MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
SUMMER – 2023 EXAMINATION
Model Answer – Only for the Use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Applications of Biomaterials Subject Code: 22219
Important Instructions to examiners: XXXXX
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills)
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence
if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the
same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

1. Attempt any FIVE of the following 10 Marks

a) Define corrosion and wear.

Ans:
Definition of corrosion:
It is a degradative process often associated with electrochemical and oxidation
01 M
reaction of metal in electrolytic solution as well as oxidation and degradation of
polymeric materials.
Definition of wear:
Wear is loss of material from a surface by means of some mechanical action. 01 M
Wear can occur due to various reasons and thus have different types.
b) List any four applications of stainless-steel.
Ans:
Applications of stainless-steel:
1. Hip nails
2. Bone plates
3. Intramedullary pins 02 M
4. Heart valves
5. Cardiac pacemaker electrodes
6. Screws
7. Nuts, bolts
8. Orthopedic implants (knee, hip, ankle joint replacement).
c) State the concept of biocompatibility.
Ans:
Biocompatibility: It is a general term describing the property of a material being
compatible with living tissue. Biocompatible materials do not produce a toxic or
immunological response when exposed to the body or bodily fluids.

Page 1 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
OR
Biocompatibility: The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host
response in a specific application. 02 M
OR
Biocompatibility: The Ability to be in contact with a living system without producing
an adverse effect.
d) Write name of the atomic and molecular bonds.
Ans:
Name of the atomic and molecular bonds:
1. Vander Waals
02 M (Any
2. Hydrogen
Four)
3. Metallic
4. Ionic
5. Covalent
e) Give materials name for making contact lenses.
Ans:
Materials name for making contact lenses:
1. Silicon rubber
02 M (Any
2. Hydrogel
Four)
3. Polyacrylate
4. PHEMA
5. PMMA
6. Polymers
f) List materials used for cardiovascular implants.
Ans:
Materials used for cardiovascular implants:
1. Titanium
2. Silicon rubber
3. Teflon (PTFE) 02 M (Any
4. Polypropylene Four)
5. Pyrolytic carbon
6. UHMPE
7. Dacron
g) Sketch labelled cellular events in bone healing.
Ans:

02 M

Fig: Cellular events in bone healing

Page 2 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Attempt any THREE of the following 12 Marks

a) List any four properties and any four applications of carbon.

Ans:
Properties of carbon:
1. The carbons are inert ceramic materials.
2. In the quasi-crystalline forms, the degree of perfection of the crystalline
structure and the morphological arrangements of the crystallites and pores are
important in determining the properties of carbons.
3. All the carbons, currently of interest for use in medical devices have the quasi - 02 M
crystalline turbostatic structure.
4. Carbon has good biocompatibility with bone and other tissues.
5. It also has high strength and an elastic modulus close to that of bone and so do
not suffer from fatigue.
OR

Property Graphite Glassy Pyrolytic

Density (g/ml) 1.5 to 1.9 1.5 1.5 to 2.0
Elastic modulus 24 24 28
(GPa)
Compressive 138 172 517 (575a)
strength (MPa)
Table: Properties of carbon
Applications of Carbon:
1. Carbon coatings are used for making heart valves, blood vessel grafts and
percutaneous devices.
2. The chronic stimulation of the cochlea for artificial hearing.
3. Stimulation of the cortex.
4. Dental implant. 02 M
5. Tissue Regeneration.
6. Drug delivery system.
7. Reduction in critical surface tension and blood adhesion.
8. Ultra low Temperature Isotropic Carbons (ULTI) coated valves are most widely
used.
b) Sketch labelled structure of typical bone.
Ans:

