .655 or less, therefore, there was no multicollinearity.
Hypothesis Test
Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted by set-
ting self-leadership and perceptual factor as independent
variables and farming experience and mentoring as moder-
ating variables to analyze the effect on the intention to
gression analysis, multiple regression analysis was con-
ducted by using independent variables and intention to par-
ticipate in CF as a dependent variable, and in the model
2, regression analysis was performed by adding farming
experience and mentoring, which were moderating varia-
bles, to the independent variables used in the model 1. To
verify the moderating effect of farming experience and
mentoring when self-leadership and perceptual factor have
an impact on the intention to participate in CF, the model
3 was established and verified by adding the interaction
effect term of the independent variables and the moderating
variables to the model 2. If the interaction term was in-
cluded in the regression formula, the probability of multi-
collinearity would be high, therefore, the problem of multi-
collinearity was solved by performing mean centering (VIF <

Table 4. Correlation among major variables

mean sd X1 X2 W1 W2 Y1
X1 4.02 0.509 1
X2 3.59 0.860 0.433*** 1
W1 3.63 1.133 0.344*** 0.560*** 1
W2 2.92 1.076 0.375*** 0.555*** 0.541*** 1
Y 3.79 0.993 0.468*** 0.655*** 0.493*** 0.490*** 1
***Singnificant at p < .001.

Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023∙75

 A Study on the Effects of Urban Residents' Self-Leadership and Perception on their Intention to Participate in Care Farming
10). To analyze the moderating effect, the verification was
conducted by identifying conformity of regression model,
significance of interaction variables and increase of ex-
planatory power. In the case of the interaction term of the
independent variables and the moderating variables was
significant, the meaning of moderating effect was interpreted
with the regression coefficient and the aspect of interaction
was identified by the graphs together.
Hypothesis testing of causal relationship
Multiple regression analysis was conducted to analyze
the causal relationship by setting 'self-leadership and per-
ceptual factor of CF' as independent variables and 'intention
to participate in CF' as dependent variables (Table 5). The
analysis result showed that the explanatory power of the
regression model was 46.6% and the regression formula
was statistically significant (F = 111.9, p < .001). It was
found that the multicollinearity which was the relationship
of independence between the independent variables had no
issue since VIF value was lower than 10. It was found that
the influence of self-leadership on participation intention
(β = .227, p < .001) and the influence of perceptual factor
on participation intention (β = .556, p < .001) were sig-
nificant, and the size of relative influence of the independent
variables were shown in the order of the perceptual factor
of CF followed by self-leadership. It was shown that all
independent variables had a significant positive (+) effect
on the 'intention to participate in CF'. Therefore, hypotheses
H1 and H2 were adopted since they were the hypothesis
that self-leadership and perceptual factual would have sig-
nificant effect on the intention to participate in CF.
Table 5. The result of multiple regression analysis
Model1　 B S.E.
Intercept 3.789 .0454
X1 .443 .0993
X2 .643 .0587
R = .686 R² = .470 Adj.R² = .466 F = 111.9 p < .001 Durbin-Watson = 1.91.
***Singnificant at p < .001.
76∙Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023
Verification of farming experience and moderating
effect
Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to identi-
fy the moderating effect of the farming experience between
the independent variables of the self-leadership and the per-
ception, and the intention to participate in CF. The analysis
results of hypothesis H3-1 and H3-2 suggested by this
study are as follows (Tables 6 and 7).
As a result of inputting farming experience as a moderat-
ing variable in model 2 for moderating effect analysis, it
was found that farming experience as a moderating variable
had a significant positive (+) effect on intention to partic-
ipate in CF (B = .134, p < .01 ), and explanatory power
of the regression model was analyzed to be about 48%,
which increased by about 0.016%. This increase in ex-
planatory power was found to be statistically significant
(F = 7.72, p < .01). The magnitude of relative influence
on the intention to participate in CF was in the order of
perceptual factor of CF (β = .479, p < .001), self-leader-
ship (β = .208, p < .001), and farming experience (β =
.153, p < .01), and both of independent variable and moder-
ating variable had a significant positive (+) effect on the
intention to participate in CF.
As a result of the analysis of the interaction effect of
self-leadership and farming experience (model 3-1 in Table
6), the adequacy of the regression model was significant
(X1: F = 62.58, p < .001), and explanatory power of the
regression model due to the input of the interaction effect
term was found to be about 50%. The increase in ex-
planatory power was statistically significant as ◿R² = .014
(F = 7.15, p < .01). The Self-leadership and the farming
experience seemed to have a positive (+) effect on intention
to participate in CF (X1: B = .356, p < .001; W1: B =
.135, p < .01), and the interaction effect term of self-leader-
ship and farming experience (X1*W1) was found to be
β t VIF
83.38***
.227 4.46*** 1.231
.556 10.94*** 1.231
 Mi Young Lee and NamTae Park

