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Chapter 01A
First Look at
Anatomy
Human Anatomy
SIXTH EDITION

McKinley
O’Loughlin
Pennefather-O’Brien

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No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill.
 Outline

History of Human Anatomy

Definition of Anatomy
Structural Organization of the Body
Precise Language of Anatomy

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 Definition of Anatomy

Anatomy is the study of structure

.

Greek for “to cut apart”

Physiology is the study of function
.

Anatomy and physiology are interrelated

Example comparison of anatomy and physiology:
.

Anatomy: The small intestine contains simple columnar epithelium

Physiology: The epithelium of the small intestine absorbs nutrients
Anatomists and physiologists use the scientific method
.

Observe natural phenomena

Develop and test a hypothesis

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 Two Categories of Anatomy

Microscopic anatomy
.

Structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Includes cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)
Gross anatomy
.

Structures that can be seen with the unaided eye

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 Gross Anatomy Subdisciplines 1

Comparative anatomy
.

Similarities and differences across species

Developmental anatomy
.

Structural changes from conception through maturity

Embryology
.

Developmental changes occurring prior to birth

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 Gross Anatomy Subdisciplines 2

Regional anatomy
.

Studies all structures within a single region

e.g., muscles, nerves, blood vessels, etc. of neck
Surface anatomy
.

Studies superficial and internal structures as they relate to their

location on the body surface
Systemic anatomy
.

Studies structures involved with a specific activity

e.g., digestion

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 Gross Anatomy Subdisciplines 3

Pathologic anatomy
.

Anatomic changes resulting from disease

Radiographic anatomy
.

Study of structures visualized by medical imaging procedures (for

example, ultrasound, MRI, X-ray)
Surgical anatomy
.

Study anatomic landmarks used before and after surgery

Example: using the hip bones as a landmark to find the L 4 vertebra
prior to back surgery
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 Structural Organization of the Body

Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism

Figure 1.3 Access the text alternative for slide images.

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 Characteristics of Living Organisms: Overview

Organization: structural order

Metabolism: chemical reactions
Growth and development: increased size, specialization
Responsiveness: sensation and reaction
Adaptation: alteration to increase reproductive success
Regulation: maintaining homeostasis
Reproduction: at cellular and organismal levels

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 Introduction to Organ Systems

There are 11 commonly recognized organ systems in the human

body
Each contains organs that work together to perform specific
functions
All organ systems make up the organism

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 Figure 1.4 (1)

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 Figure 1.4 (2)

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 Figure 1.4 (3)

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 Figure 1.4 (4)

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 The Anatomic Position

Provides common reference

Standing upright
Feet parallel and on the floor
Head level and looking forward
Arms at sides
Palms facing forward
.

Thumbs pointing away from body

Figure 1.4 (a)

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 Anatomic Position and Body Planes

Figure 1.5
(a) ©McGraw-Hill Education/Joe DeGrandis, photographer; (b) ©CGinspiration/iStock/ Getty Images; (c)
©Trevor Lush/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (d) ©Roxana Wegner/ Getty Images

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 Sections and Planes

Coronal plane (frontal plane)

.

Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

Transverse plane (cross-sectional plane, horizontal plane)
.

Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

Midsagittal plane (median plane)
.

Divides body into equal left and right halves

Other sagittal planes divide the body into unequal left and right parts
Oblique planes
.

Pass through specimen at an angle

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 Three-Dimensional Reconstruction from Planes of Section

A single section may

misrepresent the complete
structure of the object

These 2D images need to be

mentally reconstructed into a
3D image of the small intestine

Figure 1.6
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 Anatomic Directions

Give relative position of one body structure to another

Common directional terms:
.

Anterior (ventral, front) vs. posterior (dorsal, back)

For example, The heart is posterior to the sternum
Superior (toward head) vs. inferior (toward feet)
Caudal (toward tail) vs. cranial (toward head) and rostral (toward nose)
Medial (toward midline) vs. lateral (away from midline)
Ipsilateral (same side) vs. contralateral (opposite side)
Deep (internal) vs. superficial (external)
Proximal (close to trunk) vs. distal (far from trunk)

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 Directional Terms in Anatomy

Figure 1.7
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 Regional Anatomy

Two main body regions: axial and appendicular

Axial region
.

Head, neck, and trunk

Vertical axis of body
Appendicular region
.

Upper and lower limbs

Several more specific regional terms describe areas within these
major subdivisions

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 Key Body Regions

Figure 1.8 Access the text alternative for slide images.

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 Body Cavities 1

Posterior aspect
.

Cranial cavity: formed by skull bones

Vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column
Ventral cavity
.

Contains two smaller cavities separated by diaphragm

Thoracic cavity: superior to diaphragm
Abdominopelvic cavity: inferior to diaphragm; contains two cavities
divided by pelvic brim of hip bones
Abdominal cavity: superior to pelvic brim
Pelvic cavity: inferior to pelvic brim

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 Body Cavities 2

Figure 1.9 Access the text alternative for slide images.

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 Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

Ventral cavities are lined by serous membranes

.

Divided into two continuous parts (layers):

Parietal layer: lines internal surface of the body wall
Visceral layer: covers external surface of specific organs
Between layers is serous cavity with serous fluid
Reduces friction between moving organs

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 Membranes of Thoracic Cavity

Median space in thoracic cavity =

mediastinum
.

Contains heart, thymus, esophagus,

trachea, major vessels
Pericardium: serous membranes
around heart
.

Parietal pericardium, pericardial

cavity, visceral pericardium
Pleura: serous membranes around
lungs
.

Parietal pleura, pleural cavity,

visceral pleura

Figure 1.10 (a) – (c) Access the text alternative for slide images.