04 M

Fig: Structure of typical bone

Page 3 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
c) State and explain need of cardiac pacemaker.
Ans:
Need of cardiac pacemaker:
The rhythmic beating of the heart is due to triggering pulses that originate in an
area of specialized tissue in the right atrium of the heart. This area known as the Sino-
arterial node. In abnormal situation, if this natural pacemaker cases to function or 04 M
becomes unreliable or if the triggering pulse does not reach heart muscle because of
blocking by damaged tissues, the natural and normal synchronization of the heart action
gets disturbed. When monitored, this manifests itself through a decrease in the heart rate
and changes in the ECG waveform. By giving external electrical stimulation impulses to
the heart muscle, it is possible to regulate the heart rate. These impulses are given by an
electronic instrument called a pacemaker.
d) Explain stress-strain curve with neat sketch.
Ans:
In Stress-Strain curve x-axis represent strain and y-axis represent stress. The
stress is force per unit cross-sectional area and strain is change in length per original
length. From a load-displacement curve a stress-strain diagram can be constructed by
knowing cross-sectional area and length of rod. The stress-strain curve of a solid can be
demarcated by the yield point or stress (YS) into elastic and plastic regions. In the
elastic region, the strain increases in direct proportion to the applied stress whereas in
the plastic region strain changes are no longer proportional to the applied stress. Further
when the applied stress is removed, the material will not return to its original shape but 02 M
will be permanently deformed. This phenomenon is termed as plastic deformation. The
peak stress in fig. is often followed by an apparent decrease until a point is reached
where the material ruptures. The peak stress is called as the tensile or ultimate tensile
strength (TS or UTS) and the final stress where failure occurs is called the failure or
fracture strength (FS). Hardness is the measure of plastic deformation and is defined as
the force per unit area of indention or penetration and thus has the dimension of stress.

02 M

Fig: Stress-strain curve

Page 4 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Attempt any THREE of the following 12 Marks

a) Write any four properties of Nitinol.

Ans:
Properties of Nitinol:
1. Good biocompatibility and corrosion resistance.
04 M
2. The low modulus of elasticity.
3. Good fatigue property.
4. High acoustic damping property.
5. Shape memory effect.
b) Explain testing and evaluation process of dental implants.
Ans:
Testing and evaluation process of dental implants:
First step is to test the materials for toxicity by implantation subcutaneously in
rats for periods of time up to 30 days and through tissue culture tests. The second step is
to test the devices in an animal model. Of all animals, the baboon is considered the most
preferred experimental animal in dental-implant studies, since its physiology and
immunological responses are very similar to those of humans. In general, the clinical 04 M
condition of dental implants is evaluated by using radiographs, gingival tone, pocket
depth and mobility. A stereo-photogrammetric method of measuring the extent of tissue
changes and mobility of Subperiosteal implants technique utilizes stereo photographs to
measure quantitatively, the extent of tissue swelling or resorption, as well as, migration
of dental implants to an accuracy of 16 μm.
c) Classify types of catheters.
Ans:
Types of catheters:
1. Robinson catheter
2. Whistle tip catheter
3. Pezzer catheter 04 M (Any
4. Malecot catheter Four)
5. Foley catheter
6. Three way Foley catheter
7. Coude catheter
8. Metal stylet
9. Council catheter
d) List any four types of polymers.
Ans:
Types of polymers:
Synthetic polymers:
1. Polypropylene
2. Polyurethanes
3. PTFE
4. Polyethylene 04 M
5. Polyacrylate
6. PMMA
7. PHEMA
8. Hydrogel
9. Silicon rubber.
Biopolymers:
1. Cellulose
2. Mucopolysaccharides
Page 5 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Elastin
4. Collagens
5. Proteoglycans
6. Chitin.
4. Attempt any THREE of the following 12 Marks