Table 6. The moderating effect of farming experience

Model 2 Model 3-1 Model 3-2
B β t B β t B β t
*** *** ***
Constant 3.789 84.47 3.828 82.04 3.864 75.34
*** *** ***
Self-leadership:X1 .405 .208 4.10 .356 .183 3.58 .403 .206 4.13
Perceptual factor:X2 .553*** .479 8.33 .565*** .489 8.59 .586*** .507 8.83
** ** *
Farming experience:W1 .134 .153 2.78 .135 .154 2.82 .104 .119 2.14
X1*W1 -.197** -.115 -2.67
X2*W1 -.137** -.135 -2.87
*** ***
F 79.12 62.58 63.12***
R2 .486 .500 .502
Adj.R2 .480 .492 .495
2
◿R .016 (F = 7.72, p < .01) .014 (F = 7.15, p < .01) .016 (F = 8.260, p < .01)
Model 2: Analysis of the effect of independent and moderating variables.
Model 3-1: Analysis of the interaction effect of self-leadership and farming experience (hypothesis H3-1).
Model 3-2: Analysis of the interaction effect of Perceptual factor and farming experience (hypothesis H3-2).
*,**,***
Singnificant at p < .05, .01, or .001.

Table 7. The moderating effect of farming experience

95% C.I.
B β S.E. t
Lower Upper

M-1SD .580 .297 .118 .348 .812 4.93***

M .356 .183 .099 .160 .552 3.58***

M+1SD .133 .068 .141 -.146 .411 .94

95% C.I.
B β S.E. t
Lower Upper

M-1SD .742 .642 .093 .559 .924 8.00***

M .586 .507 .067 .455 .717 8.83***

M+1SD .431 .373 .078 .277 .584 5.52***

***
Singnificant at p < .001 Fig. 2. The moderating effect graph.

statistically significant at the p < .01 level (B = -.197),
which verified the moderating effect.
As a result of analyzing the interaction effect of percep-
tual factor and farming experience (model 3-2 in Table
6), the adequacy of the regression model was significant
(X2: F = 63.12, p < .001), and explanatory power of the
regression model due to the input of the interaction effect
term was about 50.2%. The increase in explanatory power
was statistically significant as ◿R²=.016 (F = 8.260, p <
.01). Perceptual factor and farming experience were found
to have a statistically positive (+) effect on intention to
participate in CF, and the interaction effect term of percep-
tual factor and farming experience (X2*W1) was found
to be statistically significant at p < .01 level (B = - .137),
which verified the moderating effect.
When the significance of interaction effect term was
verified, it was divided into three groups based on ±1 stand-
ard deviation (SD) from the average of moderating variable

Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023∙77

 A Study on the Effects of Urban Residents' Self-Leadership and Perception on their Intention to Participate in Care Farming

