QUESTIONSHEET 1

A food scientist checked the quality of a bottle of vinegar.

He took 50 cm3 of the vinegar and found out how much sodium hydroxide was needed to neutralise it.
(a) (i) Explain what is meant by ‘neutralise’.

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(ii) What apparatus could the scientist have used to measure the amount of sodium hydroxide needed?

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He also tested some ethanoic acid solution. Ethanoic acid is the acid which is found in vinegar.

The ethanoic acid solution contained 10 g of acid in every 100 cm 3 of solution.

(b) (i) How many grams of ethanoic acid are there in 10 cm 3 of solution?

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(ii) Work out how many grams of ethanoic acid are in 50 cm 3 of the vinegar.

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(iii) What must you assume is kept constant to allow you to work out the answer to (ii) ?

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A label on the bottle of vinegar states that it contains 8 g of ethanoic acid in 100 cm 3 of vinegar.
(c) Using your answer to (b)(ii) work out whether the answer on the bottle is correct.

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 QUESTIONSHEET 2

Small pieces of the metals copper, magnesium, nickel and zinc were placed in test tubes containing small
quantities of hydrochloric acid. The following results were observed.

(a) Use the observations from above to complete the following reactivity series.
1. ............................................................................................................................. most reactive

2. .............................................................................................................................

3. .............................................................................................................................

4. .............................................................................................................................least reactive

(b) (i) What is the name of the gas produced in the above reactions?

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(ii) Describe the test and result you would use to identify this gas.

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(c) The reaction between the metals and the hydrochloric acid also produces a chemical compound
known as a salt.
(i) What is the name of the salt formed in the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid?

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(ii) What type of bonding is present in this salt?

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(iii) This salt is a solid at room temperature. Explain why a salt has a high melting and boiling point.

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 QUESTIONSHEET 3
(a) The metal sodium burns in limited oxygen with a bright yellow flame to form sodium oxide.
(i) Write a word equation for the reaction between sodium and oxygen.

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(ii) What is the formula of sodium oxide?

(A sodium ion is Na+ and an oxide ion is O2-)

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(iii) Predict whether sodium oxide is a solid, liquid or gas at room temperature.

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(iv) Sodium oxide dissolves readily in water. What colour would the resulting solution turn pH paper?

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(b) Sulphur dioxide is produced when coal is burnt and is responsible for the formation of acid rain.
(i) Complete the following equation and put in the missing state symbol.
S (s) + ____ (g) → SO2 ____

(ii) Acid rain is a weak acid. Predict what pH it would have if it was tested with pH paper.

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(iii) Write down two problems which acid rain can cause.

1........................................................................................................................................................................

2........................................................................................................................................................................
 QUESTIONSHEET 4
The following experiment was carried out using concentrated ammonia solution and concentrated
hydrochloric acid.

(a) Ammonia contains the elements hydrogen and nitrogen and has the chemical formula NH 3.
(i) Name the type of bonding that exists in ammonia

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(ii) Use the Periodic Table to draw a 'dot and cross' diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of
ammonia. You need only show the electrons in the outer energy level.

(iii) Explain why ammonia has a low boiling point.

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(b) The ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases meet and react to form the ring of white smoke which is
shown in the diagram.
(i) Explain, in terms of the particles of the gases, why the gases meet.

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(ii) Explain why the ring of white smoke forms nearer to the concentrated hydrochloric acid.

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(iii) What is the name of the chemical formed when ammonia and hydrogen chloride react?

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 QUESTIONSHEET 5
The diagram below shows an experiment to measure the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and
sulphuric acid.

(a) The reaction between calcium carbonate and sulphuric acid produces a chemical compound called a
salt, a gas and water.
(i) The gas produced can be identified using limewater. Name the gas and the result of this test.

Name of gas ..............................................................................................................................................

Result of test ........................................................................................................................................

(ii) What is the name of the salt produced?

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(b) The experiment was repeated with exactly the same volume of sulphuric acid and the same mass of
calcium carbonate. This time the calcium carbonate used was a powder.
(i) What happens to the rate of the reaction?