a) Choose suitable filling and restoration materials for deep cavities and state its
properties.
Ans:
Dental filling and restoration materials for deep cavities:
1. Gold foil.
2. Platinum.
3. Aluminum.
4. Lead and tungsten. 02 M (Any
5. Tin and iron. Four)
6. Amalgam: is a metallic filling material composed from a mixture of mercury
(from 43% to 54%) and powdered alloy made mostly of silver, tin, zinc and
copper, commonly called the amalgam alloy.
7. Composite resin (also called white fillings).
8. Glass Ionomer Cement.
9. Resin modified Glass-Ionomer Cement (RMGIC).
Properties:
1. Should be easily removed from the cavity
2. Should have sedative effect to the tooth and promote
Pulp Healing
3. Reasonable strength and abrasive resistance
4. Radiopaque 02 M (Any
5. Reasonable setting time and has low flow after setting Four)
6. Anti bacterial property
7. Marginal integrity
8. Low Water absorption and solubility
b) Write any four properties and any four applications of silicon rubber.
Ans:
Properties of silicon rubber:
1. Good biocompatibility
2. Good thermal stability
3. Physiological inertness 02 M
4. Easy processibility
5. Excellent electrical insulation property
6. Flexibility and low cost
Applications of silicon rubber:
1. Used to make catheters.
2. Replacement of destroyed or diseased finger joints.
3. Replacement of carpal bones, toe prostheses and capping temporomandibular
joints.
4. Breast augmentation. 02 M
5. Maxillofacial surgery (includes nasal supports, jaw augmentation, orbital floor
repair, and chin augmentation).
6. Artificial bladder, sphincters and testicles.
7. Making artificial heart valves.
8. Drug delivery system.
Page 6 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Middle ear prosthesis.

c) List and explain any four mechanical properties of bone.

Ans:
Mechanical properties of bone:
Direction of Modulus Tensile Compressive
test of strength strength (Mpa)
elasticity (Mpa)
(Gpa)
Leg bone Longitudinal
Femur 17.2 121 167
Tibia 18.1 140 159
Fibula 18.6 146 123 04 M
Arm bones Longitudinal
Humerus 17.2 130 132
Radius 18.6 149 114
Ulna 18 148 117
Vertebrae Longitudinal
Cervical 0.23 3.1 10
Lumbar 0.16 3.7 5
Spongy bone 0.09 1.2 1.9
Skull Tangential - - -
Radial 97

d) State types and materials used in sutures.

Ans:
Types of sutures:
1. Absorbable sutures
2. Non-Absorbable sutures
3. Monofilament sutures 02 M (Any
4. Multifilament or braided sutures Four)
5. Coated sutures
6. Un-coated sutures
Materials used in sutures:
1. Synthetic polymers
2. Collagen
3. Polypropylene
4. Polyamide (Nylon)
5. Polyethylene
6. Silicon 02 M (Any
7. Wax Four)
8. PTFE
9. Gelatin
e) Draw and explain corrosion rate measurement.
Ans:
Corrosion rate measurement:
The rate of corrosion can be assessed using various methods.
1. The traditional test for the corrosion rate is the measurement of weight change of a
sample in a solution with time. On passivation weight loss is minimums. However 02 M
when the passivation breaks down metal corrodes rapidly.

Page 7 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

02 M

Fig: Weight loss in corrosion

OR

2. Another method employs a potentiostat to impose external potential to a specimen,

which is made anodic under conditions of slowly increasing polarization. The technique
of linear polarization is utilized for measuring the very small corrosion rate of implant
materials in vitro and in vivo. A small current is passed from the implant material
(working electrode), at a fixed potential (voltage) through an electrolyte solution to an
auxiliary electrode and back through an ammeter to the power supply. The potential
difference between the implant material and a reference electrode is measured directly
with a potentiometer. In a general a linear relation between current and potential is
observed to 10 mV. The corrosion rate is determined from the slope of this line, using
the appropriate equation. This technique is very sensitive and accurate for small rates
with very small applied current (0.001 A/cm2). The potential of test specimen or
working electrode (W) is measured relative to a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). The
potential is controlled by the potentiostat, and the current flow between the working
electrode and counter electrode (C) associated with thus potential is monitored.

Fig: A typical three electrode system for electrochemical testing of corrosion rate
Page 8 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Attempt any TWO of the following 12 Marks

a) Explain contact angle method with neat sketch.

Ans:
Contact angle method:
When a liquid drop is placed onto a solid surface or another liquid surface two
things may happen. The liquid may sit on the surface in the form of a droplet or it may
spread out over the entire surface. Which event occurs depend on the interfacial free 03 M
energies of the two substances. At equilibrium contact angle or Young-Dupree equation
describes: γs/g = γs/l + γl/g cos θ, where γs/g, γs/l and γl/g are the interfacial free energy
between the solid and gas; solid and liquid, liquid and gas respectively and θ the contact
angle.