under the condition of the value of moderating variable;
upper group with +1 SD or more from the mean, moderat-
ing group with the average SD, and lower group with -1
SD or less, and then the moderating effect of farming expe-
rience was schematized in a graph and confirmed. The con-
ditional effect of farming experience on the effect of self-
leadership on the intention to participate in CF was not
statistically significant in the case of the upper-level group
(M+1SD) with a higher level of farming experience than
the average (B = .133, p > . 05). However, in the case
of the lower-level group (M-1SD) whose farming experi-
ence was below the average (M), there was positive (+)
significance between self-leadership and intention to partic-
groups (M+1SD, M-1SD) (M+1SD :B = .431, p < .001;
M-1SD: B = .742, p < .001). As a result of verifying the
simple slope, in the case of the lower-level group (M-1SD)
compared to the upper level group (M+1SD) of farming
experience, the higher the self-leadership and perceptual
factor, the higher the intention to participate in CF, con-
firming the moderating effect (Fig. 2). Therefore, hypoth-
eses H3-1 and H3-2 regarding the moderating effect of
farming experience were adopted.
Verification of moderating effect of mentoring
A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to

ipate in CF (M: B = .356, p < .001; M-1SD: B = .580, identify whether there was the moderating effect of mentor-

p < .001). On the other hand, the conditional effect of per- ing between independent variables of self-leadership and

ceptual factor and intention to participate in CF was pos- perceptual factor, and the intention to participate in CF.

itively (+) significant in both the upper and lower-level The analysis results are as follows (Tables 8 and 9).

Table 8. The moderating effect of mentoring

Model 2 Model 3-1 Model 3-2
　　
B β t B β t B β t
*** *** ***
Constant 3.789 84.30 3.826 80.61 3.831 74.71
Self-leadership: X1 .396*** .203 3.97 .378*** .194 3.81 .383*** .196 3.83
*** *** ***
Perceptual factor: X2 .563 .487 8.54 .549 .475 8.38 .572 .496 8.69
* ** **
Mentoring : W2 .132 .143 2.59 .156 .169 3.01 .138 .149 2.70
X1*W2 -.180* -.099 -2.26
X2*W2 -.081 -.075 -1.66
F 78.48*** 61.09*** 59.95***
R2 .484 .494 .490
Adj.R2 .478 .486 .481
2
◿R .014 (F = 6.70, p < .01) .010(F = 5.097, p < .05) .006(F = 2.740, p > .05)
Model 2: Analysis of the effect of independent and moderating variables.
Model 3-1: Analysis of the interaction effect of self-leadership and Mentoring (hypothesis H3-3).
Model 3-2: Analysis of the interaction effect of Perceptual factor and Mentoring (hypothesis H3-4).
*,**,***
Singnificant at p < .05, .01, or .001.

Table 9. The moderating effect of mentoring

95% C.I.
B β S.E. t
Lower Upper

M-1SD .571 .293 .126 .324 .819 4.54***

M .378 .194 .099 .183 .574 3.81***

M+1SD .185 .095 .136 -.084 .453 1.36

*,**,***
Singnificant at p < 0.05, 0.01, or .001. Fig. 3. The moderating effect graph.

