FERNANDO R. SEQUETE JR.

, LPT, MSCIED
Historical Development of
Anatomy and Physiology
The Human Body: An Orientation
Chapter 1
Objectives:
• Explain how structure complements function
• Name the levels of structural organization
• List the functions necessary for life
• List the survival needs of the body
• Define homeostasis and explain its significance
• Use correct anatomical terms to describe the
body
• Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts
and their relationship to one another

• Physiology: the function of the body parts

• Complementarity of Structure & Function

▫ What a structure can do depends on its specific
form
▫ “Structure dictates function”
Subdivisions of Anatomy
• Gross or Macroscopic
▫ parts visible to naked eye
▫ eg. regional, surface, systemic
• Microscopic
▫ Cytology: study of cells
▫ Histology: study of tissues
• Developmental
eg. embryology – study changes that occur before
birth
Physiology
• Focuses on events at cellular or molecular level
• Chemical & physical principles
Levels of Structural Organization
• chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → organ
system → organism
Overview of Organ Systems
Overview of Organ Systems
Overview of Organ Systems
Overview of Organ Systems
Overview of Organ Systems
Overview of Organ Systems
Necessary Life Functions for Humans

1. Maintaining boundaries (inside vs. outside)

2. Movement (internal & external)
3. Responsiveness: sense changes and respond
4. Digestion: break down foods for absorption
5. Metabolism: all chemical reactions in body
6. Excretion: remove wastes
7. Reproduction: cell division, whole organism
8. Growth: increase in size/part
Survival Needs
• Nutrients
• Oxygen
• Water
• Normal Body Temperature (98.6F or
37C)
• Atmospheric Pressure
Homeostasis
• Maintain relatively stable internal conditions
• Receptor (input) → control center → effector
(response)
• Negative (-) feedback: reduces effect of
stimulus
▫ Eg. body temp, breathing rate, blood sugar
levels
• Positive (+) feedback: increases response
▫ Eg. labor contractions, blood clotting
• Diseases = homeostatic imbalance
How does a negative feedback loop maintain
homeostasis?

Receptors – detect certain environmental parameters within the

body such as temperature, information is relayed to the brain

Set point – the normal range that an environmental parameter is

to be controlled

Effectors – muscle or glands that respond to deviation from the set

point. Glands might initiate sweating to cool the body back to its set
point.
How does a negative feedback loop maintain homeostasis?
In homeostasis the body has a target set point which it tries
to maintain, with the use of the negative feedback loop the body
strives to stabilize the internal environment by regulating the
temperature of the body.
 How does a positive feedback loop maintain
homeostasis?
As the baby suckles on the nipple there is a nerve response
into the spinal cord and up to the brain, which then stimulates
the pituitary gland to produce more prolactin to produce more
milk.

Positive feedback loops

amplify or increase the
occurrence of events.
Terms you need to know:
• Superior (cranial) • Axial
• Inferior (caudal) • Appendicular
• Ventral (anterior) • Saggital plane
• Dorsal (posterior) ▫ Midsaggital/median
• Medial ▫ Parasaggital
• Lateral • Frontal (coronal)
• Intermediate plane
• Proximal • Transverse
• Distal (horizontal) plane
• Superficial (external) • Oblique section
• Deep (internal)
Language of Anatomy

• Anatomy is a visual science, based on

proper terminology.
▫ For instance, if you are standing up, your
heart is “above” your stomach…
▫ but where is the heart relative to the
stomach when you are lying down?
• A standard universal position for
comparing structures is needed.
The Anatomic Position

Characteristics of the anatomic position:

• Standing upright
• Feet parallel and on the floor
• Head level and looking forward
• Arms at side of body
• Palms facing forward and thumbs
pointing away from body
Sections and Planes
• Used to visualize internal and 3-D anatomy of
body parts relative to each other
• A section
▫ an actual cut or slice through a structure
▫ or a piece removed by slicing a structure
• Planes
▫ imaginary flat surfaces passing through the
body or an organ
▫ there are three standard anatomic planes
Three Anatomic Planes
• Coronal (frontal) plane
▫ divides the body into anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts
• Transverse (horizontal) plane
▫ divides the body into superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) parts
• Midsagittal (median) plane
▫ divides the body into equal left and right halves
▫ other sagittal planes divide the body into
unequal left and right parts
 Body Planes

Figure 1.5
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./ Eric Wise, photographer
Anatomic Directions

Allow us to describe the relative

position of one body structure in
relation to another
• Anterior vs. posterior
• Superior vs. inferior
• Medial vs. lateral
• Proximal vs. distal
Regional Anatomy
The body can be divided into 2 major regions:
Axial
head, neck, and trunk (the vertical axis of the
body)
Appendicular
upper and lower limbs (appendages)
Body Cavities
• Posterior cavities
▫ Cranial: formed by skull bones
▫ Vertebral: formed by vertebral column
bones
• Ventral cavities
▫ Thoracic: the superior cavity
▫ Abdominopelvic: the inferior cavity
 physically separated by the diaphragm
Body Cavities
Cavity Membranes

• Ventral cavities are lined by a thin serous

membrane
▫ divided into two continuous parts (layers):
1. Parietal layer: lines the internal surface
of the body wall
2. Visceral layer: covers the external
surface of organs in the cavity
▫ both layers produce a small amount of fluid to
lubricate the organs, protect against friction
Cavity
Membranes
Thoracic Cavity
• The heart is located in a middle compartment
called the mediastinum.

Figure 1.10
Thoracic Cavity
• The serous membrane that surrounds the
heart is called the pericardium.
▫ As the heart develops, it projects into the
pericardium but doesn’t break it.

Figure 1.10
Thoracic Cavity

• The pericardium develops 2

continuous layers:
– Visceral pericardium: on
surface of heart
– Parietal pericardium:
surrounding heart
• Between the layers is a space called
the pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Two continuous cavities with no physical
separation
▫ Abdominal cavity (superior)
▫ Pelvic cavity (inferior)
• The anatomical boundary between the
two cavities is an imaginary horizontal
line drawn across the superior border of
both hip bones
Membranes of the
Abdominopelvic Cavities
• The serous membrane = peritoneum
▫ Two continuous layers
1. Visceral peritoneum: on outer
surface of organs
2. Parietal peritoneum: lining the
internal walls and not directly in
contact with the organs
Regions of the
Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Being largest cavity, it is divided
▫ using 2 sagittal and 2 horizontal
planes
▫ into 9 regions
▫ allowing anatomists and health-care
professionals a more accurate way
to describe organ locations
Nine Region
Division
Abdominopelvic
Quadrants

• The
abdominopelv
ic cavity can
also be divided
into 4
quadrants.

Figure 1.11
 Which plane is shown below?

kidneys brain thigh

heart
chest
(lungs + heart) head