03 M

Fig: Contact angle method

b) Explain use of collagen in dentistry.
Ans:
Uses of collagen in dentistry:
1. Prevention of oral bleeding
2. Support of regeneration of periodontal tissues
3. Promotion of healing of mucosal lining 06 M (Any
4. Prevention of migration of epithelial cells Six)
5. Dressing materials
6. Carrier substance for immobilization of various active substances used in
dentistry.
7. Decreased seepage of blood during periodontal mucoginvival surgery.
c) Write properties and applications of hydrogel. Also sketch their structure.
Ans:
Properties of Hydrogel:
1. Hydrogel have inherently weak mechanical properties.
2. The soft, rubbery nature.
3. These polymers may have low or zero interfacial tension with surrounding 02 M
biological fluids and tissues.
4. It is transparent when wet.
5. It can be easily machined while dry and it is very pliable when wet.
Applications of Hydrogel:
1. It is used in making contact lenses.
2. It is used for synthetic articular cartilage in reconstructive joint surgery.
3. It is used in drug delivery system. 02 M
4. Making maxillofacial implants for jaw and chin augmentation.
5. It is used for making artificial skin.

Page 9 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________

02 M

Fig: Structure of Hydrogel

6. Attempt any TWO of the following 12 Marks

a) Explain historical developments of biomaterials.

Ans:
Historical developments of biomaterials:
Year Author Activity
600BC Sushruta Samhita Nose Reconstruction
1860 -1870 J. Lister Aseptic surgical techniques
Developed.
1893 - 1912 W. A. Lane Steel screws and plates for fracture fixation.

1912 W. D. Sherman Vanadium steel plate, first alloy developed

exclusively for medical use, less stress
concentration and corrosion.
1926 E.W. Hey-Groves Used carpenter’s screw for femoral neck
fracture fixation.
1931 M. N. Smith-Petersen Designed first femoral neck fracture fixation
nail made originally from stainless steel,
06 M (Any
later changed to vitallium.
Six)
1938 P. Wiles First total hip replacement.

1940 M. J. Dorzee , Acrylics for corneal replacement.

Franceschetti
1944 W. J. Kolff Hemodialyser.
1946 J. Judet and R. Judet First biomechanically designed hip
prosthesis. First plastics used in joint
replacement.
1952 A. B. Voorhees, A. First blood vessel replacement made of
Jaretzta, A.H. cloth.
Blackmore
1953 A. Kantrowitz Intraortic balloon pumping.

1958 J. Charnley First use of acrylic bone cement in total hip

replacements.

Page 10 of 11
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
1958 S. Furman , G. First successful direct stimulation of heart.
Robinson
1960 A. Starr, M. I. Heart valve.
Edwards
1980 W. J. Kolff Artificial heart.

b) Explain composition and mechanical properties of artificial teeth.

Ans:
Composition of artificial teeth:
The two materials which are commonly used for the production of artificial teeth
03 M
are acrylic resins and porcelain.
Mechanical properties of artificial teeth:
To restore the functional capabilities, the artificial teeth should have good mechanical
properties (elastic modulus, microhardness, and wear resistance) to assure longevity and 03 M
withstand the masticatory forces without failure.
(Any relevant answer should be consider)
c) Write any four properties and any four applications of acrylic polymer.
Ans:
Properties of acrylic polymer:
1. High strength and toughness.
2. Highly biocompatible material.
3. Excellent light transparency (92% light transparency). 03 M
4. High index of refraction (1.49).
5. Excellent chemical resistivity.
Applications of acrylic polymer:
1. It is used for making contact lenses.
2. Implantable ocular lenses. 03 M
3. Bone cement for joint fixation.
4. Dentures and maxillofacial prostheses.
5. It is suitable for the repairs of cranial defects.

Page 11 of 11