78∙Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023

 Mi Young Lee and NamTae Park
As a result of inputting the moderating variable, mentor-
ing, in the model 2 for analyzing the moderating effect,
it was found that the moderating variable, mentoring, had
a significant positive (+) effect on the intention to partic-
ipate in CF (B = .132, p < .05 ), and explanatory power
of the regression model was analyzed to be about 48%,
which increased by about 0.014%, and was found to be
statistically significant (F = 6.70, p < .01). The magnitude
of the relative influence on the intention to participate in
CF was in the order of perceptual factor of CF (β = .487,
p < .001), self-leadership (β = .203, p < .001), and mentor-
ing (β = .143, p < .05), and both the independent and
moderating variables had a significant positive (+) effect
on the intention to participate in CF.
As a result of analyzing the self-leadership interaction
effect (model 3-1 in Table 8), the adequacy of the re-
gression model was significant (X1: F = 61.09, p < .001),
and explanatory power of the regression model due to the
input of the interaction effect term (X1*W2) was found
to be about 49%. The increase in explanatory power was
statistically significant as ◿R² = .010 (F = 5.097, p < .05).
Self-leadership and mentoring were found to have a pos-
itive (+) effect on the intention to participate in CF (X1:
B = .378, p < .001; W2: B = .156, p < .01), and the inter-
action effect term of leadership and mentoring (X1*W2)
was found to be statistically significant at the p < .05 level
(B = -.180), which meant the moderating effect was
verified.
As a result of analyzing the interaction effect of percep-
tual factor (model 3-2 in Table 8), the adequacy of the
regression model was significant (X2: F = 59.95, p < .001),
but the interaction effect term of perceptual factor*mentor-
ing (X2*W2) was not statistically significant so that the
moderating effect of mentoring did not appear (B = -.081,
p > .05).
The significance of the interaction effect term between
self-leadership and mentoring was verified, and the condi-
tional effect was not statistically significant in the case of
the upper-level group (M+1SD) with a higher level of men-
toring than the average (B = .185, p > .05). However, in
the case of the group with a lower level of mentoring below
average (M, M-1SD), there was a positive (+) and sig-
nificant difference between self-leadership and intention to
Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023∙79
participate in CF (M: B = .378, p < .001; M- 1SD: B =
.571, p < .001). As a result of verifying the simple slope,
in the case of the lower-level group (M-1SD) compared
to the upper-level group (M+1SD) of mentoring, the higher
the self-leadership, the higher the intention to participate
in CF, confirming the moderating effect (Fig. 3). Therefore,
Hypothesis H3-3 regarding the moderating effect of men-
toring was accepted, but Hypothesis H3-4 was rejected.
Discussion
This study aims to interpret the study results based on
the purpose of the study and discuss it by comparing them
with previous studies.
First, it was found that self-leadership and perceptual
factor had a significant and positive (+) effect on the in-
tention to participate in CF. This is in line with the results
of studies such as Jung and Ha (2015), Cho (2007), and
Park (2015) that self-leadership affected participation in-
tention and the results of the studies by An and Lee (2016),
Yoo (2021), Schmitt (1999), and Kim and Min (1994) who
insisted perceptual factor has an impact on participation
intention. These results showed that the positive emotions
and self-directed tendencies of self-leadership had a pos-
itive effect on participation intention, and the higher per-
ception increases through understanding of the value of CF,
provision of information, and field experience, which were
perceptual factor, the higher the intention to continue
participation.
Second, the moderating effect of farming experience was
found to be significant between self-leadership, perceptual
factor, and intention to participate in CF. In other words,
as the farming experience increased, the degree of influ-
ence of self-leadership and perceptual factor on the in-
tention to participate in CF increased positively. This sup-
ported the results of the previous studies on farming experi-
ence, such as the studies by Kim (2022), Kim and Ha
(2018), and Kim and Ma (2006). In addition, the moderat-
ing effect of farming experience between perceptual factor
and participation intention showed a difference according
to the level of farming experience, but as perceptual factor
increased, the intention to participate in CF rose positively
(+) in all groups (M+1SD, M, M-1SD). This supported
 A Study on the Effects of Urban Residents' Self-Leadership and Perception on their Intention to Participate in Care Farming
the results from the studies by Kang (2021) and Yoo (2021)
who argued that the importance of perception and experi-
ence, which is farming experience, and they have influence
on intention. By examining the results of this study in de-
tail, the influence of farming experience, a moderating vari-
able on the intention to participate in CF of self-leadership
and perceptual factor, showed a difference according to
the level of farming experience as the synergistic effect
decreased as the group with more farming experience. This
suggested that the influence of self-leadership and percep-
tual factor on the participation intention is greater in the
lower group (M-1SD) compared to the greater farming ex-
perience group (M+1SD). In other words, as the value of
CF was recognized and self-leadership is strengthened in
the group with less farming experience rather than the
group with more farming experience, the intention to par-
ticipate in CF becomes higher.
Third, the moderating effect of the mentoring was found
to be significant between the self-leadership and the in-
tention to participate in CF, but not between the perceptual
factor and the participation intention. This was considered
to reflect the results of previous studies such as the studies