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(ii) Use the idea of particles to explain your answer to (b) (i).

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(c) The experiment was repeated but with magnesium metal instead of calcium carbonate and a different
salt and a different gas were produced.
(i) What gas is produced in the reaction between magnesium and sulphuric acid?

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(ii) Describe the test you would use to identify this gas and the result that you would obtain.

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(iii) Write down one use in industry of this gas.

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 QUESTIONSHEET 6
The following diagram represents the energy level diagram for the reaction between magnesium (Mg) and
oxygen (O2) to form magnesium oxide (MgO).

(a) On the energy level diagram write the words reactants and products in the correct places.

(b) Indicate on the energy level diagram the activation energy.

(c) The reaction between magnesium and oxygen may be represented by the following symbol
equation:
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
(i) Calculate the mass of magnesium required to produce 100 g of magnesium oxide.
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16, Mg = 24)

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(ii) It is known that 32 g of oxygen takes up 24 dm3 of space at 25oC. Calculate the volume of oxygen
that is needed to react completely with 12 g of magnesium.

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 QUESTIONSHEET 7
The reactions between bromine (Br2) and hydrogen (H2) to make hydrogen bromine (HBr) can be
represented by the following equation:
Br-Br + H-H H-Br +H-Br
(a) Use the following bond energies to answer questions (i), (ii) and (iii).
Br-Br: 193 kJ/mol; H-H: 436 kJ/mol; H-Br: 366 kJ/mol

(i) Calculate the total energy required to break bonds in this reaction.

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Answer...........................................................................................................................................kJ/mol

(ii) Calculate the total energy released when bonds are formed in this reaction.

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Answer...........................................................................................................................................kJ/mol

(iii) Calculate the overall energy change for this reaction.

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Answer...........................................................................................................................................kJ/mol

(c) Explain what the sign of the answer you calculated in (a) part (iii) tells you about the reaction.

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(d) Below is the energy level diagram for the reaction between hydrogen and bromine.

Write down the letter which represents the activation energy

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 QUESTIONSHEET 8

The diagram shows a flask of zinc metal reacting with hydrochloric acid on a chemical balance.

(a) How could this apparatus be used to measure the speed of the reaction?

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(b) (i) What is the gas being produced?

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(iii) How would you test the gas to identify it?

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(iv) Write an equation for the reaction which is taking place.

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(c) How would you expect the results to change if:

(i) the temperature was increased?

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(ii) the zinc was ground into a fine powder?

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(iv) the concentration of the hydrochloric acid was increased?

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 QUESTIONSHEET 9

The following equation shows what happens when magnesium ribbon reacts with hydrochloric acid.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(a) What would you see happening to the magnesium ?

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(b) 40 cm3 of gas is collected in 10 seconds. What is the rate of reaction?

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(c) How would the rate compare if you used very dilute hydrochloric acid?
Explain why.

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(d) State two ways in which the reaction could be speeded up besides changing the concentration of
hydrochloric acid.

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(e) Calculate how many moles of hydrogen gas are collected.

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[24 dm3 is the volume of 1 mole of gas at room temperature]

 Calculations of products/reactants based on equations

In this exercise the equations you need are given in the question, unless they were included in

1-What mass of barium sulphate would be produced from 10 g of barium chloride in the
following reaction?
BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl

2-What mass of silver nitrate as a solution in water would need to be added to 5 g of sodium
chloride to ensure complete precipitation of the chloride?
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

3-A solution of copper sulphate reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to produce a precipitate
of copper hydroxide according to the following equation:
CuSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)

4-What volume of ammonia gas would be needed to produce 40 g of ammonium nitrate in the
following reaction?
NH3(g) + HNO3(aq) → NH4NO3(aq)

5-Sulphur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases of a power station by passing it
through a slurry of calcium hydroxide. The equation for this reaction is:
SO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → CaSO3(aq) + H2O(l)

What mass of calcium hydroxide would be needed to deal with 1000 dm 3 of sulphur
dioxide?