Croatia

Magister iuris (Mag. iur.) ("Master of Law") in Croatia. It is a master's level degree and the first academic
title within the system. After three years of practice, students can take the "Pravosudni ispit," an
equivalent of the bar exam.

Finland

The Finnish title of varatuomari is the basic qualification for the legal profession. It is obtained by a one-
year externship at a district court after completing a master's degree in law in a university.

Germany

Erstes Juristisches Staatsexamen is partially equivalent to the Bar exam, since the second part (Zweites
Juristisches Staatsexamen), is the German equivalent to the Bar exam in the U.S. At some universities
you either become a "Lizentiat des Rechts (Licentiatus iuris)", a Magister iuris, or a Diplom-Jurist. It is a
master's-level degree.[10]

Italy

Laurea di Dottore in Giurisprudenza for graduates before the Bologna Process reforms, or Laurea
Magistrale in Giurisprudenza after the Bologna Process reforms ("Juris Doctor"), in Italy. It is a masters
level degree,[11] however all graduates of Italian universities are authorized to use the title of "dottore"
(Italian for doctor).[12]

Mexico

Licenciatura en Derecho ("Bachelor in Law") in Mexico.

Russia

In Russia, students attend university to earn a Specialist degree in law. A Russian law degree is graduate-
level degree, which allows for PhD research after admission to the PhD department (aspirantura),
though formally it is not at the master's level.[13]

Spain
Spanish universities confer a Bachelor's Degree in Law. At one time, students earned law degrees as a
part of the five-year Bologna Process. The modern Spanish law program consists of four years, with
internship and to specialize and it has a graduate level (it is necessary to study a master's degree).

Switzerland

Lizentiat der Rechtswissenschaften (German) / Licence en droit (French) until 2004 and Master of Law
(MLaw) since 2004 (as a result of the Bologna Process) in Switzerland. It is a masters level degree.

Ukraine

Since 2017 the main degree in law in Ukraine is a Master of Laws degree (mahistr prava, 1.5 or 2 years of
study after obtaining a Bachelor of Laws degree).

It may be obtained only after obtaining a Bachelor of Laws degree (bakalavr prava, 4 years of study after
graduation from high school).

Until 2017 Ukrainian universities also conferred a Specialist in Law degrees (spetsialist prava or iuryst).
Until 2002 it required 5 years of study after graduation from high school (according to the system of
education inherited from the Soviet era). In 2002–2017, a Specialist in Law degree existed alongside the
Master of Laws; in these years Specialist in Law programs lasted 1 year after obtaining Bachelor of Laws
degree). In 2016, students were enrolled on the specialist's programs for the last time.

United Kingdom and Ireland

Universities in the United Kingdom generally award a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) for undergraduate legal
studies, although some award a Bachelor of Arts as their standard undergraduate law degree, as with
the B.A. in jurisprudence at the University of Oxford and the B.A. Tripos in Law at the University of
Cambridge. The Bachelor of Civil Law (B.C.L.) degree awarded by the University of Oxford is in fact a
postgraduate degree, similar to an LL.M. elsewhere.

In the Republic of Ireland, undergraduate law degrees are offered in the same fashion as in the United
Kingdom. While the constituent universities of the National University of Ireland award a Bachelor of
Civil Law (B.C.L.) degree as their primary undergraduate law degree, it is in fact a common law degree
that is directly equivalent to an LL.B. degree elsewhere. The Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree is the
degree generally awarded by other universities and colleges in Ireland.

Many universities also offer a Master of Laws. Also referred to as an LL.M. from its Latin name, Legum
Magister. It is an advanced academic degree pursued by those holding a professional law degree or a
degree in a relevant field.

Others

Juris Doctor (J.D.) in the United States and Japan (also offered at some schools in Canada, the United
Kingdom, Australia, and Hong Kong). It is a professional degree.[14]

Legum Doctor (known as the LL.D., or in some jurisdictions Doctor of Laws) is in some jurisdictions the
highest academic degree in law and is equivalent to a Ph.D., and in others is an honorary degree only.

Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) is a research doctorate in law awarded mostly in the United States
and Canada.

See also