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 Membranes of Abdominopelvic Cavity

Peritoneum: serous
membranes around many
abdominal organs
.

Parietal peritoneum: lines

internal walls of
abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneal cavity: potential
space with serous fluid
Visceral peritoneum:
covers surface of most
digestive organs

Figure 1.10 (d) Access the text alternative for slide images.

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 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants

Imaginary divisions to help accurately describe the locations of

organs within the abdominopelvic cavity

Figure 1.11 Access the text alternative for slide images.

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 Nine Abdominopelvic Regions

Middle column:
.

Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Hypogastric region
Right and left hypochondriac
regions
Right and left lumbar regions
Right and left iliac regions

Figure 1.11 (a)

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 Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Right upper quadrant

Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant

Figure 1.11 (b)

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 Medical Imaging Procedures 1

Radiography
.

X-rays passed through

body, absorbed by dense
areas (e.g., bone) that
appear lighter in the film

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 Medical Imaging Procedures 2

Ultrasound
.

Ultrasound waves
passed through body
by transducer;
receives signals from
ultrasound waves
reflecting off internal
body structures

© McGraw Hill ©flik47/iStock/Getty Images

 Medical Imaging Procedures 3

Digital subtraction
angiography (DSA)
.

Three-dimensional X-ray
technique used to view
blood vessels

© McGraw Hill ©Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo

 Medical Imaging Procedures 4

Commuted tomography (CT)

.

Low-intensity X-rays passed

through body from many
angles; computer
reconstructs three-
dimensional image

© McGraw Hill ©Callista Images/Image Source

 Medical Imaging Procedures 5

Magnetic resonance imaging

(MRI)
.

Use of electromagnet to
affect position and energy of
hydrogen atoms
Energy release rates
analyzed by computer to
give image

© McGraw Hill ©Julie Toy/Getty Images

 Medical Imaging Procedures 6

Positron emission
tomography (PET)
.

Radiolabeled glucose used

to analyze metabolic state
of a tissue/organ

© McGraw Hill ©Hank Morgan/Science Source

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 Accessibility Content: Text Alternatives for Images

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 Structural Organization of the Body - Text Alternative
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The illustration shows the levels of organization in the human body. The
chemical level starts with an atom which then becomes a molecule. At the
cellular level molecules combine to form cells. At the tissue level, cells
combine to form various types of tissues such as epithelial tissue. At the organ
level, tissues from an organ for example small intestine. At the organ system
level, many organs form an organ system such liver, stomach, gall bladder,
large intestine, and small intestine are under digestive system. At the organism
level is a human body that is made of many organ systems.

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 Key Body Regions - Text Alternative
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Two illustrations show the key body region sin both anterior and posterior view.
The anterior view A shows cephalic (head), frontal (forehead), orbital (eye),
buccal (cheek), mental (chin), nasal (nose), oral (mouth), cervical (neck),
deltoid (shoulder), sternal (sternum), pectoral (chest), mammary (breast),
axillary (armpit), brachial (arm), antecubital (front of elbow), abdominal
(abdomen), antebrachial (forearm), carpal (wrist), palmar (palm), digital
(finger), coxal (hip), pelvic, inguinal (groin), pubic, femoral (thigh), patellar
(kneecap), crural (leg), tarsal (ankle), dorsum of the foot, digital (toe), and pes
(foot). The posterior view B shows cranial (skull), auricular (ear), occipital
(back of head), deltoid (shoulder), thoracic vertebral (spinal column), brachial
(arm), olecranal (elbow), sacral, lumbar (lower back), abdominal, gluteal
(buttock), dorsum of the hand, manus (hand), femoral (thigh), perineal,
popliteal (back of knee), sural (calf), calcaneal (heel), and plantar (sole of foot).

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 Body Cavities - Text Alternative
2

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Two illustrations show the body cavities in the midsagittal and coronal view.
The midsagittal view A shows the cranial cavity and vertebral canal in the
posterior aspect. In the ventral cavity is divided into thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity shows the area above the
diaphragm. The abdominopelvic cavity has the abdominal cavity and pelvic
cavity. The coronal (frontal) view B shows the thoracic cavity that has the
mediastinum, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity. Below the diaphragm lies
the abdominopelvic cavity that has the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

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 Membranes of Thoracic Cavity - Text Alternative
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Three illustrations show the membranes of the thoracic cavity. The illustration A
shows a fist punching an inflated balloon. The outer balloon wall is comparable
to parietal serous membrane, the air is comparable to serous cavity, and the
inner balloon wall is comparable to visceral serous membrane. The illustration
B shows the pericardium around the heart. The outmost layer is caller parietal
pericardium, the innermost layer is called visceral pericardium, and between the
two lies the pericardial cavity with serous fluid. The illustration C shows the
pleura around the lungs. The outmost layer is caller parietal pleura, the
innermost layer is called visceral pleura, and between the two lies the pleura
cavity with serous fluid. The diaphragm lies below the lungs.

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 Membranes of Abdominopelvic Cavity - Text Alternative
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The illustration shows the membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity. The organs
in this cavity are diaphragm, liver, stomach, pancreas, large intestine, greater
omentum, small intestine, mesentery, and rectum. The membranes are parietal
peritoneum, peritoneal cavity with serous fluid, and visceral peritoneum.

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 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants - Text Alternative
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Two illustrations show the regions and quadrants of the abdominopelvic region.
The illustration A shows the 9 regions of the abdominopelvic region that are
right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right
lumbar region, umbilical region left, lumbar region, right iliac region,
hypogastric region, and left iliac region. The illustration B shows 4 quadrants of
the abdominopelvic region that are right upper quadrant (RUQ), right lower
quadrant (RLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ).

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