1. Discuss IP Ownership issues?

Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic
works, designs, and symbols, names, and images used in commerce. IP is protected in law by
patents, copyright, and trademarks, which enable people to earn recognition or financial benefit
from what they invent or create

IP ownership issues can arise when a person or company claims ownership of intangible assets,
such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, or trade secrets. These issues can be complex and may
require legal assistance to resolve. Here are some common IP ownership issues.

 Ownership of IP created by employees: In most cases, the employer owns the IP

created by employees during the course of their employment. However, this can vary
depending on the employment contract and the nature of the work.
 Ownership of IP created by independent contractors: Unless there is a written
agreement stating otherwise, the independent contractor owns the IP they create. To avoid
disputes, it is important to have a contract that clearly states who owns the IP.
 Joint ownership of IP: When two or more people contribute to the creation of IP, they
may have joint ownership. This can be complicated and may require a written agreement
to clarify ownership and how the IP can be used.
 Licensing of IP: IP owners can license their IP to others for use in exchange for
payment. Licensing agreements should clearly state the terms of use and compensation.
 Infringement of IP: IP owners have the right to prevent others from using their IP
without permission. If someone infringes on an IP owner's rights, the owner can take
legal action to stop the infringement and seek damages.

To avoid IP ownership issues, it is important to have clear contracts and agreements that specify
ownership and permitted use of IP. It is also important to conduct due diligence to ensure that the
IP you are using does not infringe on someone else's rights.

2. Discuss the major ethical issues in software development?

Ethics in software development is an important issue that needs to be addressed. As software

touches every aspect of modern society, software developers have a responsibility to write
software that is ethical while also meeting reasonable business requirements. Here are some
major ethical issues in software development

 Algorithmic bias: This refers to the unintentional discrimination against certain groups
of people by algorithms. Developers need to ensure that their algorithms are fair and
unbiased.

 Data privacy: It is important to collect, process, and store user data properly and
securely. Developers need to be in line with data privacy frameworks like GDPR and
CCPA and other frameworks that aim to protect a user's online privacy and data.

 Intellectual property: Developers need to respect intellectual property rights and avoid
infringing on the rights of others.

 Weak cyber security and personally identifiable information (PII): Developers need
to ensure that their software is secure and that users' PII is protected.

 Addictive design: Developers need to avoid designing software that is intentionally

addictive or that fuels insecurities.

 Corporate ownership of personal data: Developers need to ensure that users have
control over their personal data and that it is not being used for corporate gain without
their consent.

 Negative relationship with technology: Developers need to ensure that their software is
not causing harm to users or society as a whole.

To address these ethical issues, developers need to be aware of them and take steps to ensure that
their software is ethical. This includes adhering to professional standards governed by a code of
ethics, asking ethical questions before embarking on a new project, and being upfront about who
their software is benefiting and who it may be harming.

3. Explain who governs internet and how?

No one person, company, organization or government runs the Internet. It is a globally

distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It
operates without a central governing body with each constituent network setting and enforcing
its own policies.

The internet is not governed by a single entity. It is a global network of networks, and its
governance is decentralized and multistakeholder. This means that there are many different
organizations and individuals involved in making decisions about how the internet is run.

Some of the key organizations involved in internet governance include:

 The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN): ICANN is
responsible for the allocation of domain names and IP addresses.

 The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): The IETF is responsible for developing
technical standards for the internet.

 The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): The W3C is responsible for developing
standards for the web.

 The United Nations International Telecommunication Union (ITU): The ITU is a

specialized agency of the United Nations that is responsible for international
telecommunications.

In addition to these organizations, governments also play a role in internet governance.

Governments set laws and regulations that govern how the internet is used in their countries.
They also work with other governments and organizations to develop international agreements
on internet governance.

The internet is a complex and ever-changing system. Its governance is constantly evolving to
meet the needs of its users. The goal of internet governance is to ensure that the internet remains
open, accessible, and secure for everyone.

Here are some of the key issues that are currently being debated in internet governance:
  Net neutrality: Net neutrality is the principle that all internet traffic should be treated
equally, regardless of its source or destination. This means that internet service providers
should not be able to slow down or block certain types of traffic, such as streaming video
or voice over IP calls.

 Cybersecurity: Cybersecurity is the protection of computer systems and networks from

unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. It is a
critical issue for the internet, as cyberattacks can have a significant impact on businesses,
governments, and individuals.

 Data privacy: Data privacy is the right of individuals to control their personal data. This
is an important issue in the internet age, as more and more of our personal information is
being collected and stored online.

 Freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is the right to express one's thoughts and
opinions without fear of censorship. This is a fundamental human right that is essential
for the internet to thrive.

These are just a few of the many issues that are being debated in internet governance. The future
of internet governance is uncertain, but it is clear that it will be an important issue in the years to
come.