ENGLISH

By: Josue
Structure of a sentence (Estructura de una oración):
On English, we have to notice that this language has a structure that works
for all the language, but obviously, there are some exceptions.
(En el inglés, tenemos que tomar en cuenta que esta lengua tiene una
estructura que funciona para todo el idioma, pero obviamente, tiene sus
excepciones.)
There are also too, four types of basic sentences:
(Hay también, cuatro tipos de oraciones básicas)

+ Affirmative sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary Verb +Verb+Complement .

Sujeto+Verbo Auxiliar +Verbo+Complemento .

−¿ Negative sentences:

Subject + Auxiliary Verb + NOT +Verb +Complement .

? Questions:
- Yes /No questions:

Auxiliary Verb + Subject +Verb+Complement ?

- Wh questions:

Wh−word + Auxiliary Verb+ Subject +Verb+ Complement ?

What is a Wh- word? (¿qué es una palabra Wh-?)
A wh-word is a word that shows a situation and it’s used at the begin of
some questions.
Una palabra Wh- es una palabra que muestra una situación o es usada al
inicio de algunas preguntas.

The subject (El sujeto):

- In a sentence the subject is who/which we are talking about.
- Every subject in a sentence is changeable by personal pronouns.
 Present Simple

 Verb “TO BE” (Verbo “ser/estar”):

When do we use this?
We use the verb BE when we describe something, the mood, how it is,
where it is, etc.
Also the verb BE is the only verb that doesn’t have an auxiliary verb.
Affirmative form:
- I am tall. = I'm tall.
- You are my friend. = You're my friend.
- My mum is a doctor. = My mum's a doctor.
Negative form:
- I am not nine years old! = I'm not nine years old!
- She is not a teacher. = She's not a teacher. = She isn't a teacher.
- They are not English. = They're not English. = They aren't English.
Questions:
- Are you Brazilian? Yes, I am.
- Are they students? No, they're not.
- Where is your brother?

 Other verbs: (otros verbos)

The default auxiliary verb for every verb is DO.
Whenever we change times or modes we only change the auxiliary.

Affirmative form:
- I work in London.
- She works in London.
- I'm nineteen years old.
Negative form:
- They don't work at the weekend.
- John doesn't live in Manchester. (doesn't = does not)
- I like tennis but I don't like football. (don't = do not)
 Questions:
- Do you play the piano?
- Where do you live?
- Does Jack play football?
- Where does he come from?
Caution with this:
If you want to change from affirmative to negative or interrogative the
auxiliary verb will appear and become with the “not” in negatives and at
the begin in questions.
I study from Monday to Friday.
I do not study from Monday to Friday.
Do I study from Monday to Friday?
Special ending:
When we use personal pronouns as the subject or these can replace them,
we have a special ending in the verbs. This ending is only for affirmative
sentences and also when the subject is “he”, “she” and “it”.
I take the bus.
She takes the bus.
Notice the ending –s in the second sentence.
 The special endings are
-s -es -ies
o -s general rule:
We use this ending in almost every verb. This is the reason because
it is the general rule.
o -es:
This ending is added to those verbs that end by:
-ss -sh -ch -x
Misses washes matches fixes
o -ies:
This ending is added to those verbs that end by:
-y
But not every that ends by –y it has to have a consonant before this
letter. If it is a vowel, just add an –s
 Play Stay Slay
Plays Stays Slays
Study Cry Party
Studies Cries Parties
o Exceptions:
This special ending has exceptions, there are four verbs:
Be Is Have Has
Do Does Go Goes
 Adverbs of frequency:
An adverb modifies three things in English:
-Verbs -Adjectives -Adverbs
It’s the same as in Spanish:
However, these adverbs indicate how frequent is an action. This is also one
way to use present simple tenses.
The adverbs of frequency are:
 Uses for the present simple:
o Routines
o Descriptions
o Scheduled things (Future)
o Short Term Actions (Currently)
 Exercises:
 Write the verb in the affirmative form:

1. The Principal ____ to speak to Raj. (want)

2. The Earth ____ around the Sun. (revolve)
3. The baby ___ all day. (cry)
4. The flight ____ at 8 o’clock in the morning. (leave)
5. What ____ so good? (smell)
6. Hema ___ badminton every evening. (play)
7. Tony ___ to guitar lessons every Sunday. (go)
8. If it ___ today, we will get stuck. (rain)
9. The nurse ____ of my grandfather. (take care)
10.There ___ the topper of our school. (come)
11.I ___ up at 7:00 a.m. every day. (get)
12.Amy rarely ___ her room. (leave)
13.Cows ___ us milk. (give)
14.My granny ___ delicious lasagne. (cook)
15.The birds ___ all day long. (chirp)
16.The boys ___ hard to get good grades. (study)
17.The teacher ____ the parents today. (meet)
18.The movie ____ within a few minutes. (start)
19.The fluffy clouds ___ around. (move)
20.The dogs ___ at night. (bark)

 Now, change from affirmative to negative and question.

AGENDA WEB
MY LIVE WORKSHEETS
 Past Simple

 Verb “be”
In past as the present simple tense, the verb to be has not an auxiliary verb.
Am / Is = Was
Are = Were

 Other verbs:
On English, we use past simple tense similar to the present simple. In
affirmative sentences these ones do not have auxiliary in the sentence. But
in negative and interrogative they have.
Affirmative sentences:
-I was in Japan last year.
-She had a headache yesterday.
-We did our homework last night.
Negative sentences:
-We didn't do our homework last night.
-We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
-We didn't do our exercises this morning.
Questions:
-Were they in Iceland last January?
-Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
-Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?

 Do not forget this:

When we use past simple, as the present simple, this one does not have
present the auxiliary in affirmative sentences. However, in negative and
questions this one has the auxiliary.
He went to a club last night.
Did he go to the cinema last night?
He didn't go to bed early last night.
 Special ending:
When we see at the special ending in past simple is almost the same as in
present simple tense:
Present simple Past simple
-s -d
-es -ed
-ies -ied
As you can see the special endings are kind similar, but the use is severally
more different. We use special ending when the verbs are regular. For
irregular verbs we have to learn them by memory.
o –d :
This ending is used for verbs that ended by:
-e
Loved
o –ed general rule:
This ending is the general one, most of the regular verbs use this.

o –ied :
We use this ending as in Spanish, when the verb finish in –y and
before it you have a consonant.
-y
Study Play
Studied Played
Uses for past simple: