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IS 15264 (2002): Geometrical Product Specification (GPS) -

Surface Imperfections - Terms, Definitions and Parameters
[PGD 25: Engineering Metrology]

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है”
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 ...-

IS 15264:2002
—
ISO 8785:1998

Indian Standard
GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
(GPS)– SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS —
TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND PARAMETERS

ICS 01.040.17; 17.040.20

0 61S 2002

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

November 2002 Price Group 5

Engineering Metrology Sectional Committee, BP 25
—

NATIONAL FOREWORD

This Indian Standard which is identical with ISO 8785 : 1998 ‘Geometrical product specification
( GPS ) — Surface imperfections — Terms, definitions and parameters’ issued by the International
Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the
recommendation of the Engineering Metrology Sectional Committee and approval of the Basic and
Production Engineering Division Council.

The text of ISO Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as an Indian Standard without
deviations. In the adopted standard, certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in
Indian Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following:

a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring to this standard, they should be
read as ‘Indian Standard’.

b) Comma ( , ) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards, the current practice
is to use a point ( . ) as the decimal marker.

Additional Information — This standard is the national adoption of JSO 8785:1998, as such only the
English text has been reproduced. If the French text is required reference should be made to the original
ISO publication.
 IS 15264:2002
ISO 8785:1998

Indian Standard
GEOMETRICAL PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
(GPS)– SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS –
TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND PARAMETERS
1 Scope 2.2
surface imperfection evaluation area
This International Standard defines terms relating A
to surface imperfections in order to establish a portion of the real sufface of the whole real surface
common vocabulary to be used in technical of a workpiece on which surface imperfections
documents, technical drawings, scientific are specified and inspected
publications, etc. to specify to what extent surface
imperfections are allowed and to aid in the 2.3
specification of methods of measuring surface surface texture
imperfections. repetitive or random deviations from the
geometrical surface which form the three-
The surface imperfections defined in this dimensional topography of the suriace
International Standard are not related to surface
roughness’) or surface waviness. NOTE — Surface texture includes roughness, waviness,
lay, imperfections and form deviations over a limited
It does not specify the desirability or undesirability surface area.
of surface imperfections, which depend on the
2.4
application or function of the surface.
surface imperfection
For specific applications and manufacturing SiM
processes, additional terms and definitions may element, irregularity or group of elements and
be necessary. Such terms and definitions will irregularities of the real surface unintentionally
be specified in relevant International Standards. or accidentally caused during manufacture,
storage or use of the surface
Some types of specific surface imperfections
are defined in other International Standards as NOTES
well.
1 It is recommended not to use the term “surface defect”
for the meaning defined here (see definition of “defect”in
2 General ISO 8402).
2.1 2 Such types of elements or irregularitiesdlfferconaiderebiy
reference surface from those constituting a rough surface.
surface, having the form of a geometrical surface,
from which the parameters of surface imperfections 3 The presence of imperfection on the real surface doas
not necessarily mean that the given surface is unsuitable
are assessed
for use. The acceptability of an imperfection is dependent
NOTES on the applicationor functionof the sutface and is specified
inappropriateterms,e.g. length,depth,width,height,number
1 The reference surface passes through the highest peak per unit area, etc.
of the real surface excluding the imperfections, and is
equidistant from the mean surface determined by the 3 Characteristics and parameters
least-squares method.
of surface imperfections
2 The reference surtace is determined over a specified
surface area, or over a limited part of the surface area NOTE — The maximum value of parameters and
related to the size ( dimensions) of a single imperfection, characteristicsof surface imperfectionsallowed on a surface
the size of the area being sufficient to assess the is that value applied for specification, i.e. the limit beyond
imperfection while suppressing the influence of form whichthe componentcontainingthe imperfectionis rejected.
deviation on the assessment.
EXAMPLES
3 The reference surface coincides in practice with the
surface of the area adjacent to the imperfection. SIMn = 60

1)See for example ISO 4287.

1
IS 15264:2002
ISO 8785:1998
where SIMOis the surface imperfection number as defined 3.6
in 3.7 total surface imperfection area
SIMn/A = 60/1 m-2 SIMt
area equal to the sum of the individual surface
SIMn/A = 10/50 mm-2
imperfection areas, within the agreed limits of
where,4 is the surface imperfection evaluation area as discrimination
defined in 2.2
NOTES
3.1
1 The total surface imperfections area is calculated as:
surface imperfection length
SIMe SIM, =SIMal +SlMa2 + ... + SIM,n
greatest dimension of the surface imperfection,
2 When specifying the agreed limits of discrimination, the
measured parallel to the reference surface dimensional criterion that should be used is the minimum
dimensionof sutface imperfectioncharacteristicbelowwhich
3.2 the surface imperfection is neglected when determining
the SIMn and SIM, values.
surface imperfection width
SIMW
greatest dimension of the surface imperfection, 3.7
measured normal to the surface imperfection length surface imperfection number
and parallel to the reference surface SIMn
number of surface imperfections on the total real
surface, within the agreed limits of discrimination
3.3
single surface imperfection depth
SIM~~ 3.8
greatest depth of the surface imperfection, number of surface imperfections per unit
measured from and perpendicular to the reference area
sutiace SIMn/A
number of surface imperfections on the specified
surface imperfection evaluation area A
3.3.1
combined surface imperfection depth
SIMCd 4 Specific types of surface
distance between the reference surface and the imperfections
lowermost point of the surface imperfection,
measured from and perpendicular to the reference 4.1
surface recession
inwardly directed surface imperfection
3.4
single surface imperfection height 4.1.1
SIM~~ groove
greatest height of the surface imperfection,
surface imperfection which is a longitudinal
measured from and perpendicular to the reference recession with a rounded or flat bottom
surface

See figure 1.
3.4.1
combined surface imperfection height
SIMC~
distance between the reference surface and the
uppermost point of the surface imperfection,
measured from and perpendicular to the reference
surface

3.5
surface imperfection area
SIM,
area of a single surface imperfection projected
onto the reference surface Figure 1
2
 ----

IS 15264:2002
ISO 8785:1998
—
4.1.2 4.1.5
scratch blowhole
surface imperfection which is a recession of surface imperfection in the form of a single
irregular shape and unspecified direction recession resulting from the loss of foreign
particles, from etching or from the effect of gas
See figure 2.
See figure 5.

Figure 2
Figure 5
4.1.3
crack 4.1.6
linear recession with a sharp bottom resulting shrinkage hole
from a disturbance of the integrity of the surface, recession caused by shrinkage during
and of the parent material of the workpiece solidification of a casting, a weld, etc.

See figure 3. See figure 6.

Figure 3 Figure 6
4.1.4 4.1.7
pore fissure
cavity of very small size with steeply sloping chink
walls and, normally, sharp edges, where the upper crevice
edges of the cavity are not higher than the sharp, cleft-like, irregular opening of small depth
tangential reference surface
See figure 7.
See figure 4.

Figure 4 Figure 7
3
IS 15264:2002
ISO 8785:1998
—
4.1.8 4.2
wane raising
imperfection in the form of a rounded-off part at outwardly directed surface imperfection
the intersection of two workpiece surfaces
4.2.1
See figure 8. wati
ridge-like or hill-like elevation of small size and
limited height

See figure 11.

Figure 8

4.1.9
(concave) buckle
recession on the surface of sheet material caused Figure 11
by local bending
4.2.2
blister
See figure 9.
local convexity caused by a subsurface inclusion
of gas or liquid

See figure 12.

Figure 9

4.1.10
dent Figure 12
hollow with no raised portion, often caused by
plastic deformation resulting from an impression 4.2.3
or blow (convex) buckle
raising on the surface of sheet material caused
See figure 10. by local bending

See figure 13.

Figure 10 Figure 13
4
 IS 15264:2002
ISO 8785:1998

4.2.4 4.2.7
scale flash
flake-like, partially, detached raising of small ridge of workpiec.e material either expelled from
thickness, resulting from flaking of the surface the gap between mould parts or die parts when
layer, which is of a different composition than forming (die casting, forging, etc.) or formed
the parent material perpendicular to the direction of pressure when
resistance welding two suflaces (upset welding,
See figure 14. flash welding, etc.)

See figure 17.

Figure 17
Figure 14
4.2.8
4.2.5
inclusion deposits
material embedded in the build-up on a workpiece either of foreign material
particle of foreign
or of material from another workpiece
workpiece material
See figure 18.
See figure 15.

Figure 18

4.3
Figure 15
combined surface imperfection
partially inwardly and partially outwardly directed
4.2.6
surface imperfection
burr
raised sharp edge, frequently with a wane on 4.3.1
the opposite side crater
hollow with a circular contour and raised edges
See figure 16. resembling the mouth of a volcano; the edges
are higher than the reference surface
cf. dent (4.1.1 O)

See figure 19.

Figure 16 Figure 19.

5
IS 15264:2002
ISO 8785:1998
—
4.3.2 4.4.1
lap skidding
tonque-like raising of smd{thickness, often in surface damage of, for example, ball bearings,
the form of a seam, caused by folding over of rollers and races of bearings, of silvery frosted
material and forcing it into the surface when appearance, which occurs on discrete areas of
rolling, forging, etc. the surface and is caused by intermittent
overloading
See figure 20.
See figure 23.

Figure 20

4.3.3
Figure 23
scoring
imperfection in the form of successive recessions
and raisings caused by the expulsion of workpiece 4.4.2
material owing to the movement of a foreign body erosion
surface damage due to the physical destruction
See figure 21.
or wear of the surface

See figure 24.

Figure 21

4.3.4
chip rest
band-like raisings resulting from poor chip removal
Figure 24
See figure 22.
4.4.3
corrosion
surface damage due to the chemical destruction
of the surface

See figure 25.

Figure 22

4.4
area imperfections
appearance imperfections
scattered imperfections in the outermost surface
layer, often without sharp contours and often
without practicably measurable depth or height Figure 25
6
 IS 15264:2002
ISO 8785:1998
4.4.4 4.4.7
pitting discoloration
imperfection in the form of pits and small holes, discolored area on a surface
often of large depth, dispersed over a large area
of the surface See figure 29.

See figure 26.

Figure 29
Figure 26
4.4.8
4.4.5 streak
crazing band-like recessed area generally of smalldepth,
imperfections in the form of a network of cracks or area having a different surface texture
on a surface
See figure 30.
See figure 27.

Figure 30
Figure 27
4.4.9
4.4.6 cleavage
spot flaking
patch imperfection resulting from partial separation of
area which differs visually from the adjacent a portion of the workpiece surface layer
surface
See figure 31.
See figure 28.

Figure 28 Figure 31
IS 15264:2002
ISO 8785:1998 —..

Annex A
(informative)
Relation to the GPS matrix model

For full details about the GPS matrix,model, see A.2 Position in the GPS matrix model
lSO/TR 14638.
This International Standard is a general GPS
A.1 Information about the standard standard, which influences chain link number 1
and its use and 2 of the chain of standards on surface
imperfections in the general GPS matrix, as
This International Standard on surface graphically illustrated in figure A.1.
imperfections covers definitions of parameters
and definitions of specific types of surface A.3 Related standards
imperfections. It should be completed by standards
covering chain links 3 to 6 in order to allow an The related International Standards are those of
unambiguous understanding. the chains of standards indicated in figure A.1.

Global GPS atandarda

f !
Fundamental General GPS matrix
GPS Chain link number 1 2 3 4 5 6
standards Size
Distance
Radius
Angle
Form of line independent of datum
Form of line dependent on datum
Form of surface independent of datum
Form of surface dependent on datum
Orientation
Location
Circular run-out
Total run-out
Datums
Roughness profile
Waviness profile
Primary profile
:.,.,.... ... ,..
Surface imperfections ,.,.,.,.,.,., .............
,...,,,,,.
.,, ,,. ..
Edges

Figure A.1

8
 ..-

IS 15264:2002
ISO 8785:1998

Annex B
(informative)
Bibliography
[1] 1S04287 : 1997, Geornetrica/ product [5] ISO 6601 : 1987, P/astics — Friction and
specifications (GPS) — Surface texture : wear by sliding — Identification of test
Profi/e method — Terms, definitions and parameters.
surface texture parameters.

[2] ISO 6157-1 : 1988, Fasteners — Surface [6] ISO 8402:1994, Qua/ity management and
discontinuities — Part 1: Bolts, screws, and quality assurance — Vocabulary
studs for genera/ requirements.
[7] ISO 10110-7 : 1996, Optics and optics/
[3] ISO 6157-3 :.1988, Fasteners — Surface instruments — Preparation of dra wings for
discontinuities — Part 3: Bo/ts, screws, and optical elements and systems — Part 7:
studs for special requirements. Surface imperfection tolerances.
[4] ISO 6520-1 —2), Welding and allied
processes — Part 1 : Classification of [8] lSO/TR 14638:1995, Geometric/product
imperfections in meta//ic fusion welds. specifications (GPS) — Masterplan.

2, To be published. (Revision of ISO 6520: 1982)

9
1S15264:2002
ISO 8785:1998

Alphabetical index
A I

area and appearance imperfections 4.4 imperfection, surface 2.4

inclusion 4,2.5
B
L
blister 4.2.2
lap 4.3,2
blowhole 4.1.5
buckle, concave 4.1,9 N
buckle, convex 4.2.3
number of surface imperfections per unit area 3.8
burr 4.2.6
P
c
patch 4.4.6
chink 4.1.7 pitting 4.4.4
chip rest 4.3.4 pore 4.1.4
cleavage 4.4.9
R
combined surface imperfection 4.3
combined surface imperfection depth 3.3.1 raising 4.2
combined surface imperfection height 3.4.1 recession 4.1
(concave) buckle 4.1.9 reference surface 2.1
(convex) buckle 4.2.3
s
corrosion 4.4.3
crack 4.1.3 scale 4.2.4
crazing 4.4.5 scoring 4.3,3
crater 4.3.1 scratch 4.1.2
crevice 4.1.7 shrinkage hole 4.1,6
single surface imperfection depth 3.3
D single surface imperfection height 3.4
skidding 4.4.1
dent 4.1,10
spot 4.4.6
deposits 4.2.8
streak 4.4.8
discoloration 4.4.7
surface imperfection 2.4
E surface imperfection evaluation area 2.2
surface imperfection length 3.1
erosion 4.4.2 surface imperfection number 3.7
surface imperfection width 3.2
F surface texture 2,3

fissure 4.1.7 T
flaking 4.4.9 .
total surface imperfection area 3.6
flash 4.2.7 ‘
w
G
wane 4.1.8
groove 4.1.1 wart 4,2.1

10
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Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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