Carl Vincent G.

de Guia Building Utilities 3

BS Architecture 3B May 09, 2023

LIGHT SOURCES
 INCANDESCENT LAMP

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light
with a wire filament heated until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb with a vacuum or
inert gas to protect the filament from oxidation. Current is supplied to the filament by terminals or
wires embedded in the glass.any of a wide range of lighting technologies that create light by rapidly
heating a suitable material. Any solid or gas that is heated—typically by combustion or resistance to
an electric current—emits light with a hue (spectral balance) unique to the substance.

 FLUORESCENT LAMP

A diverse family of light sources includes fluorescents. Fluorescent lighting comes in three
primary varieties: cold cathode, hot cathode, and electroluminescent. To produce light, they are all
powered by electrons that stimulate phosphors. The cold and hot cathode lamps are covered on
this page. Fluorescence is used in electroluminescent lamps; however, they are so distinct that they
are covered on a different page. From this point on, whenever we speak to a "fluorescent lamp,"
we mean a lamp with an inside fluorescent coating and a glass discharge tube. This is how both cold
and hot cathode types of lamps are constructed. Although they are a type of fluorescent lamp,
induction lamps lack electrodes.
 During the 1930s, the common fluorescent light was created for commercial usage. The
fluorescent lamp concept dates to the 1880s, but it took years of consistent work to ultimately
produce a model that could be sold. There was no single invention; this effort was completed by
several.

Common uses:

lamps both outdoor and indoor, backlight for LCD displays, decorative lighting, and signs,
both high bay and small area general lighting. Not used for lighting from afar due to diffused nature
of the light.

ADVANTAGES
 Energy efficient, so far, the best light for
interior lighting
 Low production cost (of tubes, not of the
ballasts)
 Long life of tubes
 Good selection of desired color
temperature (cool whites to warm whites)
 Diffused Light (good for general, even
lighting, reducing harsh shadows)
DISADVANTAGES
 Flicker of the high frequency can be irritating to
humans (eye strain, headaches, migraines)
 Flicker of common fluorescent light looks poor
on video and creates an ugly greenish or yellow
hue on camera.
 Diffused Light (not good when you need a
focused beam such as in a headlight or
flashlight)
 Poorly/cheaply designed ballasts can create
radio interference that disturbs other
electronics.
 Poorly/cheaply designed ballasts can create
fires when they overheat.
 There is a small amount of mercury in the
tubes.
 Irritating flicker at the end of the life cycle

 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHAGRE LAMP

High-intensity discharge (HID) light bulbs and lamps are a class of gas-discharge arc lamps
that produce light by passing an electrical discharge through plasma (ionized gas) between two
electrodes. The three main types of HID lamps—mercury, sodium, and metal halide—are easily
categorized using a second gas, which is typically utilized.
 These lamps are known for their high efficiency at turning electricity into light and their
long-rated life. HID lamps require a ballast to generate the initial surge of electricity needed to start
them and to regulate their power during normal operation.

Where did they come from?

The fundamental technology behind gas-discharge

lamps has been around for more than 300 years; similar ideas
also served as the foundation for advancements in fluorescent
and neon lighting. Francis Hauksbee, an English scientist, is
generally credited with developing the gas-discharge lamp. He
made the first public demonstration of the technique in 1705.

At the time, the lamp was filled with air, but it was later
discovered that the light output could be increased by filling
the lamp with noble gases, such as neon, xenon, argon, or
krypton.

Modern HID technology has further increased light output through experimentation in gas mixtures
and improved electrodes, but the functional basics of the high-intensity discharge lamp remain the
same.

In modern lighting usage, the HID lamp functions by sending an electric arc between two tungsten
electrodes which are housed in an arc tube, usually constructed of quartz. The tube is filled with an
amalgam of gas and metal salts.

An arc is created with an initial surge of electricity, facilitated by the gas in the lamp. The arc then
heats the metal salts, and plasma is created.

This increases considerably the light produced by the arc, resulting in a source of light which is
more efficient at creating visible light instead of heat than many traditional technologies such as
incandescent or halogen lamps.

Where are they used?

In general, HID lights are employed primarily in situations were producing as much visible
light per watt as feasible is essential. Streetlights, gyms, warehouses, huge retail locations,
stadiums, and plant growth chambers are a few prominent applications.

Recently, several high-end automobile headlights have also utilized these bulbs. In general,
HID lamps are not employed in applications where the visual quality of light is crucial because they
typically produce light that is either very cool white/blue or warm white/yellow. Additionally,
certain HID bulbs need a long warm-up period and are not appropriate for applications with
frequent light on/off cycles.
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM
 GENERAL LIGHTING

General lighting, commonly referred to as ambient lighting, illuminates a space generally

and uniformly. General lighting provides a comfortable degree of brightness that enables one to
use and perceive a space in accordance with its function.

It is used in a variety of environments, including atriums, office spaces, educational

facilities, and residences. Lumenpulse offers a variety of energy-efficient, high-performance
luminaires for general lighting applications, including the Lumenbeam and Lumenline families.

Color Rendering Index

The erroneous belief is that Color Rendering Index and Color Temperature are related. But
they are two distinct things. Color Temperature is a measurement of the light source's color
spectrum, which is influenced by the heat produced.

Color Temperature is measured in Kelvin. Color Rendering Index, on the other hand, is the
ability to reproduce color in comparison to the natural (or ideal) light source. Natural light (i.e.,
 sunlight) has a CRL of 100. Now, since the aim of general lighting is to produce illumination as
natural as possible, CRI above 80 is desired, with 85 to 95 being the ideal one.

