CONTENTS:

 IND0 PAK
REALTIONS
 HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
 RELATIONS
BEFORE
SEPERATION
 FREEDON
MOVEMENTS
 HINDU MUSLIM
STRUGGLE FOR
INDEPANDENCE
AND GLORY
 PARTITION
 RELATIONS AFTER
PARTITION
 CONCLUSION
 INDO-PAK RELATIONS

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:

Advent of Islam in Subcontinent:

Islam came into subcontinent with the arrival of Muhmmad Bin Qasim in 8th century.

Islamic influence first came to be felt in the Indian subcontinent during the early 7th century with the
advent of Arab traders. Arab traders used to visit the Malabar region, which was a link between them
and the ports of South East Asia to trade even before Islam had been established in Arabia
o TWO POPULAR NATIONS WERE INHABITED IN SUBCONTINANT AT
THAT TIME :
(1) HINDU
(2) MUSLIMS

Indo-Pak Relations Before Separation:

Indo-Pak relations before separation were tense due to religious and political differences. There were several
instances of violence and tension.

 A COMPARISON OF MUSLIM AND HINDU SOCIETY:

Hindu and Muslim society were different in many ways, in one respect they were similar. Both had their
value system grounded in religion, and both believed in their respective religions.

- Hindu society was structured on the basis of castes, and all phases of the Hindu’s life were
governed by his belief. Over a long period, child marriage became a custom, monogamy was
generally practiced, remarriage widows were forbidden, sati, the of burning of Hindu widows on
their husband’s funeral pyre, was regarded favorably. Vegetarianism was practiced.
- Muslims belongs to different racial backgrounds. Many were converts. Islam taught that all its
followers are equal, and that piety and closeness to Allah, not descent, was the standard of
excellence. Greater social mobility was thus possible among Muslims.
- Hindus worshiped many gods, and also worshiped idols, which was totally opposed to Islamic
beliefs.
 - Muslim rule was centered on the cities, whereas the Hindus were mostly concentrated in the
villages and remote areas.

FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN SUBCONTINANT

 THE FALL OF THE MUSLIMS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT

OF BRITISH RULE

The decline of Mughal Empire led to the downfall of Muslim society in South Asia. This decline
followed the death of Aurangeb in AD 1707, as his successors were inefficient and weak, and could
not protect the empire from either the Hindu Marhattas or the Muslim governors of Bengal, Awadh
and Deccan.

The British and the French, who had come to India for economic reasons, took full advantage of the
decline of the Indian society. They set up factories to process goods for sending back to Europe, and
to protect these factories they hired Indian soldiers. The British East India Company was able to pay
the best soldiers’ high salaries. That’s how they gradually took over the charge of whole
subcontinent.
 HINDU-MUSLIM STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE AND
GLORY:
 The war of Independence: (1857)
The war of independence was the last attempt made by the Indians to remove the British through
military methods.

- The attempt failed, and in the process all those involved committed and suffered great
atrocities.
- Both Hindus and Muslims took part in the uprising, but the Muslims were singled out for
punishment at it was believed they were bitter at having lost power to the British.

 TWO NATION THEORY: (1883)

The two-Nation Theory is a political theory that supports dividing India officially into Pakistan and
India. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was regarded as the main architect of the Two-Nation theory because
he used a novel figure of speech to convey the development of the Islamic identity .

Evolution of two nation theory:

1. Religious differences
2. Cultural and social differences
3. Economic and educational differences
4. Political differences
  URDU HINDI CONTROVERCY (1867)

The Hindi–Urdu controversy arose in 19th century colonial India out of the debate over
whether Modern Standard Hindi or Standard Urdu should be chosen as a national language.
The Hindus due to their eternal jealously and hatred towards the Muslims of Subcontinent
did not like the promotion of their cultural values. They wanted a chance down
grade Muslims and their customs and traditions. That is why they are annoyed with the rapid
progress of Urdu in subcontinent. The British on the other hand too were not in favor of Urdu
being an official language of the subcontinent. They due to their takeover of the rule of
subcontinent from Muslims considered them their enemy and they did not want the promotion
of their cultural values in the region.

MUSLIMS REACTION:
The Urdu Hindi controversy shocked Muslims of subcontinent. It revealed on them the real
face of Hindus and their agenda. They also came out in full support of their language.

OUTCOMES:
The result of this Muslim response Urdu too along with Hindi was declared the official language of the
province.

 INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (1885)

The British actively sponsored the formation of Indian National Congress at Bombay. Its first president was an
English man, Allen Octavio Hume.

It aimed to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians and to create a platform for
civic and political dialogue between them and the British Raj .

In 1896, Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest Indian political
organization. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favor outright independence,
considering British influences on education, law, culture and industry as beneficial to India.

In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of
satyagraha, which he regarded as political anarchy.

SIR SAYED AHMAD KHAN “It did not represent the Muslims”
  THE FORMATION OF ALL MUSLIM LEAGUE:

The All-India Muslim League (AIML) was formed on December 30, 1906 mainly to protect and
advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India but the extra-territorial issues also did
not escape its attention.

In 1913 Quaid e Azam joined Muslim League to fight for the rights of Muslims which were not being
defeated by Congress.

 The Lucknow Pact 1916:

This was to be the high-point of Hindu Muslim unity. Quiad e Azam and Wazir Hassan on the one
hand, and Ambica Charan Mazumdar and Bal Gangadhar Tilak on the other brought this unity. The
pact called for a joint struggle against British rule and attainment of represented government in
India. The congress agreed to both separate electorates and weightage.

By signing this pact, the Quaid e Azam was playing the role of “Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity”

However, the return of Mohan Das Gandhi to India a year earlier, paved the way for a different
Hindu attitude and the cooperation did not last long.

 Khilafat Movement (1918-1924)

It was a political campaign led by Indian Muslims to support Ottoman Empire. The movement was led
by Ali Brothers and other prominent Muslim leaders. The movement had a significant impact on
Indian politics and helped to mobilized Muslims against British rule. However, the movement
ultimately failed to achieve its goals, as the British government refused to support the Caliphate and
Ottoman Empire was dismantled.

Hindus had mixed reactions to khilafat movement. Some Hindus saw the movement as a threat to
Indian unity and opposed it, while other supported it as a way to build Hindu-Muslim unity against
British rule. But later they withdrew their support when the movement turned violent.
  Pakistan Resolution: (1940)

The Pakistan resolution was passed during the annual session of The All-India Muslim League in
Lahore, and was moved by A.K. Fazlul Huq, the Chief Minister of Bengal. The resolution called for the
creation of an independent Muslim state in the northwestern regions of India, comprising Punjab, the
North-West Frontier Province, Sindh, and Balochistan. The resolution was a response to growing
tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India, and reflected the Muslim League’s demand for
greater political autonomy and representations for Muslims. The resolution was a significant
milestone in the history of the Indian independence movement, and paved the way for the creation of
Pakistan in 1947.
PARTITION:
The Partition of India in 1947 was the change of political borders and the division of other assets
that accompanied the dissolution of the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent and the creation of two
independent dominions in South Asia: India and Pakistan. The Dominion of India is today
the Republic of India, and the Dominion of Pakistan—which at the time comprised two regions lying
on either side of India—is now the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of
Bangladesh. The partition was outlined in the Indian Independence Act 1947. The change of political
borders notably included the division of two provinces of British India, Bengal and Punjab. The
majority Muslim districts in these provinces were awarded to Pakistan and the majority non-Muslim to
India. The other assets that were divided included the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy,
the Royal Indian Air Force, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury. Self-
governing independent Pakistan and India legally came into existence at midnight on 14 and 15
August 1947 respectively.
The partition caused large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration between the two
dominions. Among refugees who survived, it solidified the belief that safety lay among co-religionists.
In the instance of Pakistan, it made palpable a hitherto only-imagined refuge for the Muslims of British
India. The migrations took place hastily and with little warning. It is thought that between 14 million
and 18 million people moved, and perhaps more. Excess mortality during the period of the partition is
usually estimated to have been around one million. The violent nature of the partition created an
atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that affects their relationship to this
day.

GANDHI AND QUAID E AZAM WERE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND PARTITION OF

SUBCONTINENT.

WE MAY SURELY SAY THAT THEY ARE THE FOUNDING FATHERS OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN.
POST PARTITION RELATIONS:

India and Pakistan share linguistic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, yet their relation has
been mired in complexity due to a number of historical and political events.

Indo-Pak relations have been defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Jammu & Kashmir
conflict and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations.

The partition of British India was one of the largest human migrations ever seen and sparked bloody massacres
of refugees across the region. It displaced up to 12.5 million people, with an estimated loss of life of 1 million.
India became a secular nation with a Hindu majority population and a large Muslim minority, while Pakistan
emerged as an Islamic republic with an overwhelming Muslim majority population and a very small population
subscribing to other faiths.

 1947-1948:
The first war between India and Pakistan was fought over Jammu & Kashmir. Armed Pakistani tribesmen aided
by the newly created Pakistani Army invade Jammu & Kashmir in October 1947. The legal ruler of the State of
Jammu & Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh, faced with internal revolt as well an external invasion, requested the
assistance of the Indian armed forces and agreed to accede to India. He handed over control of his defense,
communications and foreign affairs to the Indian government.

Fighting continued through the second half of 1948. The war officially ended on 1 January 1949, when the
United Nations (UN) arranged a ceasefire, with an established ceasefire line, a UN peacekeeping force and the
recommendation that a referendum on the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to India be held.

Pakistan controlled roughly one-third of the State of Jammu & Kashmir, referring to it as Azad (Free) Jammu &
Kashmir and claiming that it was semi-autonomous. A larger area, including the former kingdoms of Hunza and
Nagar, was controlled directly by the central Pakistani government.

 1965

In 1965, India and Pakistan fought their second war, that was preceded by skirmishes that took place
between the two nations between April and September. There were thousands of casualties on both sides
in the war, and it witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since
World War II. It ended after a UN mandated ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention
by the Soviet Union and the United States (US), and the subsequent signing of the Tashkent Declaration.

 1971-1972
 East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) became the reason for the third war between India and Pakistan. The
conflict between East and West Pakistan begins when the central Pakistani government that was seated
in West Pakistan, led by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, refused to allow Awami League leader Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman, an East Pakistan-based Bengali whose party won the majority of seats in the 1970
parliamentary elections, to assume the premiership of the country.

The Pakistani military cracked down on protestors in the Dhaka March in 1971 in which students and teachers
were killed in large numbers. India became involved in the conflict in December, after the Pakistani Air Force
launched a pre-emptive strike on airfields in India's northwest. India retaliated with a coordinated land, air and
sea assault on East Pakistan. It compelled the Pakistani Army to surrender at Dhaka and more than 90,000
Pakistani soldiers were taken prisoners of war.

East Pakistan becomes an independent country, Bangladesh, on 6 December 1971.

In July 1972, the Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her Pakistani counterpart Prime Minister Zulfiqar
Ali Bhutto signed an agreement in the Indian town of Simla, in which both countries agreed to "put an end to
the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred bilateral relations and work for the promotion of a
friendly and harmonious relationship and the establishment of a durable peace in the subcontinent". Both sides
agreed to settle any disputes "by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations".
The Simla Agreement designated the ceasefire line of 17 December 1971 as being the new "Line of Control
(LoC)" between the two countries, which neither side was to seek to alter unilaterally, and which "shall be
respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognized position of either side". The Simla Agreement was
ratified by the Parliaments of both India and Pakistan in 1972.

 1989

Armed insurgency in the Kashmir Valley began. Muslim political parties, after accusing the state
government of rigging the 1987 state legislative elections, formed militant wings.

Pakistan declares that it was providing "moral and diplomatic" support to the militants. However, it is widely
believed internationally that Pakistan is actually complicit in stoking the insurgency by providing funding,
directions, shelter, weapons and training to fighters. India is convinced that the armed attacks against its forces
in Jammu & Kashmir are a clear manifestation of "cross-border terrorism" by Pakistan in pursuit of its policy
of 'bleeding India through a thousand cuts'. Pakistan denies this.

Militant groups taking part in the fight in the Kashmir Valley continued to emerge through the 1990’s, their
ranks bolstered by a large influx of battle-hardened "Mujahideen" who had earlier taken part in the Afghan war
against the Soviets.

Despite centuries of communal harmony in Jammu & Kashmir between Muslims, Hindus and Buddhists, the
minority Hindu community of Jammu & Kashmir (Kashmiri Pandits) in the Kashmir Valley was targeted by the
militants and forced to migrate.

