TITLE: PLATE 2 NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE:OCT.10,2022 PAGE 9 OF 9
INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Malek Joshua D. Sabio BSAeE 3 - B GRADE:

References
https://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336L/Fluidhtml/node113.html

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/laminar-transitional-turbulent-flow-d_577.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/boundary-layer-suction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_layer_suction

http://dictionary.dauntless-soft.com/definitions/groundschoolfaa/
Leading+Edge+Root+Extension

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#:~:text=A%20leading%2Dedge
%20root%20extension,are%20not%20the%20only%20kind.

https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/aerodynamics/vortex-generators/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_separation

https://www.autoblog.com/2009/10/22/mythbusters-golf-ball-like-dimpling-mpg/

https://www.childrensmuseum.org/blog/why-does-golf-ball-have-dimples#:~:text=The
%20dimples%20in%20golf%20balls,two%20types%3A%20laminar%20and%20turbulent.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_turbulence

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/rocket/boundlay.html
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INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Malek Joshua D. Sabio BSAeE 3 - B GRADE:

Flat Plate Analysis

Flat plate analysis shows how viscous flow affects certain parameters such as drag
calculation, and how to use working boundary layer equations in engineering terms. It
approximates boundary layer viscous flow behaviors in a basic and precise form.
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INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Malek Joshua D. Sabio BSAeE 3 - B GRADE:
3. Boundary Layer Suction

Another way of preventing flow separation is by mechanically sucking in air on areas

of the wing prone to flow separation and thus inhibiting potential separation due to
the gradual retardation of the flow. Boundary layer suction is a boundary layer
control technique in which an air pump is used to extract the boundary layer at
the wing or the inlet of an aircraft. Improving the air flow can reduce drag.
Improvements in fuel efficiency have been estimated as high as 30%.

Flow Transition
Transitional flow is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow, with turbulence in the center of
the pipe, and laminar flow near the edges. Each of these flows behave in different manners
in terms of their frictional energy loss while flowing and have different equations that
TITLE: PLATE 2 NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.
predict their behaviour. Put simply, flow transition is the process by which a laminar flow
becomes turbulent. DATE: OCT.10,2022 PAGE 6 OF 9
INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Malek Joshua D. Sabio BSAeE 3 - B GRADE:

Methods of flow separation

1. Vortex Generators

You might have seen vortex generators - those little fins that protrude from the front
of an airliner like the 737-800, or a Short Take Off and Landing. They create vortices
just like your wingtips do. How does that help? The vortices pull high energy air into
the boundary layer, which delays a stall. They're an integral part of many aircraft to
lower stall speed.
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The dimples in golf balls create turbulence (that means mixed airflow!) which, if done right,
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DATE:OCT.10,2022 PAGE 4 OF 9
INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Malek Joshua D. Sabio BSAeE 3 - B GRADE:

Flow Separation
In fluid dynamics, flow separation or boundary layer separation is the detachment of a
boundary layer from a surface into a wake. When a fluid flows around a body, forces act
between the fluid and the surface due to the viscosity. These intermolecular forces are the
caue for the drag, among other things. However, due to the forces acting, the surface of
the solid body also tries to bind the fluid to itself. This also leads to the fluid adhering to the
surface (no-slip condition). The layer above this adherent fluid layer will not be able to
simply tear itself away from it, because intermolecular attraction and pressure forces also
act between the layers. As a result, any flow flowing around a body is tempted to follow the
n

TITLE: PLATE 2 NAME: PALISOC, MARK RHONEL M.

DATE:OCT.10, 2022 PAGE 3 OF 9
INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Malek Joshua D. Sabio BSAeE 3 - B GRADE:

Wake turbulence
Wake turbulence is a disturbance in the atmosphere that forms behind an aircraft as it
passes through the air. It includes variety of components, the most significant of which
are wingtip vortices and jet wash. Jet wash refers to the rapidly moving gases expelled
from a jet engine; it is extremely turbulent but of short duration. Wingtip vortices, however,
are much more stable and can remain in the air for up to three minutes after the passage
of an aircraft. It is therefore not true turbulence in the aerodynamic sense, as true
turbulence would be chaotic. Instead, it refers to the similarity to atmospheric turbulence as
experienced by an aircraft flying through this region of disturbed air. Every aircraft
generates wake turbulence while in flight. Wake turbulence is a function of an aircraft
producing lift, resulting in the formation of two counter-rotating vortices trailing behind the
aircraft. Wake turbulence from the generating aircraft can affect encountering aircraft due
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INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Malek Joshua D. Sabio BSAeE 3 - B GRADE:

Boundary Layers
Boundary layer, in fluid mechanics, is a thin layer of a flowing gas or liquid in contact
with a surface such as that of an airplane wing or of the inside of a pipe. As the fluid moves
past the object, the molecules right next to the surface stick to the surface. The molecules
just above the surface are slowed down in their collisions with the molecules sticking to the
surface. These molecules in turn slow down the flow just above them. The farther one
moves away from the surface, the fewer the collisions affected by the object surface. This
creates a thin layer of fluid near the surface in which the velocity changes from zero at the
surface to the free stream value away from the surface. Engineers call this layer
the boundary layer because it occurs on the boundary of the fluid.

Laminar Flow
A boundary layer may be laminar or turbulent. A laminar boundary layer is one where
the flow takes place in layers. Laminar boundary layer flows occur when a moving viscous
fluid comes in contact with a solid surface and a layer of rotational fluid, the boundary
layer, forms in response to the action of viscosity and the no-slip boundary condition on the
surface. Characterized by smooth, streamlined, organized and “layered” flow patterns. It
promotes less aerodynamic drag (induced drag) and skin friction drag.