Professional Documents
Culture Documents
or M phase
Cobalt and Cesium (burn
Diagnosis
skin)
3) Immunotherapy - stimulation of a
4. Genetic testing
person’s immune system to fight
- Testing for the presence of cancer cells
specific mutations in onco- or 4) Chemotherapy - use of anti-
tumor-suppressor Genes cancer drugs
- In 2002: eight (8) ovarian cancer- 5) Angiogenesis control
related SNP alleles 6) Gene Therapy
5. Imaging techniques
- Determine imagine of tumor Ways to lower risk :) /fun facts/
through:
● Eat plenty of fiber
- X- rays for mammogram
● Do not smoke
- MRI (magnetic resonance
● Drink alcohol in moderation or not
imaging)
at all
- CT scan (computerized
● Exercise regularly
tomography)
● Do not become overweight
Refer to HAND OUT
● Limit dietary fat
6. Detection of Tumor Markers ● Limit sun exposure or use
- Detection of antigens produced sunscreen
by cancer cells. Examples: ● Learn to recognize the warning
- PSA - prostate specific signs of cancer
antigen
- CA 125 - tumor cell- End of Lecture on Cancer Genetics
surface glycoprotein;
tumor-associated protein
(does not indicate ovarian Coverage of Exam 2
cancer all the time)
EXAM THREE
❏ Serotonin, a neurotransmitter,
can affect mood, emotion,
appetite, sleep, and learning
❏ Many antidepressive drugs are
serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs) including Prozac, Paxil,
1) Nicotine binds to the receptor (which and Zoloft.
also binds acetylcholine).
Schizophrenia
2) This triggers release of dopamine
❏ 1% of the world population
from vesicle and into the synapse ❏ Onset: 17-27 in males; 20-37 in
3) Some dopamine bind receptors on females
postsynaptic neuron ❏ A mental disorder
4) Some re-enter the presynaptic ❏ Loss of the ability to organize
neuron via dopamine transporter thoughts and perceptions
5) Uptake of dopamine in postsynaptic ❏ Leading to withdrawal from reality
Progression of disorder:
neuron triggers the -pleasurable feeling
❏ Difficulty paying attention
associated with smoking
❏ Memory and learning skills
affected
Mood disorders ❏ Psychosis - loss of contact with
❏ Represents the extremes of reality; paranoia
normal behavior ❏ Delusion - false belief of
persecution, power etc.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) ❏ Hallucinations - false perception
Marked by unexplained lethargy of something not really there ~
and sadness and chronic visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory,
olfactory
depression
Classification of IEMS
1. Disorders of Amino Acid and
Peptide Metabolism
2. Disorders of Carbohydrate
Metabolism Philippines, National Screening Program
- 21 hospitals from Sep 2001-
2003
Evaluation
1. Personal and Family History
- Features that arouse
suspicion
2. Physical Examination
- Facial dysmorphism, cataracts,
retinopathy, structural brain
anomalies, hypertrophic or
dilated cardiomyopathy,
hepatomegaly, multicystic
dysplastic kidneys, myopathy
3. Initial Screening Tests
- Progressive-
4. Advanced Screening tests
- Biomarkers, MRI, MR Examples
Spectroscopy of the brain, Phenylketonuria
Tandem metabolic ● Mental Retardation
screening ● Neurological problems
● Strange urine odor (musty)
● High urine phenylacetic acid
● Unable to convert phenylalanine
to tyrosine in the liver
● Inherited defect in phenylalanine
hydroxylase
● Incidence- 1:16 - 10K
● If untreated, can cause
Galactosemia
- Reye’s syndrome-like
illness (vomiting, lethargy,
delirium, coma, and
convulsions)
- Liver dysfunction
- Accumulated medium-
chain acyl CoA esters bind
to carnitine and are
● Unable to metabolize galactose exerted in urine ->
● Due to deficiency in galactose-1- secondary carnitine
phosphouridyl transferase deficiency (muscle
● Incidence - ~1.60K weakness, hypotonia)
● Untreated infants present with ● Treatment
- Vomiting, diarrhea, failure - Administration of IV
to thrive, jaundice, livery glucose - to correct
dysfunction and hypoglycemia and provide
hepatomegaly, energy
hyperglycemia, abnormal - Carnitine administration
clotting, MR, cataracts during crisis treat
● Treatment deficiency and promote
- Elimination of dietery excretion of excess esters
galactose (from lactose in - Avoid prolonged periods of
milk, medications) fasting and treat signs of
hypoglycemia early
Medium chain acyl CoA DH deficiency ● Attacks become less frequent
(MCAD) during childhood and fasting
tolerance improves with
increasing body mass
● Microbiota: “ecological
community of commensalism
symbiotic and pathogenic
microorganisms”
● Microbiome: collective genomes
of microorganism
Metabilike or phenome.
PLDI cancer
Partly heheritable
Bacteriodacea and Bifidibacteriacaea
xo-speciate with great ape hosts.
(BBS) filter cards must be done
immediately
Detection methods (examples):
- Color reaction
- Spectrophotometry
- HPLC Analysis
- immunotechniques
9
Defective enzymes in maple syrup urine
disease (MSUD)
- Accumulation of alpha- keto acids
produced by transamination
- Excreted in urine → smells like
maple syrup or burnt sugar
Nov. 29
C. DNA-based detection
IV. Issues and Applications
1. Direct PCR Analysis of deletions
A. Genetic Screening
- Differently sized-DNA
Involves history taking, physical
bands
examination, conventional tests: 2. Allele-specific oligonucleotide (probe)
x-rays, biochemical, cytogenetic , hybridization
molecular tests Wt probe + wt DNA = hybridize
Wt probe + mut DNA = not hybridize
Health professional team Mut probe + mut DNA = hybridize
- Clinical geneticists
- Medical specialists
ddNTP - will stop since it is very specific
- Genetic counselor
- Social worker
B. Biochemical Detection
Involves measurement r detection of:
1. Enzyme activity e.g. G6PDH
activity
2. Level of metabolites e.g. alpha-
keto acids in MSUD
3. Size or quantity of protein
4. Defective structural protein e.g. in
haemophilia and thalassemia
Samples:
- Blood, urine, amniotic fluid, or
cerebrospinal fluid
- Note: proteins are unstable and
degrade easily
- Recall in newborn screening:
tests on the dried blood spot
D. Gene therapy: Classical Approach- a) Understand the following
provide correct genes b) Choose the appropriate action to
take
c) Adjust the psychosocial impact of
E. Genetic Counseling
the genetic condition
❏ Communication process between
the health professional and the
FORENSIC GENETICS
patient
~regarding a genetic disorder in Forensic Science is the application of
the family genetics to human and on human
❏ Occurrence material for the resolution of legal
❏ Possible transmission conflicts
❏ Manifestations and severity
DNA fingerprints follow mendelian
inheritance