Many pan-Islamic terrorist groups like the Lashkar-e-Taibah (LeT), Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM) and Hizbul
Mujahideen continued to be active in Jammu & Kashmir. It is widely believed in international circles, including
by several western governments, that these groups are headquartered in Pakistan and Pakistan Administered
Jammu & Kashmir.
 1998

India detonated five nuclear devices at Pokhran. Pakistan responded by detonating six nuclear devices of
its own in the Chaghai Hills. The tests resulted in international sanctions being placed on both countries.
Both countries became the newest Nuclear-armed nations.

 1999

Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee travelled by bus to Lahore (newly opened Delhi–Lahore Bus
service) to meet Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The two signed the Lahore Declaration, the first major
agreement between the two countries since the 1972 Simla Agreement. Both countries reiterated that they
 remained committed to the Simla Agreement, and agreed to undertake a number of Confidence Building
Measures (CBMs) aimed at improving bilateral relations.

In May, the Kargil conflict broke out when Pakistani forces intruded and occupied strategic positions on the
Indian side of the LoC, prompting an Indian counter offensive in which Pakistani forces were pushed back to
their side of the original LoC.

Kargil was the first armed conflict between the two neighbors since they officially conducted nuclear weapons
tests. Recognition of the potential for escalation of this conflict and its wider implications caused the then US
President Bill Clinton to summon Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and demand that he reins in his
troops. 

 2001
On 13 December, an armed attack on the Indian parliament in New Delhi left 14 people dead. LeT and
JeM were held responsible for the attacks.

The attacks led to massing of India's and Pakistan's militaries along the LoC. The standoff ended only in
October 2002, after international mediation.

 2004

Prime Minister Vajpayee and President Musharraf held direct talks at the 12th South Asian
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) summit in Islamabad in January, and the two countries'
Foreign Secretaries met later in the year. The year marked the beginning of the Composite Dialogue
Process, in which bilateral meetings were held between officials at various levels of government
(including Foreign Ministers, Foreign Secretaries, military officers, border security officials, anti-
narcotics officials and nuclear experts).

In November, on the eve of a visit to Jammu & Kashmir, the new Indian Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh,
announced that India will be reducing its deployment of troops there.

 2008
 On 26 November, in one of the most gruesome terrorists attacks the world has witnessed, armed gunmen
opened fire on civilians at several sites in Mumbai, India. The attacked places were the Taj Mahal Palace &
Tower, the Oberoi Trident Hotel, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Train Terminus, Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital,
Nariman House Jewish Community Centre, Metro Cinema, St Xavier's College and a lane near the Times of
India office. More than 160 people were killed in the attacks. An almost three-day siege of the Taj, where
gunmen remained holed up until all but one of them were killed in an Indian security forces operation,
accounted for the bulk of the casualties.

Ajmal Kasab, the only attacker captured alive, confessed that the attackers were members of LeT. Tracking
calls and communications all linked back to Pakistan, from where the entire attack was plotted and directed. 

In the wake of the attacks, India broke off talks with Pakistan.

 2009
The Pakistani government admitted that the Mumbai attacks were planned on Pakistani soil, but denied
that the plotters were sanctioned or aided by Pakistan's intelligence agencies.

The Indian government continued to take a stern line with Pakistan, however, with its coalition government
saying that it was up to Pakistan to take the first step towards resumption of substantive talks by cracking down
on militant groups on its soil.

 2013

In September, the Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan met in New York on the sidelines of the UN
General Assembly. They agreed to end tension between the armies of both sides in the disputed region
of Jammu & Kashmir.
 2014

On 1 May, Pakistan's Army Chief General Raheel Sharif called Kashmir the "jugular vein" of Pakistan,
adding that for lasting peace in the region the dispute should be resolved in accordance with the wishes
and aspirations of Kashmiris and in line with the United Nations Security Council resolutions.
On 27 May, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi held talks with Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in
New Delhi. Both sides expressed willingness to begin a new era of bilateral relations.

 2015
India’s ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) party forms the government in Indian Administered Jammu &
Kashmir in coalition with the local People’s Democratic Party (PDP) in March. Mufti Mohammad Sayeed, head
of the PDP, is sworn in as Chief Minister.
 
In December, on his way back from Afghanistan, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi makes a surprise visit
to Lahore on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's birthday and the wedding of his granddaughter.
 
2016
JeM terrorists disguised as soldiers, carry out a deadly attack on Pathankot airbase in India’s northwestern state
of Punjab in January. The attack comes a week after Prime Minister Modi made an impromptu visit to Pakistani
counterpart Nawaz Sharif, in an effort to revive bilateral talks.
 