by Park (2012) and Kim (2022), which derived positive
(+) and negative (-) effects on mentoring. Based on further
in-depth study results, as the mentoring experience accu-
mulated, the degree of influence of self-leadership on the
intention to participate in CF showed a mitigating effect
in a positive (+) way, and the influence of mentoring re-
garding the effect of self-leadership on intention to partic-
ipate in CF showed a difference by level between the group
with high mentoring experience and the group with low
mentoring experience. On the other hand, the moderating
effect of the mentoring in the relationship between percep-
tual factor and the intention to participate in CF was not
significant, which implies that for those who are in the
process of learning the value of CF for the first time, the
farming experience, in which they can directly participate
rather than professional and long-term mentoring is more
effective in promoting their intention to participate in CF.
80∙Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023
Conclusion
This study verified the self-leadership and the perceptual
factor affecting the intention to participate in CF targeting
for city residents, and the conclusion of the empirical study
on the moderating effect of farming experience and mentor-
ing are summarized as follows.
First, it was found that self-leadership and perception
of CF had a positive effect on the intention to participate
in CF. This showed that the intention to participate in CF
increased as self-leadership and perceptual factor of CF
increased, and it was effective to enhance the perception
and self-leadership on CF to revitalize the intention to par-
ticipate in CF. In other words, the positivity of self-leader-
ship, self-management, and initiative behavior contributes
to enhancing participation intention, and the intention to
participate in CF will increase by recognizing the value
of CF and raising awareness through information provision
and experience.
Second, farming experience was verified to have a mod-
erating effect when self-leadership and perceptual factor
affected participation intention, and mentoring was verified
to have a moderating effect only between self-leadership
and participation intention. As a result of this study, to
promote the intention to participate in CF, it was effective
to boost self-leadership and perceptual factor, and self-lead-
ership and perceptual factor had a great influence in the
group with low farming experience and mentoring. In addi-
tion, it was meaningful to gain more farming experience
than mentoring in order to enhance the perception. It was
found that people who are new to CF and are in the process
of learning its value were more influenced by their early
farming experience than mentoring experience.
In conclusion, it was required to strengthen the self-lead-
ership and the perceptual factor to promote the intention
to participate in CF, and the influence of self-leadership
and perceptual factor was greater for the group with lower
farming experience and mentoring.
The implications and limitations that can be derived from
this study are as follows.
The implications of this study are as follows. First, in
terms of academic aspects, CF is in the early stage of do-
mestic studies with a lack of research, and at this point
 Mi Young Lee and NamTae Park
in time when existing studies are centered on overseas case
studies or CF programs, this study is differentiated from
previous studies in that the causal relationship between the
self-leadership and the perceptual factor of CF was derived
to revitalize CF in Korea and an empirical study was con-
ducted on the moderating effect of farming experience and
mentoring as pulling factors.
Second, this study laid the foundation that can be a start-
ing point for a practical approach in a way to utilize self-
leadership strategies and perception activities for the in-
tention to participate in CF from a practical point of view.
In addition, the grounds for practical application were given
by the results that providing hands-on farming experience
rather than mentoring was more effective for participants
who are new to CF and in the process of learning its value
in order to promote participation intention.
Third, as for policy, it is required that a step-by-step ap-
proach by group is necessary rather than a one-size-fits-all
and universal program that does not consider circumstances
of participants when supporting government projects or
programs, so that city residents can easily access programs
at each level. In this study, the fact that the effect of in-
tention to participate in CF was found differently depend-
ing on the level of farming experience and mentoring in-
dicated the needs to take the differentiated approach of
self-leadership and perceptual factor by subject person.
The limitations of this study are as follows. First, the
sample subject is limited only to residents in Seoul and
the metropolitan area so that there is a limit to generalize
the study results to the whole of Korea. Considering this,
more meaningful implications can be derived in a fol-
low-up study if the targeted region is expanded, and com-
parative analysis is performed by region and city type.
Second, the general population of city residents was se-
lected as the subjects for the sampling regardless of wheth-
er they had experience in CF or not. Therefore, it is consid-
ered that various comparative studies are required in the
follow-up study by gaining samples by class, such as those
who experienced CF.
Third, this study limited the factors affecting the in-
tention to participate in CF to self-leadership, perceptual
factor, and pulling factor. Therefore, if a detailed study
using diverse variables affecting participation intention and
Journal of People, Plants, and Environment Vol. 26, No. 1, 2023∙81
sub-factors for each factor is conducted in a follow-up study,
it will be available to contribute to the establishment of more
practical alternatives and policy and academic models.
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