 LOCAL LIGHTING

Localized-general lighting uses overhead fixtures in addition to ceiling fixtures to increase

lighting levels for particular tasks. provide illuminance on general work areas with a simultaneous
reduced level of illuminance in adjacent areas. Local lighting systems provide illuminance for
relatively small areas incorporating visual tasks. Such systems are normally complemented by a
specified level of general lighting.

 TASK LIGHTING

Task lighting, as the name implies, is intended to assist you in performing certain duties,
whereas general lighting is intended to generate a diffuse, overall illumination for ambience and
ambiance. Task lighting includes kitchen lights for food preparation and cooking, reading lights for,
well, reading, writing lights, and many other specialized lights.

The first thing in you should keep in mind is the objective of the task lighting itself, which is
to illuminate a specific function or area to allow the user to accomplish some tasks. With that in
mind, obviously, you will generally need a higher level of brightness compared to general lighting.
 
Color Rendering Index

The Color Rendering Index will be especially important for some, if not most forms of task lighting
applications. Humans are known to perform better with natural light, and some task lighting applications,
such as photography lights will require a natural color reproduction. Aim for a CRI above 85, with 95 and
above being the ideal ones.

 DIRECT LIGHTING

Direct light fixtures project 90 to 100 percent of their light downward toward the work
area. Direct lighting tends to create shadows.
  SEMIDIRECT LIGHTING

Semidirect light consists primarily of direct illumination with a little amount of reflected
indirect light. The majority of the light in semidirect illumination is directed downward. An
illustration would be opalescent glass globe wall sconces.

 GENERAL DIFFUSE LIGHTING

Diffuse light is emitted from large, luminous surfaces. It produces a soft, uniform lighting
with low modelling and brilliance.

On a horizontal working plane, direct, diffuse general lighting denotes an even illumination.
In the space, one can settle in and get to work. The building can be seen.

A gentle illumination with low shadow and reflection is produced by direct diffuse light.
Weak modeling abilities derive from the limited shadow formation. The emphasis on shapes and
surface textures is minimal.

Direct, diffuse general lighting for

 working areas
 multifunctional rooms
 museums
 exhibitions
 pedestrian traffic areas

Preferred luminaire groups:

 light structures
 downlights
 wall-mounted downlights
 luminous ceilings

 DIRECT INDIRECT LIGHTING

Direct-indirect light fixtures distribute light equally upward and downward. They reflect light
off the ceiling and other room surfaces. Little light is emitted horizontally meaning direct glare is often
reduced. They are usually used in "clean" manufacturing areas.

 SEMI INDIRECT LIGHTING

Semi-indirect light: This light is mostly reflected but some part of the light source also provides
a smaller amount of direct light. Most of this light is beamed upward. Semi flush mount lights like those
you would find in hallways and stairwells are examples of this type of lighting.

 INDIRECT LIGHTING

Indirect light fixtures distribute 90 to 100 percent of the light upward. The ceiling and upper
walls must be clean and highly reflective to allow the light to reach the work area. They provide the
 most even illumination of all the types of fixtures and the least direct glare. Indirect light fixtures
are usually used in offices.

 COVE LIGHTING

Cove lighting is one of the basic lighting techniques, a type of uplighting that directs light to
the ceiling plane from a cove on one or more sides of a room to provide overall diffuse illumination.
It is also referred to as ambient luminescence. Cove lighting is typically mounted to or incorporated
into a wall, but it can also be located within a ceiling coffer.

Some things to consider when setting up a cove lighting detail:

 Be mindful of where you are placing the fixtures. The light pattern will reflect any joints or spaces
between fixtures. By arranging fixtures end to end, staggeredly, or slantedly, socket shadows (dark
areas at the end of a lamp) can be avoided. Make sure to utilize the proper distance between
fixtures and to position them from the back wall of the cove according to the source you choose.

 The top of the lamp should be level with the cove fascia; if not, it will create shadow lines.

 To prevent sharp cutoff lines, stop a cove short of the end wall.

 Generally, ceiling surface should be a high-reflectance matte or satin finish surface. The inside
surface of the cove should be flat white. This minimizes specular reflections.
 As a cove nears the end wall, maintain a minimum clearance of 12 inches at inside corners to
prevent hot spots.

 As the cove’s distance from the ceiling plane increases, the uniformity of the ceiling brightness will
also increase.

 VALANCE LIGHTING

Valances direct light both up and down. Utilize valances with linear fluorescent lighting. With at
least 8-foot ceilings, including vaulted or cathedral ceilings, valance lighting can be employed. Kitchens,
living rooms, and bedrooms are all wonderful places to use valance lighting. For lighting particular
tasks, like as reading in bed, consider a lower valance mounting height. A valance light's downlight can
be utilized efficiently over drapes to wall wash and provide general illumination.

Valance lighting provides upward and downward illumination and typically runs continuously
along a wall. This application is perfect for living rooms, bedrooms, and kitchens. Depending on how
this lighting is used, mounting height can be adjusted for specific tasks, such as reading in bed. They
can be used to wall wash, or even highlight draperies and windows.

 CORNICE LIGHTING

Soffit lighting, often referred to as cornice lighting, is lighting that is incorporated into the
space's architecture and directs light downward to create a dramatic impact. Under cabinet lighting
typically uses this kind of application in kitchens. Soffit lighting can also be utilized to highlight textured
walls made of stucco, brick, or wood.