In September, JeM terrorists storm an army base in Uri, in Indian Administered Jammu & Kashmir, and kill 17
Indian soldiers.
 
On 29 September, India, in its first direct military response to the attack in Uri, conducts ‘surgical strikes’ on
suspected terrorists across the LoC in Pakistan Administered Jammu & Kashmir.
 
 2017
The Indian Army bombs Pakistani Army check posts in Nowshera along the LoC in May, which according to
Army spokesman, Ashok Narula, was done in order to prevent infiltration of terrorists into Indian
Administered Jammu & Kashmir.
 
Terrorists attack Hindu pilgrims in Jammu & Kashmir in July, killing at least seven and injuring 16, in the worst
such attack since 2000.
 
In December, Indian Army commandos cross the LoC in Jammu & Kashmir and kill three Pakistani soldiers,
two days after four Indian Army men were shot dead in an ambush in Keri sector of Rajouri.

 2018
In January, the Indian Army claims that in total, it has killed 138 Pakistan Army personnel in 2017 in tactical operations
and retaliatory cross-border firings along the LoC in Jammu & Kashmir and lost 28 soldiers during the same
period.
 
In May, after several months of deadly violence and cross-border firing along the LoC, India and Pakistan
agree to fully implement the ceasefire pact of 2003 in “letter and spirit” forthwith to stop cross-border firing.
Later during the month, Indian special forces foil an attack by Pakistan's Border Action Team (BAT).
 
In June, the UN Office for the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) issues the first ever UN report
detailing human rights abuses in Kashmir titled  “Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Kashmir:
Developments in the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir from June 2016 to April 2018, and General Human
Rights Concerns in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan”. This 49-page report of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein displays a pronounced pro-Pakistan bias in its
assessment of the human rights situation on the two sides of the LoC while UN designated terrorist
organizations and terrorists are classified ‘armed groups’ and ‘leaders’, as many as 38 times, in the report by
the OHCHR.
 
 2019
On 14 February, 40 members of the Indian Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) are killed in a suicide
bombing in Pulwama in Indian Administered Jammu & Kashmir. This is the deadliest assault on Indian forces
in the troubled region in decades.
 
On 15 February, JeM, a Pakistan based terrorist organization, claims the attack and releases a video
identifying the suicide bomber.
Two days later, India hikes tariffs on all imports from Pakistan to 200% with immediate effect.

On 18 February, days after orchestrating a devastating suicide bombing which left 40 Indian
security forces dead, JeM terrorists kill an Indian Army major and at least three other soldiers
in Jammu & Kashmir. Reportedly, two terrorists, including a commander of the JeM, thought to have
been a mastermind behind the attack on 14 February, are killed in an exchange of gunfire with the Indian
Army.

Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan on 19 February expresses his willingness to negotiate
and cooperate with India regarding the Pulwama attack on 14 February.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi vows a strong response, saying that “…We will give a
befitting reply, our neighbor will not be allowed to destabilize us”.

Indian and Pakistani armies exchange fire on 25 February at the LoC in Jammu & Kashmir's
Rajouri district.

On 26 February, the Indian government carries out ‘non-military pre-emptive’ strikes targeting

Pakistan-based terrorist group JeM's ‘biggest training camp’ near Balakot in the Pakistani
province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. After initially denying that any such incident had occurred,
Pakistan subsequently acknowledges that Indian fighter aircraft had indeed penetrated deep into
Pakistani territory undetected and had dropped bombs near Balakot. Major General Asif
Ghafoor, spokesperson for the Pakistan armed forces, however, said that the strikes hit an empty
area.
On 27 February, the Pakistan Army warns that it will respond to India’s aerial bombing. The Indian Air Force shoots down a
Pakistani F-16 fighter, while Pakistan downs two Indian fighter jets and captures one Indian pilot.
On 28 February, Prime minister Imran Khan Niazi Sahab says that the captured Indian Air Force pilot would be
released as a “peace gesture”.  Reports suggest that the Pakistani Prime Minister may have been under international pressure,
especially from the US.
In the first week of April, India and Pakistan trade fire in the region of Jammu & Kashmir, leaving seven people
dead.

The kartarpur corridor was opened on November 9,2019, by Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan, to allow
sikh pilgrims from India to visit the Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in Kartarpur, Pakistan. The opening of the corridor
was a historic moment for India-Pakistan relations.
 2021
On 25 February, India and Pakistan reaffirmed their commitment to a cease-fire along the Line of Control in
Jammu & Kashmir.

A joint statement released by the militaries of both countries said that their top officials had agreed to a strict
observance of the truce and to continue communicating through a hotline to resolve potential
misunderstandings.

The news of a renewed commitment to the cease-fire was particularly welcomed by communities living along
the de-facto border, LoC, who have borne the brunt of the skirmishes from both sides.

On 3 May, Pakistan breached the ceasefire agreement by opening unprovoked fire in the Ramgarh sector.
Several other violations were also reported by both sides throughout 2021, however, these have not hindered the
stability of the region and the cease-fire has so far remained active.

 Water Disputes:
The Indus Waters Treaty governs the rivers that flow from India into Pakistan. Water is cited as one
possible cause for a conflict between the two nations, but to date issues such as the Nimoo Bazgo
Project have been resolved through diplomacy
  Matrimonial Ties:

Some Indian and Pakistani people marry across the border at instances. Many Indians and Pakistanis
in the diaspora, especially in the United States, intermarry, as there are large cultural similarities
between the two countries respectively.
In April 2010 a high-profile Pakistani cricketer, Shoaib Malik married the Indian tennis star Sania
Mirza. The wedding received much media attention and was said to transfix both India and Pakistan.
Moreover, in August 2019 Pakistani Star-Cricketer fast bowler Hassan Ali married Indian flight
engineer Samiya Arzoo in Dubai. Thus, this shows a positive attitude of both countries towards each
other.

 Sporting ties:

India and Pakistan have a long and storied history of sporting rivalries, with cricket being the most popular
sport between the two countries. However, the sporting ties between the two countries have been severely
affected by political tensions and conflicts, with several high profiles matches and tournaments being cancelled
and postponed due to security concerns and other issues. The last time the Indian cricket team played a bilateral
series against Pakistan in 2012-2013, and since then, the two countries have only played each other in the major
international tournaments such as the World Cup and the Asia Cup. Despite the challenges, there were been
efforts to revive sporting ties between India and Pakistan, with calls for greater people-to-people contact and
cultural exchange through sports.

 Role of Media:

The media plays an important role in shaping public opinion and perceptions about India-Pakistan relations. In
both countries, the media often portrays the other country in a negative light, highlighting incidence of violence,
terrorism, and other issues that contribute to popular narratives of mistrust and hostility. This can lead to a
further hardening of positions and make it difficult for policymakers to find common ground and build trust. At
the same time, the media can also play a positive role in promoting great people-to-people contact and cultural
exchanges between the two countries, highlighting shared histories and cultural ties, and promoting dialogue
and understanding. Overall, the media has a significant impact on India-Pakistan relations, and can either
contribute to greater tensions and hostility or help to build greater understanding and cooperation between the
two countries.

 CONCLUSION:

India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence. There are
three major wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the
Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In addition to this was the unofficial Kargil War in 1999 and some
border skirmishes.
The India Independence Act provided the diverse regions of Jammu and Kashmir the opportunity to
choose which country to accede to.

The terrible fallout of Partition, with more than 1 million people dead and 10 million displaced, became closely
intertwined with the domestic politics of both India and Pakistan. Because the status of Kashmir remains
unreconciled for both parties, political leaders fixated on the territorial dispute.

Resolving outstanding disputes such as the Kashmir issue through a peaceful negotiations and
dialogue. Encouraging trade and economic ties between India and Pakistan which can help to build
greater relations. Strengthening cross border communication and cooperation on issues. Promoting
greater regional cooperation and integration through initiatives such as (SAARC)
Overall, improving India-Pakistan relations will require sustained and concerted efforts by both
countries toward building great trust, understanding, and cooperation.

Here is a quote about India-Pakistan relations by Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi Sahab:
“I am one of those Pakistanis who believed that India and Pakistan can live peacefully and in
a civilized way with each other. It is a matter of resolving our disputes and moving forward.”

Imran Khan, Prime Minister of Pakistan.

References:
Oxford Pakistan studies by M.R Kazimi

Pakistan Affairs by prof. M Ikram Rabani

Pakistan Studies by Dr. M. Moiz Khan

www.wikipedia.com

www.sparknotes.com

https://www.efsas.org
https://www.youtube.com